A SON Enhanced Algorithm for Observed Time Differences Based Geolocation in Real 3G Networks

Conferência - 16th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC)- Jun 24-27, 2013

Improving accuracy for OTD based 3G geolocation in real urban/suburban environments

This paper presents the recent research results about the development of a Observed Time Difference (OTD) based geolocation algorithm based on network trace data, for a real Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) Network. The initial results have been published in [1], the current paper focus on increasing the sample convergence rate, and introducing a new filtering approach based on a moving average spatial filter, to increase accuracy. Field tests have been carried out for two radio environments (urban and suburban) in the Lisbon area, Portugal. The new enhancements produced a geopositioning success rate of 47% and 31%, and a median accuracy of 151 m and 337 m, for the urban and suburban environments, respectively. The implemented filter produced a 16% and 20% increase on accuracy, when compared with the geopositioned raw data. The obtained results are rather promising in accuracy and geolocation success rate. OTD positioning smoothed by moving average spatial filtering reveals a strong approach for positioning trace extracted events, vital for boosting Self-Organizing Networks (SON) over a 3G network.

Characterisation of noisy speech channels in 2G and 3G mobile networks

As the wireless cellular market reaches competitive levels never seen before, network operators need to focus on maintaining Quality of Service (QoS) a main priority if they wish to attract new subscribers while keeping existing customers satisfied. Speech Quality as perceived by the end user is one major example of a characteristic in constant need of maintenance and improvement. It is in this topic that this Master Thesis project fits in. Making use of an intrusive method of speech quality evaluation, as a means to further study and characterize the performance of speech codecs in second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) technologies. Trying to find further correlation between codecs with similar bit rates, along with the exploration of certain transmission parameters which may aid in the assessment of speech quality. Due to some limitations concerning the audio analyzer equipment that was to be employed, a different system for recording the test samples was sought out. Although the new designed system is not standard, after extensive testing and optimization of the system's parameters, final results were found reliable and satisfactory. Tests include a set of high and low bit rate codecs for both 2G and 3G, where values were compared and analysed, leading to the outcome that 3G speech codecs perform better, under the approximately same conditions, when compared with 2G. Reinforcing the idea that 3G is, with no doubt, the best choice if the costumer looks for the best possible listening speech quality. Regarding the transmission parameters chosen for the experiment, the Receiver Quality (RxQual) and Received Energy per Chip to the Power Density Ratio (Ec/N0), these were subject to speech quality correlation tests. Final results of RxQual were compared to those of prior studies from different researchers and, are considered to be of important relevance. Leading to the confirmation of RxQual as a reliable indicator of speech quality. As for Ec/N0, it is not possible to state it as a speech quality indicator however, it shows clear thresholds for which the MOS values decrease significantly. The studied transmission parameters show that they can be used not only for network management purposes but, at the same time, give an expected idea to the communications engineer (or technician) of the end-to-end speech quality consequences. With the conclusion of the work new ideas for future studies come to mind. Considering that the fourth-generation (4G) cellular technologies are now beginning to take an important place in the global market, as the first all-IP network structure, it seems of great relevance that 4G speech quality should be subject of evaluation. Comparing it to 3G, not only in narrowband but also adding wideband scenarios with the most recent standard objective method of speech quality assessment, POLQA. Also, new data found on Ec/N0 tests, justifies further research studies with the intention of validating the assumptions made in this work.

3G-laboratorioverkon rakentaminen ja rajapintamittausten analysointi

Tässä insinöörityössä tutkittiin 3G-verkon rakennetta, tiedonsiirrossa käytettäviä protokollarakenteita ja tarkasteltiin UMTS -verkon ilmarajapintaa kirjallisuuden sekä WCDMA -analysaattorin avulla. Työssä perehdyttiin 3G-verkon rakenteeseen ja siinä käytettäviin verkkoelementteihin ja niiden välisissä ja sisäisissä tiedonsiirroissa käytettäviin protokollarakenteisiin. Päätelaitteen ja UTRA -verkon välillä tapahtuvaa liikennöintiä mitattiin WCDMA -analysaattorilla. Mittaukset suoritettiin päätelaitteen kytkeytyessä verkkoon, kolmen erilaisen puhelun muodostuksen osalta sekä puhelunaikaisen yhteysvastuun vaihdon osalta. Mittauksista saatiin tietoa hyvin monipuolisesti. Analysaattorilla saatiin mitattua puhelimen verkkoon kytkeytymistä, puhelunaikaisia tapahtumia, Layer 2 ja Layer 3 -tason liikennettä sekä tukiasemiin liittyviä tietoja. Mittaustuloksia analysoimalla saatiin tarkkoja tietoja matkaviestimen ja radioverkko-ohjaimen välisestä signaloinnista. Mittaustulosten perusteella voidaan havaita päätelaitteen kytkeytyminen verkkoon sekä puhelunmuodostukset hyvin tarkkaan loogisella tasolla. Tiedonsiirto protokollien mukaan jää kuitenkin havaitsematta niin syvällisesti kuin se teoriassa on esitetty.

