Estudos de síntese e transformação de cromonas e 4-quinolonas

Esta dissertação está dividida em duas partes. Na primeira parte reportam-se métodos de síntese de (E)-3-estirilflavonas e (E)/(Z)-2-aril- 4-cloro-3-estiril-2H-cromenos e estudos de ciclização das (E)-3- estirilflavonas em 5-arilbenzo[c]xantonas. Na segunda parte desenvolveram-se novas rotas de síntese de (E)-2-aril-3-estiril-4- quinolonas e posterior transformação em 5-fenil-12- metilbenzo[c]acridonas e 2,4-diarilfuro[3,2-c]quinolinas. Nesta parte estudou-se também a transformação de 2-aril-4-cloro-1,2-dihidroquinolina- 1,3-dicarbaldeídos em (E)/(Z)-2-aril-4-cloro-3-estiril-1,2- di-hidroquinolina-1-carbaldeídos. A síntese de novos derivados de (E)-3-estirilflavonas, abordada na primeira parte desta dissertação, envolveu estudos de otimização da reação de bromação seguida de ciclização de 3-aril-1-(2- hidroxiaril)propano-1,3-dionas/3-aril-3-hidroxi-1-(2-hidroxiaril)prop-2- en-1-onas em 3-bromoflavonas e o desenvolvimento de uma nova rota de síntese de 3-metilflavonas. As 3-metilflavonas foram sujeitas a bromação e seguidamente transformadas em sais de fosfónio antes de serem utilizadas na síntese de (E)-3-estirilflavonas via reação de Wittig. As 3-bromoflavonas foram também usadas na síntese de (E)-3- estirilflavonas via reação de Heck. A síntese de novos derivados de (E)/(Z)-2-aril-4-cloro-3-estiril-2H-cromenos, via reação de Wittig, envolveu a síntese e formilação de flavanonas. A última transformação reportada na primeira parte desta dissertação é a síntese de 5-arilbenzo[c]xantonas por reação de eletrociclização seguida de oxidação de (E)-3-estirilflavonas. Na segunda parte desta dissertação são estudadas duas vias de síntese de 2-aril-1-metil-4-quinolonas. A primeira via de síntese envolve a síntese de N-(2-acetilfenil)benzamidas, sua ciclização em 4-quinolonas seguida de metilação destas. A segunda via envolve a metilação e ciclização de N-(2-acetilfenil)benzamidas obtendo-se, num só passo, as 2-aril-1-metil-4-quinolonas. Posterior iodação das 2-aril-1-metil-4- quinolonas e subsequente reação de Heck das 2-aril-3-iodo-1-metil-4- quinolonas com estirenos comerciais possibilitaram a síntese de (E)-2- aril-3-estiril-1-metil-4-quinolonas. Estudos de eletrociclização seguidos de oxidação das (E)-2-aril-3-estiril-1-metil-4-quinolonas utilizando uma lâmpada de UV de mercúrio de alta pressão possibilitou a síntese de 5- fenil-12-metilbenzo[c]acridonas, enquanto que o aquecimento em refluxo de 1,2,4-triclorobenzeno deu origem a 2,4-diarilfuro[3,2- c]quinolinas. Nesta segunda parte aborda-se também a síntese de 2-aril-4-cloro-1,2- di-hidroquinolina-1,3-dicarbaldeídos, a partir da formilação de 2-aril- 2,3-di-hidro-4-quinolonas e a sua transformação em (E)/(Z)-2-aril-4- cloro-3-estiril-1,2-di-hidroquinolina-1-carbaldeídos por reação de Wittig. Todos os compostos sintetizados foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear de protão e carbono 13C, espectros bidimensionais de correlação heteronuclear (HMBC e HSQC) e, nalguns casos espectros de efeito nuclear Overhauser (NOESY). Os novos produtos foram igualmente caracterizados por espectrometria de massa e sempre que possível análise elementar ou espectrometria de massa de alta resolução.

