Las Ciencias Sociales Colombianas, un gran salto de transformación: De una ciencia social “oficial” a la crítica audaz por parte de las ciencias sociales

Desde el siglo XIX, Colombia ha vivido un sinnúmero de conflictos los cuales han cambiado de actores y de circunstancias. Una vez llegado el siglo XX, los conflictos antes que disminuir, aumentaron; por eso no es de sorprender que el período de La Violencia haya constituido uno de los períodos más violentos y sangrientos de la historia reciente del país. En medio de estos problemas, surgió el Frente Nacional, un pacto político entre los partidos políticos más importantes del país, el Conservador y el Liberal. En medio de este proyecto político surgió la Comisión Histórica de 1958, la cual pretendió estudiar el porqué de La Violencia. Una vez finalizada la Comisión, se crea un libro con toda la información recopilada en la misma; este libro, La Violencia en Colombia se convirtió en un suceso de gran importancia para la sociedad colombiana, debido a que fue una investigación académica innovadora para las Ciencias Sociales. Esta innovación está respaldada por documentos investigativos y sobre todo por la utilización de teorías sociológicas de gran relevancia para el momento y que por supuesto eran utilizadas por primera vez en Colombia. Muchas de estas teorías abrieron camino para la investigación de nuevos temas con nuevas metodologías. Asimismo, el libro La Violencia en Colombia terminó de empujar a las Ciencias Sociales a su transformación definitiva. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es evidenciar las transformaciones que las Ciencias Sociales tuvieron a mediados del siglo XX y estas transformaciones se dieron en parte gracias a dos sucesos importantes: Por una lado, la publicación del libro La Violencia en Colombia, el cual estaba estrechamente relacionado con la Comisión Histórica de 1958 y por otro lado, la llegada de investigadores nacionales con estudios en el extranjero lo que provocó la entrada a las Ciencias Sociales de nuevas formas de ver, entender, escribir y leer los diferentes procesos sociales que estaban ocurriendo en el país. Para ello es importante explorar la vida académica de los investigadores seleccionados, ya que, las corrientes teóricas que trajeron al país comenzaron a ser utilizadas en distintas investigaciones y porque algunos de estos investigadores estaban estrechamente relacionados con la escritura del libro La Violencia en Colombia.

Plan zemelʻnogo otvoda kolfonda "Novai︠a︡ Zhiznʻ" Krivorogskogo okruga Mikhaĭlovskogo raĭona ploshchadi︠u︡ 303 desi︠a︡tin

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Plan zemelʻnogo otvoda kolfonda "Novai︠a︡ Zhiznʻ" Krivorogskogo okruga, Mikhaĭlovskogo raĭona ploshchadiʻ︠u︡ 303 desi︠a︡tin

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Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 303]

Tem início a votação do Título 5, sobre a Defesa do Estado e as Instituições Democráticas. Foram aprovados os últimos destaques do Título 4, que trata da organização dos poderes e sistemas de governo. Aprovado destaque dos Deputados Brandão Monteiro (PDT-RJ), Paulo Delgado (PT-MG) e Enoc Vieira (PFL-MA), que estabelece um sistema de votação proporcional para a Camara dos Deputados. O Deputado Brandão Monteiro (PDT-RJ) considera que não se deve computar votos em branco e nulos para a legenda, por comprometer a sistemática da proporcionalidade. Aprovado o destaque que mantém o número de deputados que a Câmara deve possuir, de no máximo 60 parlamentares por estado. O Deputado Roberto Cardoso Alves (PMDB-SP) declara que a Federação Brasileira e a Constituinte saem prejudicados com a decisão. O Deputado José Costa (PMDB-AL) relata que o fundamental é manter o equilíbrio federativo. Aprovado o destaque do Senador Nelson Carneiro (PMDB-RJ) que altera as atribuições do Conselho da República. Rejeitada a emenda do Deputado Vilson Souza (PMDB-PR), o qual previa que o estado de emergência fosse precedido de uma autorização do Congresso. O Deputado Nelson Jobim (PMDB-RS) discorda, pois considera que a intervenção deve ser imediata. Aprovada a emenda do Deputado José Genoíno (PT-SP), que retira do texto a expressão de atos ilícitos, por causar discussões entre o que é lícito e ilícito.

Viscosity of binary mixtures of cycloalkane with cycloalkane, alkane and aromatic hydrocarbon at 303.15 K

The viscosity ? for eighteen binary mixtures cyclopentane + cyclohexane and + cyclooctane; cyclohexane + cycloheptane, + cyclooctane, + methylcyclohexane, + n-hexane, + n-heptane, + n-octane, + i-octane, + benzene, + toluene, + ethylbenzene, + p-xylene, and + propylbenzene; methylcyclohexane + n-hexane, + i-octane, and + benzene; and cyclooctane + benzene have been reported at 303.15 K over the entire range of composition. The viscosity deviations ?? and excess Gibbs energy of activation ?G*E of viscous flow based on Eyring's theory have been calculated. The effects of molecular sizes and shapes of the component molecules and of interaction energy in the mixture have been discussed. The viscosity data have been correlated with the equations of Grunberg and Nissan, Hind, McLaughlin and Ubbelohde, Tamura and Kurata, Katti and Chaudhri, McAllister, Heric and Brewer, and of Auslaender.

