An estimate of road accident costs in Singapore

An earlier study by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) showed that the annual cost of road traffic accidents in 2001 was S$699.36 million which was 0.5% of the annual GDP. This paper attempts to update of the cost estimates of road traffic accidents. More precise methods of computing the human cost, lost output and property damage are adopted which grew in an annual cost of S$610.3 million or 0.338% of the annual GDP in 2003. A more conservative estimate of S$878,000 for fatal accident is also obtained, compared to the earlier figure of S$1.4 million. This study has shown that it is necessary to update the annual traffic accident costs regularly, as the figures vary with the number of accidents which change with time.

Association study of genes related to bone formation and resorption and the extent of radiographic change in ankylosing spondylitis

Objective: To identify genetic associations with severity of radiographic damage in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Method: We studied 1537 AS cases of European descent; all fulfilled the modified New York Criteria. Radiographic severity was assessed from digitised lateral radiographs of the cervical and lumbar spine using the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Score (mSASSS). A two-phase genotyping design was used. In phase 1, 498 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 688 cases; these were selected to capture >90% of the common haplotypic variation in the exons, exon-intron boundaries, and 5 kb flanking DNA in the 5' and 3' UTR of 74 genes involved in anabolic or catabolic bone pathways. In phase 2, 15 SNPs exhibiting p<0.05 were genotyped in a further cohort of 830 AS cases; results were analysed both separately and in combination with the discovery phase data. Association was tested by contingency tables after separating the samples into 'mild' and 'severe' groups, defined as the bottom and top 40% by mSASSS, adjusted for gender and disease duration. Results: Experiment-wise association was observed with the SNP rs8092336 (combined OR 0.32, p=1.2×10-5), which lies within RANK (receptor activator of NF?B), a gene involved in osteoclastogenesis, and in the interaction between T cells and dendritic cells. Association was also found with the SNP rs1236913 in PTGS1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1, cyclooxygenase 1), giving an OR of 0.53 (p=2.6×10-3). There was no observed association between radiographic severity and HLA-B*27. Conclusions: These findings support roles for bone resorption and prostaglandins pathways in the osteoproliferative changes in AS.

测量万瓦级CO_2激光器连续输出功率的鼠笼式能量计

<正>CO_2激光器连续输出功率可达数万瓦以上,运转时间短的仅几秒,一般的功率计很难兼顾承受高功率密度和响应时间快这两个要求.因此我们采用配有旋转盘衰减器的鼠笼式能量计进行测量.Baker给出,鼠笼能量计在不小于毫秒时间里最大可接收的能量密度为10焦耳/厘米~2.我们制作的74-6~#鼠笼能量计的实验表明,只要通过旋转盘衰减器的每个光脉冲满足上述要求,在重复频率为数十次/秒的连续光脉冲照射下,仍可实现测量.74-6~#已实测了3×10~4瓦CO_2激光器连续输出功率,它的最大功率密度已超过6×10~3

Litogeoquímica, geocronologia (U-Pb) e geoquímica isotópica (Sr-Nd) dos granitoides do Domínio Cambuci (Faixa Ribeira) na região limítrofe dos Estados do Rio de Janeiro e Espírito Santo

Os granitoides do Domínio Cambuci, na região limítrofe entre os estados do Rio de Janeiro e Espírito Santo, foram separados em quatro principais grupos: (1) Complexo Serra da Bolívia (CSB) - Ortogranulitos e Ortognaisses Heterogêneos; Ortognaisse Cinza Foliado; e charnockitos da Região de Monte Verde (2) Leucogranitos/leucocharnockitos gnaissificados da Suíte São João do Paraíso (SSJP) (3) Granito Cinza Foliado (4) Leucogranito isotrópico. O CSB é caracterizado pelo magmatismo de caráter calcioalcalino do tipo I, oriundo em ambiente de arco vulcânico (Suíte Monte Verde) e retrabalhamento crustal (ortogranulitos leucocráticos). O Ortogranulito esverdeado fino, é considerado no presente estudo como rocha do embasamento para o Terreno Oriental, cristalizada durante o paleoproterozoico - Riaciano (2184,3 21 Ma) e recristalizada durante o evento metamórfico Brasiliano no neoproterozoico - Edicariano (607,2 1,5 Ma), cuja idade TDM é de 2936 Ma. O Ortogranulito leucocrático médio cristalizou-se no neoproterozoico Edicariano (entre 592 e 609 Ma) e idade TDM ca. 2100 Ma, ao qual apresenta registro de herança no paleoproterozoico. A Suíte Monte Verde caracteriza-se por um magmatismo calcioalcalino e a Suíte Córrego Fortaleza, por um magmatismo calcioalcalino de alto K, ambas com assinatura de arco magmático. Registram dois pulsos magmáticos, em no Neoproterozoico - Edicarano: um em 592 2 Ma, idade do charnoenderbito, com idade TDM 1797 Ma, e outro em 571,2 1,8 Ma (injeção de um charnockitoide). Para todas as rochas do CSB são registradas feições protomiloníticas, miloníticas e localmente ultramiloníticas. Os dados geoquímicos indicam que os granitoides da SSJP são da série calcioalcalina de alto K, gerados no Neoproterozoico (idades que variam desde 610,3 4,7 Ma até, 592,2 1,3 Ma. As idades TDM revelam valores discrepantes para duas amostras: 1918 Ma e 2415 Ma, sugerindo que tenham sido geradas de diferentes fontes. O Granito Cinza Foliado é da Série Shoshonítica, metaluminoso do tipo I e, de ambiência tectônica de granitos intraplaca. Entretanto, poderiam ter sido fomados em ambiente de arco cordilheirano, havendo contaminação de outras fontes crustais. Fato este pode ser confirmado pelas as idades TDM calculadas ≈ 1429 1446 Ma. O Leucogranito isotrópico ocorre em forma de diques de direção NW, possui textura maciça e é inequigranular. Dados geoquímicos revelam que são granitoides metaluminosos do tipo I da série shoshonítica, e, de acordo com a ambiência tectônica, são granitos intraplaca. O Leucogranito Isotrópico representa o magmatismo pós-colisional ao qual ocorreu entre 80 a 90 Ma de anos após o término do evento colisional na região central da Faixa Ribeira. O Leucogranito Issotrópico cristalizou-se no cambriano (512,3 3,3 Ma e 508,6 2,2 Ma) e com idades TDM ca. 1900