3G SGSN Toiminnallisuustestauksen Automatisointi

3G SGSN (3rd Generation Serving GPRS Support Node) onUMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) pakettiverkon verkkoelementti, joka toimii linkkinä ulkoisen verkon(kuten Internet) ja radioverkon välillä. 3G SGSN ylläpitää tilaajan tietoja ja paikannustietoja päätelaitteen liikkuessa verkon sisällä ja välittää myös dataa ulkoisen verkon ja mobiilipäätelaitteen välillä. Tämän diplomityön aiheena on 3G SGSN toiminnallisuus-testauksen automatisointi. Työssä kehitetään 3G SGSN toiminnallisuustestaukseen soveltuva testauksen automatisointijärjestelmä Linux-ympäristössä AuTS (Automated Test Sequences)-automatisointityökalulla. Kehitystyöhön kuuluu järjestelmän suunnittelu ja toteutus. Toteutettu automatisointijärjestelmä suorittaa 3G SGSN toiminnallisuustestauksen istunnon- ja liikkuvuudenhallinnan testitapauksia.Suoritettujen testitapausten tuloksista luodaan HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)-raportti, joka sisältää tiedot ja analyysit suoritetuista testitapauksista sekä linkit testitapausten lokitietoihin. Hyvä automatisointi vaatii suunnittelua, jossa huomioidaan käytettävyys ja ylläpidettävyys. Näihin ominaisuuksiin on toteutuksessa kiinnitetty erityistä huomiota. Lopputuloksena saatiin toimiva automatisointijärjestelmä, joka osoittaa automatisoinnin tuovan huomattavia etuja toiminnallisuustestauksen tehokkuuteen. Työssä käsitelläänmyös ohjelmistotestausta sekä testauksen automatisointia ja niiden periaatteita.

WCDMA HSPA performance counters for monitoring 3G-radio access network

The objective of this project was to gather all the counters which are used on HSPA performance monitoring. The main purpose was to create a compact packet of HSPA performance counters and radio network monitoring which Ericsson's employees can then use in their daily work. The study includes a short introduction to the architecture of the 3G-radio access network. The HSPA technology and HSPA performance are presented including a functional description of performance counters and KPIs, which are used for performance management and monitoring. The theory part of the study also covers an overview of performance management in OSS-RC. The final part of the study covers an overview of the performance management tools, in-troducing how the counters are represented in these interfaces. MOShell and OSS-RC are tools used in this study. Tools were selected because the MOShell is Ericsson's inter-nal management tool and OSS-RC is a tool designed for customers.

Managing Packet Data (Sessions) in 3G Mobile Networks

Tällä hetkellä kolmannen sukupolven matkapuhelinjärjestelmät ovat siirtyneet kaupalliseen vaiheeseen. Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) on eräs kolmannen sukupolven matkapuhelinjärjestelmä, jota tullaan käyttämään Euroopassa. Diplomityön päämääränä on tutkia, kuinka pakettivälitteistä tiedonsiirtoa hallitaan UMTS - verkoissa. Diplomityö antaa yleiskuvan toisen sukupolven matkapuhelinjärjestelmien datapalveluiden kehityksestä kolmannen sukupolven nopeisiin matkapuhelinjärjestelmiin. Pakettivälitteisen verkon verkkoarkkitehtuuri on esitetty sekä sen, diplomityön kannalta, tärkeimpien osien toiminnallisuus on selvitetty. Myös pakettipohjaisten datayhteyksien eli istuntojen muodostaminen ja vapauttaminen sekä aktiivisen yhteyden ominaisuuksien muokkaaminen on esitetty tässä diplomityössä. Yhteydenhallintaprotokolla, Session Management (SM), on yksi protokolla, joka osallistuu pakettidatayhteyden hallintaan. SM -protokolla on käsitelty työssä yksityiskohtaisesti. SM -protokollan SDL toteutus on esitetty diplomityön käytännönosassa

