Causas básicas e associadas de morte por Aids, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 1998

OBJETIVOS: Descrever o padrão da mortalidade devida a Aids segundo causas básica e associadas de morte no Estado de São Paulo, em 1998. MÉTODOS: Os dados sobre a mortalidade e a população residente no Estado de São Paulo, SP, para 1998, foram obtidos na Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados (Seade). As causas de morte foram codificadas pelas disposições da Décima Revisão da Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde. Os registros de Aids como causa básica e associada de morte foram recuperados e revistos. RESULTADOS: A Aids foi a causa básica em 4.619 mortes, correspondendo à décima causa (2,0%) e ao coeficiente de mortalidade de 13,1 por 100.000 habitantes. As razões das mortes e os respectivos coeficientes entre homens e mulheres foram de 2,4 e 2,5. A Aids foi a segunda causa entre os homens de 20 a 34 anos de idade e entre as mulheres de 25 a 34. A idade média ao morrer entre as mulheres (34,1±12,2 anos) foi estatisticamente menor que a dos homens (36,4±10,7 anos) -- p<0,001. As principais causas associadas em mortes por Aids foram a insuficiência respiratória (36,1%), pneumonias (27,0%), tuberculose (19,6%), septicemias (18,6%), toxoplasmose (12,2%), pneumonia por P. carinii (8,3%) e caquexia (7,9%). A Aids apresentou-se como causa associada em outras 84 mortes. As principais causas básicas destas mortes foram neoplasias malignas (28/84), afecções devidas ao uso do álcool (23/84) e diabetes mellitus (7/84). A idade média ao morrer por Aids como causa básica (35,7±11,2 anos) foi estatisticamente menor que a idade média nas mortes em que Aids foi mencionada como causa associada (39,9±11,8 anos) -- p<0,001. CONCLUSÕES: As causas múltiplas de morte resgatam parcialmente a história natural da Aids e oferecem subsídios para medidas preventivas adequadas e específicas.

Fe y esperanza : women's road to leadership and ministry in the Lutheran church of El Salvador 1952-2009

The Lutheran Church of El Salvador made a decision, in 1986, to open the ministry to women. How was it possible in the midst of a Latin American macho culture and after having been influenced by the theologically conservative, North American mission work? This research examines the kinds of internal and external factors which led women to leadership and ministry, and the context in which this development occurred. The roles of women have been scrutinised during several time periods. During 1952-1974 the focus was on women as missionary wives and fundadoras (founding mothers). Women’s roles as laywomen grew in 1975-1985. After the outburst of the civil war in 1980, women advanced to lay leaders. The ministry was opened for women and the first deacon pastors were installed in 1986 and the first presbyter pastors were ordained in 1994. In 2009, more women than ever were working in different levels – from laywomen to leaders – in the Lutheran Church of El Salvador. The research shows that the reasons for the development and changes concerning women’s positions and roles lie in the impact of significant individuals, liberation theology, the feminist and women’s movement, civil war and the theology of life.

Aprendre a parlar : la relació entre les produccions del balboteig i les primeres paraules. 'Aprender a hablar : la relación entre las producciones del balbuceo y las primeras palabras'.

Estudiar la relación entre las producciones del balbuceo y las características formales de las primeras palabras. 3 niños registrados y analizados desde los 3 meses a los 18 ó 24 meses. Registra y analiza las emisiones de los niños, tanto pre-verbales como verbales, de acuerdo con la metodología de los movimientos de habla apoyada con análisis acústicos de elementos concretos. Compara los resultados entre los niños. Compara los resultados con una medida realizada posteriormente al periodo estudiado. Hipótesis: no encontramos primeras palabras con sonidos que antes no haya producido el niño en su balbuceo; el tipo de estructura silábica más usual en las primeras palabras irá relacionado con las características estructurales del balbuceo precedente. Grabadora Philips N2235 portátil. Micrófono Sony F-250S. Prueba de desarrollo fonológico y articulatorio (Bosch, 1983). Estudio longitudinal. Método descriptivo. Las conclusiones se organizan en cinco apartados: vocalizaciones y etapas del pre-lenguaje, funciones del balbuceo, forma de las primeras palabras, imitación y estrategias fonológicas en la incorporación de palabras, continuidad y discontinuidad en el proceso descrito. La perspectiva acústica y metafonológica se habría de potenciar ya que es fundamental clarificar aspectos relativos a cuestiones como, por ejemplo, la presencia del balbuceo marginal cerca de las primeras palabras y su relación con el tipo de desarrollo fonético y factores de inteligibilidad del habla.

Transversal : educació moral : cicle inicial. 'Transversal : educación moral : ciclo inicial'.

Material didáctico elaborado para la enseñanza del tema transversal la educación moral en el primer ciclo de la enseñanza primaria. El material consta de una guía didáctica y de los manuales de educación moral para el primer y el segundo curso del ciclo inicial de la enseñanza primaria. En la guía didáctica se recoge lo concerniente a la educación moral, sus contenidos, su metodología, los recursos y la propuesta de evaluación. Los volúmenes del primer y segundo curso se estructura en 9 y 10 unidades didácticas respectivamente, con sus objetivos y sus contenidos conceptuales, procedimentales y actitudinales, a través de las cuales se estudian temas como: la higiene, la amistad, la familia, la naturaleza, el medio ambiente, los derechos de los niños, las diferencias culturales entre otros.

