970 resultados para 13C-PLFA-GC-c-IRMS


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利用预浓缩装置-气相色谱/燃烧-同位素比值质谱仪(PreCon-GC/C-IRMS)联用系统,建立了就采样、浓缩和在线质谱分析大气CH4中稳定碳同位素组成的测定方法。通过多组试验对比,分析并讨论了利用PreCon-GC/C-IRMS联用技术测定大气CH4中碳稳定同位素比值的试验条件、系统线性、稳定性及准确度和精密度等。结果表明,在本研究方法条件下,当离子流强度在1.0~20 V时,系统线性良好(斜率S=0.04‰/V),在4.0~15 V内其线性(斜率S=0.03‰/V)优于总体线性;系统测量稳定性可靠,δ13C值的测定结果的S.D<0.3‰,最大偏差<0.5‰,回收率达99.99%,准确度和精度均符合分析与研究要求。利用该系统对室内和室外草坪地空气中CH4的碳稳定同位素组成做初步测试,其碳同位素的平均值分别为-31.358‰和-33.085‰,且相同地点区域空气中CH4的1δ3C值,在1 d内和不同日期间的变化均在0.5‰以内,重现性良好。

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石油污染是目前最严重的环境问题之一,我国有近千万亩的耕地受到程度不同的石油污染。沈抚灌区位于辽宁省沈阳市和抚顺市之间,全长70多千米,是我国最大的石油污染灌区之一,有四五十年的污灌历史,已对当地的生态环境造成了严重的影响。随着人们对污水灌溉危害的认识,从20世纪80年代起,逐步停止了污水灌溉,开始了清水灌溉和改为旱田耕作,但污染问题仍然存在。目前,由于对该地区污染土壤微生物类群、原位降解菌及它们对环境条件变化的响应等信息缺乏了解,限制了对该地区污染土壤的生物修复。 分子生物学研究手段及稳定同位素分析技术,为污染土壤微生物生态学研究提供了全新的研究手段,为突破当前石油污染土壤生物修复研究止步不前的局面指引了方向。本论文采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis, DGGE)和磷脂脂肪酸分析(Phospholipid Fatty-acid Analysis, PLFA)分析技术,对沈抚灌区水改旱田石油污染土壤的微生物多样性与环境指标的相关规律进行了分析;以PLFA为生物标示物,结合气相色谱-稳定同位素比率质谱(Gas Chromatography Combustion Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry, GC-c-IRMS)分析技术,对石油污染土壤和相对清洁土壤中多环芳烃菲和芘的土著降解菌群进行了鉴定;并以不同的吸附性载体为介质,富集、筛选了芘的降解菌。 研究结果表明,石油污染土壤中的微生物群落结构主要与其相对地理位置有关,当污染物的浓度达到一定程度,土壤中的微生物群落结构会发生明显的改变。以13C标记的稳定同位素菲和芘为代谢底物,对污染土壤中菲和芘的土著降解菌群进行了鉴定。 13C-PLFA- GC-c-IRMS分析结果显示,参与菲降解的微生物有G-、G+细菌和放线菌,其中以G-细菌为主;污染土壤和相对清洁土壤两种土壤都未检出有真菌参与;参与芘降解的微生物有放线菌、G-细菌和真菌,其中以G-细菌为主,同时,也检测到有真菌的参与;污染土壤中的降解菌群较清洁土壤丰富。研究还发现,芘在土壤中的降解可能存在不经过菲为中间产物的代谢途径。采用不同的吸附性载体所富集的优势细菌显著不同。从不同的吸附性载体上最终得到8株芘的降解菌,其中鉴定出的三株菌中Sp-A56,Sp-A21为多食鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacterium multivorum);Sp-B05氨基杆菌属的一个亚种(Aminobacter sp.),未见有关该菌株芘降解能力的报道,可能是一株新的芘降解菌。

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辽宁省是以石油化工、煤炭化工和钢铁工业为主的重工业基地。辽河流域近年来经济发展迅速,城市化水平不断提高,但由于产业结构的不合理和污染治理水平的相对滞后,致使辽河流域水体污染严重。对辽河流域水体污染状况、污染物化学与生物学的相互作用、微生物群落结构与功能的关系开展调查研究,对开展污染水体的生物生态修复具有重要的指导意义。 本论文选取辽河流域干流8个水文监测站点的不同时期(丰水期和平水期)底质为研究对象,调查了有机污染物(总油TPHs)和有毒污染物(多环芳烃PAHs)污染程度以及主要来源;采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)两种分析方法,对其微生物群落结构及多样性进行了分析;并以13C标记的菲和芘为代谢底物,以PLFA为生物标记物,采用气相色谱-稳定同位素比率质谱(GC-c-IRMS)分析技术,鉴定了底质样品中参与菲和芘代谢的主要微生物类群;并利用不同的吸附性载体进行了芘降解菌的富集和筛选。 研究结果表明: 1)平水期总石油烃污染比丰水期严重,TPH 含量分别在276.1~560.6mg/kg(平水期)和157.9~462.2mg/kg(丰水期)之间,辽河入海口TPH污染最重;PAHs含量分别在124.1~270.4ug/kg(平水期)和93.5~209.1ug/kg(丰水期)之间;主要来源于石油类污染物和化石燃料的热解,汽车尾气的污染等。 2) 采用DGGE和PLFA两种方法分析微生物群落结构得到基本一致的结果。微生物多样性与总石油烃含量、总多环芳烃含量无显著相关性,多样性指数是多种污染物和环境因子综合影响的结果。 3) 稳定同位素代谢示踪实验表明,底质中存在菲和芘的降解菌群;参与菲和芘降解的微生物均以G-细菌为主,真菌次之;G+细菌和放线菌也参与代谢;参与菲和芘代谢的菌群有一定的相似性。 4) 利用不同吸附性载体从污染底质样品中筛选到6株降解菌。