IPSec in 3G packet switched domain

Diplomityö käsittelee IPSec-protokollan (IP Security Protocol) implementointia UMTS:n (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) pakettikytkentäiseen verkkoon. Runkoverkkoa käytetään mobiilikäyttäjän datan siirtämiseen sekä verkkoelementtien väliseen ohjausinformaation välitykseen. Koska UMTS:n runkoverkot ovat IP-pakettikytkentäisiä verkkoja, IPSec-protokollaa voidaan käyttää lähetettyjen IP-datasähkeiden suojaamiseen. IPSec- ja IKE-protokollien (Internet Key Exchange) käyttö on koettu monimutkaiseksi kiinteissä verkoissa. Tämän saman ongelman edessä tulevat olemaan myös operaattorit, kun he alkavat rakentaa UMTS-verkkojaan. On kuitenkin muistettava se, että tulevaisuudessa lähes kaikki data mukaanlukien ääni ja video on tarkoitus siirtää IP-protokollan avulla. IP-teknologiaan perustuva tiedonsiirron kasvu lisää IPSec-protokollan merkitystä ei ainoastaan runkoverkossa mutta myös radioliityntäverkoissa sekä SS7-merkinantoverkoissa (Signaling System No. 7). Diplomityö on tehty osaksi diplomi-insinöörin tutkintoa Lappeenrannan teknillisessä yliopistossa. Työ on tehty Nokia Networksin palveluksessa Helsingissä, vuosien 2002 ja 2003 välisenä aikana.

Investigation of interface between Multimedia IP Network and Call Processing Server in 3G IP Telephony Core Network

The thesis presents an overview of third generation of IP telephony. The architecture of 3G IP Telephony and its components are described. The main goal of the thesis is to investigate the interface between the Call Processing Server and Multimedia IP Networks. The interface functionality, proposed protocol stack and a general description are presented in the thesis. To provide useful services, 3G IP Telephony requires a set of control protocols for connection establishment, capabilities exchange and conference control. The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and the H.323 are two protocols that meet these needs. In the thesis these two protocols are investigated and compared in terms of Complexity, Extensibility, Scalability, Services, Resource Utilization and Management.

Análisis de las diferentes técnicas de acceso para los servicios de multimedia en los sistemas inalámbricos de tercera generación (3G)

Tesis (Maestro en Ciencias de la Ingeniería con Especialidad en Telecomunicaciones) - Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 2002

User Profile Management and Selection in Context-Aware Service Platforms for Networks Beyond 3G

In recent years, progress in the area of mobile telecommunications has changed our way of life, in the private as well as the business domain. Mobile and wireless networks have ever increasing bit rates, mobile network operators provide more and more services, and at the same time costs for the usage of mobile services and bit rates are decreasing. However, mobile services today still lack functions that seamlessly integrate into users’ everyday life. That is, service attributes such as context-awareness and personalisation are often either proprietary, limited or not available at all. In order to overcome this deficiency, telecommunications companies are heavily engaged in the research and development of service platforms for networks beyond 3G for the provisioning of innovative mobile services. These service platforms are to support such service attributes. Service platforms are to provide basic service-independent functions such as billing, identity management, context management, user profile management, etc. Instead of developing own solutions, developers of end-user services such as innovative messaging services or location-based services can utilise the platform-side functions for their own purposes. In doing so, the platform-side support for such functions takes away complexity, development time and development costs from service developers. Context-awareness and personalisation are two of the most important aspects of service platforms in telecommunications environments. The combination of context-awareness and personalisation features can also be described as situation-dependent personalisation of services. The support for this feature requires several processing steps. The focus of this doctoral thesis is on the processing step, in which the user’s current context is matched against situation-dependent user preferences to find the matching user preferences for the current user’s situation. However, to achieve this, a user profile management system and corresponding functionality is required. These parts are also covered by this thesis. Altogether, this thesis provides the following contributions: The first part of the contribution is mainly architecture-oriented. First and foremost, we provide a user profile management system that addresses the specific requirements of service platforms in telecommunications environments. In particular, the user profile management system has to deal with situation-specific user preferences and with user information for various services. In order to structure the user information, we also propose a user profile structure and the corresponding user profile ontology as part of an ontology infrastructure in a service platform. The second part of the contribution is the selection mechanism for finding matching situation-dependent user preferences for the personalisation of services. This functionality is provided as a sub-module of the user profile management system. Contrary to existing solutions, our selection mechanism is based on ontology reasoning. This mechanism is evaluated in terms of runtime performance and in terms of supported functionality compared to other approaches. The results of the evaluation show the benefits and the drawbacks of ontology modelling and ontology reasoning in practical applications.

Skill in English 3G.

