11 resultados para 41599


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Chondrocyte density in articular cartilage is known to change with the development and growth of the tissue and may play an important role in the formation of a functional extracellular matrix (ECM). The objective of this study was to determine how initial chondrocyte density in an alginate hydrogel affects the matrix composition, its distribution between the cell-associated (CM) and further removed matrix (FRM) fractions, and the tensile mechanical properties of the developing engineered cartilage. Alginate constructs containing primary bovine chondrocytes at densities of 0, 4, 16, and 64 million cells/ml were fabricated and cultured for 1 or 2 weeks, at which time structural, biochemical, and mechanical properties were analyzed. Both matrix content and distribution varied with the initial cell density. Increasing cell density resulted in an increasing content of collagen and sulfated-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and an increasing proportion of these molecules localized in the CM. While the equilibrium tensile modulus of cell-free alginate did not change with time in culture, the constructs with highest cell density were 116% stiffer than cell-free controls after 2 weeks of culture. The equilibrium tensile modulus was positively correlated with total collagen (r2 = 0.47, p < 0.001) and GAG content (r2 = 0.68, p < 0.001), and these relationships were enhanced when analyzing only those matrix molecules in the CM fraction (r2 = 0.60 and 0.72 for collagen and GAG, respectively, each p < 0.001). Overall, the results of this study indicate that initial cell density has a considerable effect on the developing composition, structure, and function of alginate–chondrocyte constructs.

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This paper reports a self-consistent Poisson-Schr¨odinger scheme including the effects of the piezoelectricity, the spontaneous polarization and the charge density on the electronic states and the quasi-Fermi level energy in wurtzite type semiconductor heterojunction and quantum-laser.

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草地在世界各种不同的气候带和土壤类型区均有分布,约占陆地面积的24%。尽管二十世纪中叶以来,人类通过各种措施,使氮素由大气圈进入生物圈的量已经翻了一翻,但是,草地生态系统由于没有得到足够的氮素补充,其生产力至少是季节性地受到氮素的制约。我国草原生态系统的退化与氮素匮乏已经引起了广泛重视。尽管一些研究者的工作已经涉及到氮素循环的一些方面,但是关于草原生态系统的氮素平衡过程的系统研究迄今尚未开展。地下器官中贮藏养分的积累是多年生牧草抵御不良环境条件的物质保障,碳水化合物是我国典型草原植物重要的贮藏营养物质。但是关于我国草原生态系统贮藏养分的研究还相当匮乏。值得一提的是,不合理的人类活动也加剧了草地生态系统氮素的损失,甚至对全球环境和人类健康产生了重要影响。为此,我们在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站的羊草样地设计了氮素添加试验,采用15N稀释法对典型草原羊草群落的氮素吸收利用、氮素平衡进行了研究,并就氮素添加条件下,植物氮素利用与植物竞争的关系、氮素吸收分配与牧草生物产量与品质的关系进行了探讨。同时采用高效液相色谱对羊草群落植物贮藏碳水化合物的种类与含量进行了测定。 15N稀释法的试验结果表明:我国典型草原羊草群落吸收的氮素平均16.41%来源于肥料,83.59%来源于土壤。氮素添加不仅显著促进了羊草群落地上器官对肥料氮索和土壤氮素的吸收量,而且促进了地下器官对肥料氮素和土壤氮素的吸收量。生物量达到最大时,羊草群落吸收的氮素分配到地下器官中的比例平均为74.85%,分配到地上器官中的比例平均为25.15%。植物吸收的肥料氮素在地上和地下器官之间的分配比例约各占50%。 在我国典型草原羊草群落,植物对肥料氮素的回收率仅为31.61%,氮素添加显著影响羊草群落植物对肥料氮素的回收,随着氮素添加量的提高,地上和地下植物器官对肥料氮素的回收量均显著提高。凋落物的肥料氮素回收率为2.92%,地下凋落物的回收率显著高于地上凋落物。肥料氮素的土壤存留率为36.16%,主要分布在地表至40cm的土层范围内(>95%)。各土层存留的标记肥料氮素量均随着氮素添加量的增加而显著提高。肥料氮素的当季损失率为21.77%-43.38%。风险:收益分析表明,在本试验条件下,添加5.25gN/m2与28gN/m2的处理风险大于收益,添加17.5g/m2的处理风险最低,收益最高,在草原生态系统的管理中可以参考。 为了了解羊草群落植物的竞争能力是否对羊草群落植物的相对多度有影响,我们对不同盖度的10个物种的15N吸收速率、15N分配、植物组织氮素含量、单株生物量、根/冠比、氮素生产力等反映植物竞争能力的指标进行了测定和分析。发现向根系的氮素分配比例、根/冠比、和氮素生产力与植物的相对盖度显著正相关,向地上器官的氮素分配比例、氮素吸收速率与相对盖度呈显著负相关,而植物组织氮素含量、和单株生物量与植物相对盖度无关。 试验前,我们认为氮素吸收速率应该与植物的相对多度显著正相关,但是本试验发现却是显著负相关。这一结果说明,高的氮素吸收速率并不能代表较高的竞争能力,而是稀少植物能够与优势植物共存的一种生理机制。 氮素的吸收与分配显著地影响牧草的生物产量和品质。氮素添加提高了羊草生物量,促进了生物量向地上器官的分配比例,降低了向根系的分配比例,使根/冠比显著降低。氮素添加促进了羊草对氮素的吸收以及向茎叶中的分配比例,降低了向根系的分配比例,提高了羊草各器官的氮素含量和地上器官的蛋白质含量,对根系的蛋白质含量无显著影响。本试验条件下,氮素添加水平为17.5gN/m2时,羊草根、茎、叶生物产量均最高。与17.5gN/m2的处理相比较,添加28gN/m2的处理,羊草的生物产量以及牧草蛋白质含量均无显著差异。初步认为,本实验条件下,17. 5gN/m2是较为适宜的氮素添加量。 地下器官中贮藏养分的积累是多年生牧草抵御不良环境条件的物质保障,碳水化合物是我国典型草原植物重要的贮藏营养。采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对羊草群落地下器官的贮藏性碳水化合物进行了分析。结果表明,羊草群落地下贮藏碳水化合物种类主要包括甘露糖醇、果聚糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖。其中甘露糖醇是最主要贮藏碳水化合物,约占60%;其次是果聚糖,约占30%。氮素添加量对羊草群落地下贮藏碳水化合物有显著影响。在0~50 g NH4N03. m-2.yr-1范围内,随着氮素添加量的增加,总糖、果聚糖、甘露糖醇的含量均逐渐升高。氮素添加时期对羊草群落地下贮藏碳水化合物含量亦有显著影响。7月初(雨季)添加氮素比4月份(牧草开始返青)更有利于牧草地下贮藏碳水化合物的积累。 对羊草根茎中的贮藏性碳水化合物的测定结果表明,羊草根茎中的贮藏碳水化合物组分主要包括果聚糖、甘露糖醇、蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖。其中果聚糖是最主要贮藏碳水化合物,约占60%:其次是甘露糖醇,约占20%。氮素添加量对羊草根茎中的贮藏碳水化合物有显著影响。在0~17.5 g N/m2范围内,随着氮素添加量的增加,总糖、果聚糖、甘露糖醇的含量均逐渐升高。氮素添加时期对羊草根茎中的贮藏碳水化合物的含量亦有显著影响。在7月初添加氮素比4月份添加氮素更有利于贮藏碳水化合物的积累。