Structure and Bonding in Stannadiphospholes and their Dianions SnC(2)P(2)R(2)(m) (R=H, tBu m=0,-2): A Comparative Study with C(5)H(5)(+) and C(5)H(5)(-) Analogues

The potential energy surfaces of both neutral and dianionic SnC(2)P(2)R(2) (R=H, tBu) ring systems have been explored at the B3PW91/LANL2DZ (Sn) and 6-311 + G* (other atoms) level. In the neutral isomers the global minimum is a nido structure in which a 1,2-diphosphocyclobutadiene ring (1,2-DPCB) is capped by the Sn. Interestingly, the structure established by Xray diffraction analysis, for R=tBu, is a 1,3-DPCB ring capped by Sn and it is 2.4 kcal mol(-1) higher in energy than the 1,2-DPCB ring isomer. This is possibly related to the kinetic stability of the 1,3-DPCB ring, which might originate from the synthetic precursor ZrCp(2)tBu(2)C(2)P(2). In the case of the dianionic isomers we observe only a 6 pi-electron aromatic structure as the global minimum, similarly to the cases of our previously reported results with other types of heterodiphospholes.([1,4,19]) The existence of large numbers of cluster-type isomers in neutral and 6 pi-planar structures in the dianions SnC(2)P(2)R(2)(2-) (R=H, tBu) is due to 3D aromaticity in neutral clusters and to 2D pi aromaticity of the dianionic rings. Relative energies of positional isomers mainly depend on: 1) the valency and coordination number of the Sn centre, 2) individual bond strengths, and 3) the steric effect of tBu groups. A comparison of neutral stannadiphospholes with other structurally related C(5)H(5)(+) analogues indicates that Sn might be a better isolobal analogue to P(+) than to BH or CH(+). The variation in global minima in these C(5)H(5)(+) analogues is due to characteristic features such as 1) the different valencies of C, B, P and Sn, 2) the electron deficiency of B, 3) weaker p pi-p pi bonding by P and Sn atoms, and 4) the tendency of electropositive elements to donate electrons to nido clusters. Unlike the C5H5+ systems, all C(5)H(5)(-) analogues have 6 pi-planar aromatic structures as global minima. The differences in the relative ordering of the positional isomers and ligating properties are significant and depend on 1) the nature of the pi orbitals involved, and 2) effective overlap of orbitals.

Comportamiento agro-industrial de catorce variedades de caña de azúcar (Saccharum sp hibrido L.) en comparación con las variedades Ja 60-5 y C 87-51

El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en el ciclo 92-93 en el Ingenio Victoria de Julio, donde se evaluaron 14 variedades de caña de azúcar en comparación con las variedades Ja 60 - 5 y C 87 - 51 para determinar el comportamiento agro-industrial de estos cultivares y seleccionar los genotipos más sobresalientes. El experimento fue establecido el 25 de enero de 1992, en un suelo arcilloso de la serie Chilamatillo, la cosecha se realizó a los 11 meses de edad del cultivo, el 16 de Dic 1992. El diseño utilizado fue de bloques completos al azar con 5 repeticiones, las variables estudiadas fueron: Germinación, población, altura de tallos, floración, diámetro de tallos, peso promedio de los tallos, rendimiento agrícola, rendimiento industrial y rendimiento agro-industrial. Los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza y prueba de tukey al 5% de margen de error. Los resultados obtenidos fueron los siguientes: Germinación; siendo las mejores RB 73-1012, CP 70-321 y Q 96. Población;las mejores numéricamente resultaron Méx 68-P 23,SP 70-1284 y SP 72-4790. Longitud de tallo; las mejores variedades fueron la SP 72-4790, Q 96, RB 73-1012 y RB 73-5220. Diámetro de los tallos; obtuvo el mejor resultado la variedad Méx 69-420 y en segundo lugar la Ja 60-5. Peso promedio de 100 tallos. ; presentando el mejor resultado el cultivar Méx 69-420 seguido de la RB 73-5220. Floración; todas las variedades florecieron a excepción del testigo C 87-51. Rendimiento agrícola; obtuvo el mejor resultado la variedad Méx 68-P 23 ocupando el segundo lugar SP 72-4790; Rendimiento industrial; entre las variedades sobresalieron numéricamente la Q 96 seguido de la C 87-51 y la CP 72-1210. Rendimiento Agro-Industrial; de acuerdo a los resultados de rangos múltiples la variedad Q 96 presenta un rendimiento estadísticamente superior a la variedad testigo Ja 60-5, superando numéricamente al resto de variedades. Las variedades que presentaron afectaciones por enfermedades fueron : RB 76-5288, SP 70-1284, SP 72-4790, CP 72-1210, SP 71-61801 CP 72-2086, Méx 69-420, Méx 68-P23, Ja 60-5 y e 87-51.