Este recurso ofrece una cobertura completa del currículo nacional inglés y de los objetivos para la enseñanza del inglés en la etapa 3 (Key Stage 3). La obra está estructurada en unidades agrupadas en bloques para ayudar al alumno a desarrollar lectura, escritura, conversación y comprensión. El material de lectura a menudo va acompañado de instrucciones, anotaciones y comentarios.

Leilões 3G europeus e brasileiros: uma sugestão a fertilização

Atualmente, o leilão de espectro tem sido evento de considerável relevância para o mercado de telecomunicações. As cifras alcançadas nos leilões, a oportunidade que eles representam para as empresas interessadas em explorar o mercado de telecomunicações, e o interesse do governo em alocar de forma eficiente este recurso, trouxeram notoriedade e magnitude para este mecanismo de seleção. Com o advento de novas tecnologias de comunicação móvel, detentoras de características inovadoras que permitem preencher cada vez mais a cesta de necessidades do consumidor, e a partir da alocação destas tecnologias a distintas faixas de espectro, tornou-se necessário, a determinação do mecanismo de escolha mais adequado daquele que será o gestor do recurso que permitirá a oferta desses serviços ao mercado: o espectro de freqüência. Com o intuito de se avaliar esse cenário, e os distintos papéis de seus participantes, busca-se nesse trabalho, através da análise do mais recente conjunto de leilões realizados para alocação deste recurso, o leilão das licenças 3G na Europa, compreender os pormenores envolvidos desde a elaboração até o desfecho deste processo. Objetiva-se, por fim, enriquecer o debate sobre esse tema ao discutir-se o cenário brasileiro. O trabalho ao analisar os leilões europeus nos permite identificar que as regras do leilão, como comentado por diversos autores, não são diretamente transplantáveis entre diferentes ambientes. Afinal dentro do ambiente homogêneo caracterizado pelo continente europeu, apesar da semelhança entre os diversos modelos de leilão utilizados, o sucesso obtido em países como Reino Unido e Alemanha, não foi repassado aos demais, ao compararmos o preço pago per capta. Entretanto, o espectro tem seu valor altamente conectado à disponibilidade tecnológica de sua utilização, logo, espectro sem tecnologia adequada para seu uso é observado como de valor privado aproximadamente zero pelos participantes. Esse fenômeno foi caracterizado pelo baixo valor atribuído ao espectro não pareado. Apesar de valor ser relativamente nulo, não é zero, pois a aquisição do direito de uso do espectro pode representar um "hedge" para ser utilizado, senão hoje, quando a tecnologia estiver disponível. Porém sendo o espectro recurso escasso, a alocação deste para tecnologia ainda indisponível pode ser considerado ineficiente. Observa-se, também, que o "incumbent" tende a valorizar mais uma licença, porém não se conseguiu determinar se isso ocorre devido a maior quantidade de informação que este detém sobre o mercado, ou devido à tentativa de manter o "status quo" do oligopólio atual. Baseado no comentado anteriormente e nos resultados dos leilões torna-se evidente que caso o entrante não seja protegido, como o "incumbent" valoriza mais a licença este sempre pagará mais por esta. E caso, o entrante tenha esta certeza, este não virá participar do leilão, o que na maior parte dos casos inviabilizaria o leilão pois haveriam tantas licenças quanto participantes. Ao analisar-se o caso brasileiro identifica-se a presença de um jogo nacional e um subjogo regional, onde os participantes podem ser simultaneamente "incumbents" para uma região, porém entrantes em outra.

Assessment of value creation in private equity: the acquisition of Burger King by 3G Capital

This thesis elaborates the creation of value in private equity and in particular analyzes value creation in 3G Capital’s acquisition of Burger King. In this sense, a specific model is applied that composes value creation into several drivers, in order to answer the question of how value creation can be addressed in private equity investments. Although previous research by Achleitner et al. (2010) introduced a specific model that addresses value creation in private equity, the respective model was neither applied to an individual company, nor linked to indirect drivers that explain the dynamics and rationales for the creation of value. In turn this paper applies the quantitative model to an ongoing private equity investment and thereby provides different extensions to turn the model into a better forecasting model for ongoing investments, instead of only analyzing a deal that has already been divested from an ex post perspective. The chosen research approach is a case study about the Burger King buyout that first includes an extensive review about the current status of academic literature, second a quantitative calculation and qualitative interpretation of different direct value drivers, third a qualitative breakdown of indirect drivers, and lastly a recapitulating discussion about value creation and value drivers. Presenting a very successful private equity investment and elaborately demonstrating the dynamics and mechanisms that drive value creation in this case, provides important implications for other private equity firms as well as public firms in order to develop their proprietary approach towards value creation.