会泽铅锌矿床成矿流体浓缩机制

云南会泽铅锌矿床位于扬子板块西缘川-黔-滇铅锌银多金属成矿域的中南部，严格受断裂带的控制．长期以来，对于该矿的成矿流体来源存在着较大的争论．研究表明，矿石中脉石矿物方解石的C、O同位素组成相对均一，其δ^13C(PDB)为-2．1×10^-3～-3．5×10^-3极差-1．4×10^-3、均值-2．8×10^-3，δ^18O(SMOW)为16．7×10^-3～18．6×10^-3、极差1．9×10^-3、均值17．7×10^-3，不同矿体(不同标高)、不同产状以及相同矿体不同产状方解石的C、O同位素组成不具明显差别；除了纯液相包裹体(L)和富液相的气液两相包裹体(L+V)外，还存在含子晶的三相包裹体(S+L+V)和不混溶的CO2三相包裹体(VCO2+LCO2+LH2O)，流体包裹体均一温度介于110～400℃之间，具有双峰现象；矿床的(^87Sr／^86Sr)0(0．713676-0．717012)不仅明显高于地幔(0．704±0．002)和峨嵋山玄武岩(0．703932～0．707818；85件样品)的(^87Sr／^86Sr)0，也相对高于矿区赋矿地层(C16)的(^87Sr／^86Sr)。(0．70868～0．70931；3件样品)，但明显低于基底岩石的(^87sr／^86Sr)。(0．7243～0．7288；5件样品)，且成矿过程中流体基本没有发生Sr同位素分馏现象．因此，成矿流体为均一流体，是不同性质流体的混合产物，具有多源性．而从气液两相包裹体盐度-均一温度图解可以看出，在300-400℃区间，包裹体盐度基本被孤立为两群：一群为5％～6％(w(NaCl))，另一群为12％～16％(w(NaCl))．而在100300℃特别是150-250℃区间，包裹体盐度则基本均匀分布在7％～23％(w(NaCl))之间．断裂带形成压力为(50～320)×10^5Pa，矿体上覆岩石压力为(574-640)×10%5Pa，矿床成矿压力为(145-754)×10^5Pa．流体在上升到断裂带后压力的剧降，导致了沸腾作用的发生．在混合作用和沸腾作用的双重影响下，受狭窄断裂带控制的成矿流体高度浓缩，金属矿物得以大规模地从流体中沉淀出来，形成品位极高的铅锌矿石．

Jugando a reconocer raíces griegas y latinas en salud

Este libro se centra en la importancia de la práctica y la didáctica para la enseñanza en el contexto universitario y presenta un amplio glosario de términos en el campo de la salud, acompañado de una guía de actividades para el aprendizaje de nuevas palabras como elemento fundamental para dar cuenta del conocimiento a través de términos y referencias en el área. El vocabulario en este contexto no desactualiza fácilmente; el problema radica en la adquisición e incorporación mental debido a la complejidad del mismo. Este texto está dirigido a estudiantes del área de la salud; sin embargo, también puede ser de gran ayuda para el público en general interesado en esta terminología. Por ser una guía para acceder fácilmente al vocabulario especializado, resulta ser una herramienta importante para los docentes, invitándolos a crear nuevas maneras de interpretación en áreas que, por difíciles que parezcan, siempre podrán ser susceptibles de transformación para facilitar el acceso al conocimiento científico

The priority of temporal aspects in L2-Swedish prosody : Studies in perception and production