中国株丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染猕猴后5^NTR-C区基因组的cDNA序列分析

从2份受丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染的献血员血清(CX1、CX2)、第一代感染HCV猕猴血清(CX3)、第二代感染HCV猕猴血清(CX4)中提取RNA, 用自行设计的HCV 5^非编码区和核心区C5^NTR-C区引物进行逆转录PCR, 经扩增克隆并序列分析, 结果显示: CX1 cDNA全长779bp, CX2 cDNA 778bp, CX3 cDNA 776bp, CX4 cDNA 777bp。CX1株和CX4株均在5^NTR nt-216有一C的插入, CX3和CX4区nt385-387处的3个碱基缺失; CX1株与CX2、CX3、CX4比较同源性分别为98.07%、96.15%、95.25%; CX2与CX3、CX4的同源性分别为96.28%、95.76%; CX3与CX4的同源性为97.56%。

Synthesis and x-ray structure of a highly symmetrical selenium-centered hexanuclear neodymium complex, [(Cp6Nd6Se13)-Nd-t](-) (Cp-t=eta(5)-(BuC5H4)-C-t)

The half-sandwich tert-buthylcyclopentadienyl neodymium complex [(CpNdCl2)-Nd-t(THF)(2)](2) (1) reacts with Na2Se5 to give organoneodymium polyselenide complex [Na(THF)(6)][(Cp6Nd6)-Nd-t(mu(6)-Se)(mu(2)-Se-2)(6)] (2) which has been characterized by X-ray crystallography.

A new zirconocene complex, [{eta(5)-C5H4-C(CH2)(5)(CH2)(2)CH(CH3)(2)}2ZrCl2]

The title compound, dichlorobis{eta(5)-[1-(3-methylbutyl)-cyclohex-1 -yl]cyclopentadienyl}zirconium(IV), [ZrCl2-(C16H25)(2)], has a pseudo-tetrahedral bent-metallocene structure in which the substituted cyclopentadienyl rings are asymmetrically bonded to the central Zr atom, due primarily to the interaction between the large substituents and the Cl atoms. The molecule has local C-2 symmetry with the substituents positioned in a trans arrangement and directed towards the lateral sectors of the bent-metallocene unit.

THERMODYNAMICS OF AMINO-ACID DISSOCIATION IN MIXED-SOLVENTS .3. GLYCINE IN AQUEOUS GLUCOSE SOLUTIONS FROM 5-DEGREES-C TO 45-DEGREES-C

The first thermodynamic dissociation constants of glycine in 5, 15 mass % glucose + water mixed solvents at five temperatures from 5 to 45-degrees-C have been determined from precise emf measurements of a cell without liquid junction using hydrogen and Ag-AgCl electrodes and a new method of polynomial approximation proposed on the basis of Pitzer's electrolytic solution theory in our previous paper. The results obtained from both methods agree within experimental error. The standard free energy of transfer for HCl from water to aqueous mixed solvent have been calculated and the results are discussed.

Fulvalene titanium and zirconium complexes: synthesis and NMR study of phosphanido-, alkyl-, and alkynyl-derivatives. X-ray crystal structures of [{Ti(η5−C5H5)(μ−PPH2)}2{μ−(η5−C5H4−η5−C5H4)}] and [{Zr(η5−C5H5)(μ−C≡CSiMe3)}2{μ−(η5−C5H4−η5−C5H4)}]

Reaction of with one or two equivalents of LiPPh2 afforded the new phosphanidometal(III) complexes . Reaction of 2 with LiC≡CSiMe3 led to the diamagnetic zirconium(III) alkynyl derivative [{Zr(C5H5)(μ−C≡CSiMe3)}2(μ−η5−C5H4−η5−C5H4], 7. Alkylation of 6 with LiCH2CMe2Ph gave [{Zr(η5−C5H5)(CH2CMe2Ph)2}2{μ−(η5−C5H4)}], 8. A detailed NMR study of complexes 3 and 4 allowed the observation of the spectral behaviour of the eight different fulvalene protons through their coupling to the 31P nucleus. The fluxional behaviour of complex 7 was studied by dynamic DNMR, and kinetic parameters for the σ-π-conversion of the alkynyl ligand were determined. The molecular structures of complexes 3 and 7 were determined by X-ray diffraction methods.