A graded subring of an inverse limit of polynomial rings

We study the power series ring R= K[[x1,x2,x3,...]]on countably infinitely many variables, over a field K, and two particular K-subalgebras of it: the ring S, which is isomorphic to an inverse limit of the polynomial rings in finitely many variables over K, and the ring R', which is the largest graded subalgebra of R. Of particular interest are the homogeneous, finitely generated ideals in R', among them the generic ideals. The definition of S as an inverse limit yields a set of truncation homomorphisms from S to K[x1,...,xn] which restrict to R'. We have that the truncation of a generic I in R' is a generic ideal in K[x1,...,xn]. It is shown in Initial ideals of Truncated Homogeneous Ideals that the initial ideal of such an ideal converge to the initial ideal of the corresponding ideal in R'. This initial ideal need no longer be finitely generated, but it is always locally finitely generated: this is proved in Gröbner Bases in R'. We show in Reverse lexicographic initial ideals of generic ideals are finitely generated that the initial ideal of a generic ideal in R' is finitely generated. This contrast to the lexicographic term order. If I in R' is a homogeneous, locally finitely generated ideal, and if we write the Hilbert series of the truncated algebras K[x1,...,xn] module the truncation of I as qn(t)/(1-t)n, then we show in Generalized Hilbert Numerators that the qn's converge to a power series in t which we call the generalized Hilbert numerator of the algebra R'/I. In Gröbner bases for non-homogeneous ideals in R' we show that the calculations of Gröbner bases and initial ideals in R' can be done also for some non-homogeneous ideals, namely those which have an associated homogeneous ideal which is locally finitely generated. The fact that S is an inverse limit of polynomial rings, which are naturally endowed with the discrete topology, provides S with a topology which makes it into a complete Hausdorff topological ring. The ring R', with the subspace topology, is dense in R, and the latter ring is the Cauchy completion of the former. In Topological properties of R' we show that with respect to this topology, locally finitely generated ideals in R'are closed.

Key Factors to Successful Community Development: The Korean Experience

The Saemaul Undong of the Republic of Korea has been world-widely recognized as a successful model of rural community development. The Saemaul Undong was a pure Korean way of community development program which was initiated by the political will of the top national leadership in order to escape from poverty. There are several key factors to the success of the Saemaul Undong. First, the national government's guidance and support for the movement played a very important role in the whole period of the movement. Second, there was a wide range of people's participation in the implementation process. Third, the Saemaul Undong could make a big success by nurturing community leadership which was selected by rural residents themselves. Finally, as a movement for the spiritual reform, the Saemaul Undong imbued the people with the spirits of diligence, the self-reliance, and cooperation.

中国西部大開発の評価と展望

中国の「西部大開発」戦略は、東部沿海地域（以下、東部）と西部内陸地域（以下、西部）の格差を是正し、内陸経済の自律的発展条件を整備することを目指した国家的プロジェクトである。同戦略に関しては、当初から肯定否定こもごもの評価がつきまとってきたが、曲がりなりにも第十次五カ年計画（2001～05年）に盛り込まれたこと、提起以来４年の間に様々な政策措置が実施され、大規模なインフラ建設が着手されたことなど、その客観的評価を試みる材料が揃ってきたと考えられる。 本稿では、まず同戦略が登場した背景と、現在までに打ち出された具体的施策を整理したうえで、西部大開発の直面する課題を検証し、今後の展望を試みる。結論部分では、日本の協力策についても考察してみたい。

中国の西部大開発－21世紀の内陸発展戦略

中国は建国（1949年）以来、様々な地域開発戦略を実施してきた。「西部大開発」戦略は、東部沿海地域（以下、東部）と西部内陸地域（以下、西部）の格差を是正し、内陸経済の自律的発展条件を整備することを目指した新たな内陸開発戦略である。本稿では、同戦略が提起されて３年を経過した段階で、その客観的評価を試みる。 まず、同戦略が登場した背景を政治、経済両面から分析し、従来の内陸開発政策の経緯を整理する。次に、執筆時点までに打ち出された具体的施策を整理した上で、西部大開発の直面する課題を検証し、今後の展望を試みる。結論部分では、日本の協力策についても考察を行う。

Illinois Animal Control Act with regulations /

"An act relating to stray animal control; rabies prevention; the liability of a person owning or harboring a dog which attacks or injures a person; providing penalities for violations thereof; and to repeal Acts therein named. P.A. 78-795, approved Sept. 11, 1973, eff. Oct. 1, 1973. Title amended by P.A. 83-711, 2, approved Sept. 23, 1983, eff. Jan. 1, 1984; P.A. 87-1269, 1, eff. March 3, 1993."--p. 1.