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Documento sin paginar. - En portada: abril 2003

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Proyecto de coeducación llevado a cabo con alumnos del Colegio Público Las Cumbres. Plantea los siguientes objetivos: conseguir que se utilice indistintamente en las aulas el masculino y el femenino; e interesar a las alumnas en la realización de actividades técnicas y a los alumnos en la expresión corporal y artística. En el desarrollo de la experiencia se emprenden diferentes actividades para cada ciclo. En preescolar, ciclo inicial y ciclo medio se realizan lecturas de cuentos tradicionales y de cuentos de contenido no sexista. Con los primeros se hace un cambio de roles masculino y femenino y se dramatizan. Mientras que en el ciclo superior las actividades son fundamentalmente de información y orientación sobre el mundo laboral. La valoración del proyecto es positiva y la evaluación es continua y basada en la observación directa.

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Background: The activation of innate immune responses by Plasmodium vivax results in activation of effector cells and an excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that may culminate in deleterious effects. Here, we examined the activation and function of neutrophils during acute episodes of malaria. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from P. vivax-infected patients at admission (day 0) and 30-45 days after treatment with chloroquine and primaquine. Expression of activation markers and cytokine levels produced by highly purified monocytes and neutrophils were measured by the Cytometric Bead Assay. Phagocytic activity, superoxide production, chemotaxis and the presence of G protein-coupled receptor (GRK2) were also evaluated in neutrophils from malaria patients. Principal Findings: Both monocytes and neutrophils from P. vivax-infected patients were highly activated. While monocytes were found to be the main source of cytokines in response to TLR ligands, neutrophils showed enhanced phagocytic activity and superoxide production. Interestingly, neutrophils from the malaria patients expressed high levels of GRK2, low levels of CXCR2, and displayed impaired chemotaxis towards IL-8 (CXCL8). Conclusion: Activated neutrophils from malaria patients are a poor source of pro-inflammatory cytokines and display reduced chemotactic activity, suggesting a possible mechanism for an enhanced susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection during malaria.

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