Type 5 Design C Starboard Side; KI Luckenbach

Print No:166 (stamped); Discontinued stamp JUL 15 1918

Type 5 Design C Port Side; KI Luckenbach

166; Discontinued stamp JUL 15 1918

Optical properties of boron carbide (B5C) thin films fabricated by plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition

Variable angle of incidence spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to determine the optical constants near the band edge of boron carbide (B5C) thin films deposited on glass and n-type Si(111) via plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition. The index of refraction n, the extinction coefficient k, and the absorption coefficient are reported in the photon energy spectrum between 1.24 and 4 eV. Ellipsometry analysis of B5C films on silicon indicates a graded material, while the optical constants of B5C on glass are homogeneous. Line shape analyses of absorption data for the films on glass indicate an indirect transition at approximately 0.75 eV and a direct transition at about 1.5 eV. ©1996 American Institute of Physics.

Wien: Republik! Das Militair ist auf Seiten des Volkes: Das Kaiserliche Manifest vom 5. Oktober c. hat das Haus Habsburg gestürzt und nach eingegangenen Privatbriefen ist die Republik proklamirt worden ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Auf Privatbriefen beruhende und nicht in allen Punkten zutreffende Veröffentlichung von Nachrichten über den Ausbruch der Wiener Oktoberrevolution

The mechanism of action of a novel benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid, NK314 and the cellular responses

NK314 is a novel synthetic benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid that is currently in clinical trials as an antitumor compound, based on impressive activities in preclinical models. However, its mechanism of action is unknown. The present investigations were directed at determining the mechanism of action of this agent and cellular responses to NK314. My studies demonstrated that NK314 intercalated into DNA, trapped topoisomerase IIα in its cleavage complex intermediate, and inhibited the ability of topoisomerase IIα to relax super-coiled DNA. CEM/VM1 cells, which are resistant to etoposide due to mutations in topoisomerase IIα, were cross-resistant to NK314. However, CEM/C2 cells, which are resistant to camptothecin due to mutations in topoisomerase I, retained sensitivity. This indicates topoisomerase IIα is the target of NK314 in the cells. NK314 caused phosphorylation of the histone variant, H2AX, which is considered a marker of DNA double-strand breaks. DNA double-strand breaks were also evidenced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and visualized as chromosomal aberrations after cells were treated with NK314 and arrested in mitosis. Cell cycle checkpoints are activated following DNA damage. NK314 induced significant G2 cell cycle arrest in several cell lines, independent of p53 status, suggesting the existence of a common mechanism of checkpoint activation. The Chk1-Cdc25C-Cdk1 G2 checkpoint pathway was activated in response to NK314, which can be abrogated by the Chk1 inhibitor UCN-01. Cell cycle checkpoint activation may be a defensive mechanism that provides time for DNA repair. DNA double-strand breaks are repaired either through ATM-mediated homologous recombination or DNA-PK-mediated non-homologous end-joining repair pathways. Clonogenic assays demonstrated a significant decrease of colony formation in both ATM deficient and DNA-PK deficient cells compared to ATM repleted and DNA-PK wild type cells respectively, indicating that both ATM and DNA-PK play important roles in the survival of the cells in response to NK314. The DNA-PK specific inhibitor NU7441 also significantly sensitized cells to NK314. In conclusion, the major mechanism of NK314 is to intercalate into DNA, trap and inhibit topoisomerase IIα, an action that leads to the generation of double-strand DNA breaks, which activate ATM and DNA-PK mediated DNA repair pathways and Chk1 mediated G2 checkpoint pathway. ^