Foreign accent can be everything from hardly detectable to rendering the second language speech unintelligible. It is assumed that certain aspects of a specific target language contribute more to making the foreign accented speech intelligible and listener friendly, than others. The present thesis examines a teaching strategy for Swedish pronunciation in second language education. The teaching strategy “Basic prosody” or BP, gives priority to temporal aspects of Swedish prosody, which means the temporal phonological contrasts word stress and quantity, as well as the durational realizations of these contrasts. BP does not prescribe any specific tonal realizations. This standpoint is based on the great regional variety in realization and distribution of Swedish word accents. The teaching strategy consists virtually of three directives: · Stress the proper word in the sentence. · Stress proper syllables in stressed words and make them longer. · Lengthen the proper segment – vowel or subsequent consonant – in the stressed syllable. These directives reflect the view that all phonological length is stress-induced, and that vowel length and consonant length are equally important as learning goals. BP is examined in the light of existing findings in the field of second language pronunciation and with respect to the phonetic correlates of Swedish stress and quantity. Five studies examine the relation between segment durations and the categorization made by native Swedish listeners. The results indicate that the postvocalic consonant duration contributes to quantity categorization as well as giving the proper duration to stressed syllables. Furthermore, native Swedish speakers are shown to apply the complementary /V: C/ - /VC:/ pattern also when speaking English and German, by lengthening postvocalic consonants. The correctness of the priority is not directly addressed but important aspects of BP are supported by earlier findings as well as the results from the present studies.

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy reveals fast optical excitation-driven intramolecular dynamics of yellow fluorescent proteins

Fast excitation-driven fluctuations in the fluorescence emission of yellow-shifted green fluorescent protein mutants T203Y and T203F, with S65G/S72A, are discovered in the 10−6–10−3-s time range, by using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy at 10−8 M. This intensity-dependent flickering is conspicuous at high pH, with rate constants independent of pH and viscosity with a minor temperature effect. The mean flicker rate increases linearly with excitation intensity for at least three decades, but the mean dark fraction of the molecules undergoing these dynamics is independent of illumination intensity over ≈6 × 102 to 5 × 106 W/cm2. These results suggest that optical excitation establishes an equilibration between two molecular states of different spectroscopic properties that are coupled only via the excited state as a gateway. This reversible excitation-driven transition has a quantum efficiency of ≈10−3. Dynamics of external protonation, reversibly quenching the fluorescence, are also observed at low pH in the 10- to 100-μs time range. The independence of these two bright–dark flicker processes implies the existence of at least two separate dark states of these green fluorescent protein mutants. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements reveal a single exponential decay of the excited state population with 3.8-ns lifetime, after 500-nm excitation, that is pH independent. Our fluorescence correlation spectroscopy results are discussed in terms of recent theoretical studies that invoke isomerization of the chromophore as a nonradiative channel of the excited state relaxation.

Ms.Ff.F.Stoltze 3. 610 - Brief von Hermann Stoltze an Friedrich Stoltze

Geldprobleme

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 610 - Vorlesung: "Geschichte der neueren Philosophie" 3 (p. VIII 7, 2a.10 - VIII 7, 2a.14)

Vorlesungsskript, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen (GS 9, S.11-480);

International travel. Hearings before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, United States Senate, Eighty-seventh Congress, first session, on S. 610, a bill to strengthen the domestic and foreign commerce of the United States by providing for the establishment of an Office of International Travel within the Department of Commerce and a Travel Advisory Board. February 2 and 3, 1961.

Mode of access: Internet.

An asymmetric homodinuclear complex containing the mu-x-oxobis(mu-x-carboxylato)diruthenium(III) core: X-ray structure of [Ru20(o2ec6H4-p-OMe)3(en) (PPh3)2] (C104)" 3CHC13

Asymmetric tri-bridged diruthenium(III) complexes, [Ru2O(O(2)CR)(3)(en) (PPh(3))(2)](ClO4) (R = C6H4-p-X: X = OMe (1a), Me (1b); en=1,2-diaminoethane), were prepared and structurally characterized. Complex 1a 3CHCl(3), crystallizes in the triclinic space group P (1) over bar with a = 14.029(5), b = 14.205(5), c = 20.610(6) Angstrom, alpha= 107.26(3), beta = 101.84(3), gamma= 97.57(3)degrees, V= 3756(2) Angstrom(3) and Z = 2. The complex has an {Ru-2(mu-O)(mu-O(2)CR)(2)(2+)} core and exhibits [O4PRu(mu-O)RuPO2N2](+) coordination environments for the metal centers. The novel structural feature is the asymmetric arrangement of ligands at the terminal sites of the core which shows an Ru... Ru separation of 3.226(3) Angstrom and an Ru-O-Ru angle of 119.2(5)degrees. An intense visible band observed near 570 nm is assigned to a charge transfer transition involving the d pi-Ru(III) and p pi-mu-O Orbitals. Cyclic voltammetry of the complexes displays a reversible Ru-2(III,III) reversible arrow Ru-2(III,IV) couple near 0.8 V (versus SCE) in MeCN-0.1 M TBAP.

BRS 610: híbrido de sorgo forrageiro para a produção de silagem de alta qualidade.

2004