Speeds of sound and isentropic compressibilities of binary mixtures containing trialkylamines with alkanes and mono-alkylamines at 303.15 and 313.15 K

Isentropic compressibilities ?S, and excess isentropic compressibilities ?SE have been determined from measurements of speeds of sound u and densities ? of 14 binary mixtures of triethylamine (TEA) and tri-n-butylamine (TBA) with n-hexane, n-octane, iso-octane, n-propylamine, n-butylamine, n-hexylamine and n-octylamine. The relative magnitude and sign of ?SE have been interpreted in terms of molecular interactions and interstitial accommodation. The values of ?SE for TEA + alkane are positive while for TBA + alkane are negative. The values of ?SE for TEA + primary amine become progressively less positive and eventually to negative with the increase in chain length of alkylamine. In case of TBA + primary amine, the values of ?SE increase from n-propylamine to n-butylamine, and then decrease with chain length of primary amine. The experimental speeds of sound u have been analyzed in terms of collision factor theory, free length theory and Prigogine–Flory–Patterson statistical theory of solutions.

Speeds of sound, isentropic compressibilities, and excess molar volumes of cycloalkanes, alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons at 303.15 K. II. Results for cycloalkanes+aromatic hydrocarbons

The speeds of sound u, isentropic compressibilities ?S, molar sound functions R, excess isentropic compressibilities ?SE and excess molar volumes VE for eight binary mixtures of cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cyclooctane and methylcyclohexane with benzene and of cyclohexane with toluene, ethyl benzene, p-xylene and propyl benzene at 303.15 K are reported. The effects of molecular sizes and shapes of the component molecules and of interaction energy in the mixture have been discussed. The Prigogine–Flory–Patterson theory has been applied to analyze the present binary mixtures along with the mixtures of cis- and trans-decalins with benzene and toluene taken from the literature.

Densities, speeds of sound, isentropic compressibilities, refractive indices and viscosities of binary mixtures of tetrahydrofuran with hydrocarbons at 303.15 K

Isentropic compressibilities, Rao's molar sound functions, molar refractions, excess isentropic compressibilities, excess molar volumes, viscosity deviations and excess Gibbs energies of activation of viscous flow for seven binary mixtures of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, n-hexane, benzene, toluene, p-xylene and propylbenzene over the entire range of composition at 303.15 K have been derived from experimental densities, speeds of sound, refractive indices and viscosities. The excess partial molar volumes of THF in different solvents have been estimated. The experimental results have been analyzed in terms of the Prigogine–Flory–Patterson theory.

Densities, speeds of sound, isentropic compressibilities, refractive indexes, and viscosities of tetrahydrofuran with haloalkane or alkyl ethanoate at T = 303.15 K

Isentropic compressibilities ?S, excess isentropic compressibilities image, excess molar volumes VE, viscosity deviations ??, and excess Gibbs energy of activation of viscous flow ?G*E for nine binary mixtures of C4H8O with CCl4, CHCl3, CHCl2CHCl2, 1-C6H13Cl, 1-C6H13Br, CH3CO2CH3, CH3CO2C2H5, CH3CO2C4H9, and CH3CO2C5H11 at 303.15 K have been derived from experimental densities ?, speeds of sound u, refractive indexes nD and viscosities ?. The limiting values of excess partial molar volumes of C4H8O at infinite dilution image in different solvents have been estimated. The results obtained for dynamic viscosity of binary mixtures were used to test the semi-empirical relations of Grunberg–Nissan, Tamura–Kurata, Hind–McLaughlin–Ubbelohde, Katti–Chaudhri, McAllister, Heric, and Auslaender. Finally, the experimental refractive indexes were compared with the predicted results for Lorentz–Lorenz, Dale–Gladstone, Eykman, Arago–Boit, Newton, Oster, Heller, and Wiener equations.

Speeds of sound, isentropic compressibilities, viscosities, and excess molar volumes of binary mixtures of alkanoates with tetra- and trichloromethanes at 303.15 K

Speeds of sound u, isentropic compressibilities ?S, viscosities ?, excess isentropic compressibilities ?SE, excess molar volumes VE, viscosity deviations ??, and excess Gibbs energies of activation ?G*E of viscous flow have been investigated for six binary mixtures of diethyl malonate, diethyl bromomalonate, and ethyl chloroacetate with tetra- and trichloromethane at 303.15 K. The values of ?SE, VE, ??, and ?G*E are highly dependent on the type of components involved and the composition curves are unsymmetrical. The results obtained for viscosity of binary mixtures were used to test the semi-empirical relations of Grunberg-Nissan, Tamura-Kurata, Hind-McLaughlin-Ubbelohde, Katti-Chaudhri, McAllister, Heric-Brewer and Auslaender. The experimental speeds of sound have been analyzed in terms of collision factor theory and free length theory of solutions.

Les viveurs de Paris : drame en cinq actes et huit tableaux. [Suivi de] La Médée de Nanterre : tragédie fantaisiste en trois parties et en vers de Bohême : traduction en gaulois de la traduction en italien de la tragédie française de Médée. Livr. 303 / par M. Xavier de Montépin... ; par Th. Cogniard, É. Grange et Bourdois...

Collection : Théâtre contemporain illustré ; 303e et 304e livraisons

Chinois 6861

Contient : I天主聖教啟蒙Tian zhu sheng jiao qi meng ; II誦念珠規程

HG 303.85-303.95

This is a dark grey, coarse grained sediment with inclusions of fine grained sand. Lineations and grains stacking are the most common features seen, along with grain crushing (mainly edge-to-edge). A few minor rotation structures can also be observed with comet structures.