The web site and brand trust as antecedents of online loyalty

As online business thrives, a company’s Web presence holds enormous importance as a source of information, entertainment, and customer service for Internet users. Besides being user-friendly, a Web site should offer interesting and enjoyable content to attract online visitors in an ever-changing multimedia environment. Companies that operate globally must know how cultural differences influence the way potential customers perceive their sites. This paper presents a model that highlights the importance of ease of use, enjoyment, content, and brand trust for Web site loyalty. The model is subsequently tested in four countries: Australia, Japan, Mongolia, and the USA. The results show that perceptual differences exist: while ease of use is crucial for Web site loyalty in all four countries, the importance of content, perceived enjoyment, and brand trust varies across different cultures.

Chitosan-dextran sulphate nanocapsule drug delivery system as an effective therapeutic against intraphagosomal pathogen Salmonella

Objectives: The ability to target conventional drugs efficiently inside cells to kill intraphagosomal bacteria has been a major hurdle in treatment of infective diseases. We aimed to develop an efficient drug delivery system for combating infection caused by Salmonella, a well-known intracellular and intraphagosomal pathogen. Chitosan dextran sulphate (CD) nanocapsules were assessed for their efficiency in delivering drugs against Salmonella. Methods: The CD nanocapsules were prepared using the layer-by-layer method and loaded with ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone. Antibiotic-loaded nanocapsules were analysed in vitro for their ability to enter epithelial and macrophage cells to kill Salmonella. In vivo pharmacokinetics and organ distribution studies were performed to check the efficiency of the delivery system. The in vivo antibacterial activity of free antibiotic and antibiotic loaded into nanocapsules was tested in a murine salmonellosis model. Results: In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that this delivery system can be used effectively to clear Salmonella infection, CD nanocapsules were successfully employed for efficient targeting and killing of the intracellular pathogen at a dosage significantly lower than that of the free antibiotic. The increased retention time of ciprofloxacin in the blood and organs when it was delivered by CD nanocapsules compared with the conventional routes of administration may be the reason underlying the requirement for a reduced dosage and frequency of antibiotic administration. Conclusions: CD nanocapsules can be used as an efficient drug delivery system to treat intraphagosomal pathogens, especially Salmonella infection, This delivery system might be used effectively for other vacuolar pathogens including Mycobacteria, Brucella and Legionella.

双氰胺与尿素共包被对NH_4~+硝化及NO_3~-淋溶的影响

通过研究硝化抑制剂双氰铵(DCD)和尿素共同包被后(此肥料简称CUD)二者在土壤中的溶出行为及硝化作用和NO3-淋溶的变化情况,探讨此类肥料减缓硝化作用和NO3-淋溶的机理,为此类肥料的开发和农业应用提供一定的理论依据。采用室内摸拟培养的方法开展:(1)CUD中尿素和DCD在土壤中的溶出行为。(2)尿素、DCD涂层尿素、包膜型尿素、CUD中N的硝化速率;采用土柱淋溶模拟方法研究尿素、DCD涂层尿素、包膜型尿素、CUD在土壤中转化后的NO3-的淋溶。CUD中尿素和DCD的溶出高峰期不同步,但包膜可减缓DCD的淋失。CUD中DCD具有良好的硝化抑制效果,培养后期土壤中具有较高的NH4+-N含量,改变培养期间NH4+-N和NO3--N的供应比率。相对于其它处理,施用CUD土壤较晚出现NO3-的大量淋失,且总体淋失量小于其它处理。尿素和DCD共包被后,DCD能更有效发挥作用,使土壤中肥料N的硝化作用减弱,相应减少NO3-淋失,此种肥料施用有利于提高N的利用效率和减缓环境污染。

Three-dimensional Vortex Structures on Heated Micro-lattice in a Gas

This paper addresses the microscale heat transfer problem from heated lattice to the gas. A micro-device for enhanced heat transfer is presented and numerically investigated. Thermal creep induces 3-D vortex structures in the vicinity of the lattice. The gas flow is in the slip flow regime (Knudsen number Kn⩽0.1Kn⩽0.1). The simulations are performed using slip flow Navier–Stokes equations with boundary condition formulations proposed by Maxwell and Smoluchowski. In this study the wire thicknesses and distances of the heated lattice are varied. The surface geometrical properties alter significantly heat flux through the surface.

El hormigón en la obra de Teodoro González de León

Aportación al III Congreso Internacional de Arquitectura Blanca, en la línea de los Estudios de carácter histórico o estético relacionados con edificios de hormigón, sobre la obra de Teodoro González de León, arquitecto mexicano premiado con el Premio a la Trayectoria Profesional en la V Bienal Iberoamericana de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de Montevideo, Uruguay, 2006, cuya exposición se mostró en las Arquerías de los Nuevos Ministerios de Madrid y cuya comisaria es la autora del texto.

Of Marx and Makers: an Historical Perspective on Generative Justice

In Marxist frameworks “distributive justice” depends on extracting value through a centralized state. Many new social movements—peer to peer economy, maker activism, community agriculture, queer ecology, etc.—take the opposite approach, keeping value in its unalienated form and allowing it to freely circulate from the bottom up. Unlike Marxism, there is no general theory for bottom-up, unalienated value circulation. This paper examines the concept of “generative justice” through an historical contrast between Marx’s writings and the indigenous cultures that he drew upon. Marx erroneously concluded that while indigenous cultures had unalienated forms of production, only centralized value extraction could allow the productivity needed for a high quality of life. To the contrary, indigenous cultures now provide a robust model for the “gift economy” that underpins open source technological production, agroecology, and restorative approaches to civil rights. Expanding Marx’s concept of unalienated labor value to include unalienated ecological (nonhuman) value, as well as the domain of freedom in speech, sexual orientation, spirituality and other forms of “expressive” value, we arrive at an historically informed perspective for generative justice.