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沈抚灌区是我国面积最大、污灌历史最长的石油类污水灌溉区,土壤中大分子量多环芳烃污染严重,对当地粮食生产与生态安全造成严重危害。对此类污染土壤进行生物修复,对保证农产品的安全,实现当地人与自然的可持续发展具有重大的意义。 本研究以沈抚灌区污染土壤中大分子多环芳烃芘为主要研究对象,采用稳定同位素比率分析技术(IRMS),以磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)为生物标记物,分析污染土壤参与芘降解的优势微生物类群;并以此为指导,采用分子生物学手段和传统微生物学分析方法,筛选土壤中的高效降解菌,并追踪其释放到土壤中后的动态变化与调控。 从沈抚灌区土壤富集培养芘的降解菌,经过双层平板法初筛和芘降解菌液体摇瓶复筛,获得5株以芘为唯一碳源生长的具有较高降解活性菌株。 将筛选的降解菌投加到污染土壤中,以13C标记的芘为代谢底物,以土壤微生物的磷脂脂肪酸为生物标记物,采用稳定同位素比率分析方法(GC-C-IRMs),分析投加的降解菌在原位土壤中的降解作用。结果显示,与不加菌的对照土壤相比,富含13C的磷脂脂肪酸指纹图谱相似度较高的为投加了菌株B05和菌株B15的土壤,芘的降解效率也最高,表明这两株菌在原位土壤芘降解中发挥了重要作用。根据形态学观察、16项生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析结果,将菌株B05鉴定为 Aminobacter ciceronei,将菌株B15鉴定为 Microbacterium arabinogalactanolyticum。菌株B05初步确定为一株新的芘降解菌,并对菌株培养条件进行了优化。 采用PCR-DGGE方法,研究了筛选的5株降解菌在不同的营养条件下释放到土壤中后的数量和代谢活性的变化。PCR-DGGE图谱分析表明:投加初期外加菌在竞争中占据优势,但是随时间推移,营养物质的消耗,优势逐渐消失,PCR-DGGE的条带趋向于一致。菌株B05的稳定期相对较长,在DGGE图谱中的条带相对密度大,而且对芘的降解率最高,是一株具有潜在应用价值的高效降解菌。混合菌比单一菌降解率高,添加碳氮源有利于外加菌群更快更好的适应在污染土壤中生存,而且有助于对多环芳烃的降解。

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Receptor guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C) is the target for the gastrointestinal hormones, guanylin, and uroguanylin as well as the bacterial heat-stable enterotoxins. The major site of expression of GC-C is in the gastrointestinal tract, although this receptor and its ligands play a role in ion secretion in other tissues as well. GC-C shares the domain organization seen in other members of the family of receptor guanylyl cyclases, though subtle differences highlight some of the unique features of GC-C. Gene knock outs in mice for GC-C or its ligands do not lead to embryonic lethality, but modulate responses of these mice to stable toxin peptides, dietary intake of salts, and development and differentiation of intestinal cells. It is clear that there is much to learn in future about the role of this evolutionarily conserved receptor, and its properties in intestinal and extra-intestinal tissues.

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Members of the receptor-guanylate cyclase (rGC) family possess an intracellular catalytic domain that is regulated by an extracellular receptor domain. GC-C, an intestinally expressed rGC, was initially cloned by homology as an orphan receptor. The search for its Ligands has yielded three candidates: STa (a bacterial toxin that causes traveler's diarrhea) and the endogenous peptides uroguanylin and guanylin. Here, by performing Northern and Western blots, and by measuring [I-125]STa binding and STa-dependent elevation of cGMP levels, we investigate whether the distribution of GC-C matches that of its endogenous ligands in the rat intestine. We establish that 1) uroguanylin is essentially restricted to small bowel; 2) guanylin is very low in proximal small bowel, increasing to prominent levels in distal small bowel and throughout colon; 3) GC-C messenger RNA and STa-binding sites are uniformly expressed throughout the intestine; and 4) GC-C-mediated cGMP synthesis peaks at the proximal and distal extremes of the intestine (duodenum and colon), but is nearly absent in the middle (ileum). These observations suggest that GC-C's activity may be posttranslationally regulated, demonstrate that the distribution of GC-C is appropriate to mediate the actions of both uroguanylin and guanylin, and help to refine current hypotheses about the physiological role(s) of these peptides.

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生物有机酸是大气对流层中重要的微量挥发性有机碳组分,它广泛存在于对流层大气中,对气候、环境、生态系统以及人类健康产生了重要影响。探索有机酸碳同位素(δ13C值)的分析测试方法,能够为大气有机酸生物地球化学循环研究开辟一片新的天地,从而使该领域研究向前推进一步。本研究初步建立了以甲酸、乙酸为代表的大气中低分子有机酸的碳同位素测试分析方法,为研究“已知有机酸来源中,不同来源对大气有机酸含量的贡献大小问题”、“人类污染对大气中有机酸的贡献比例问题”以及“是否存在尚未认知的有机酸来源问题”等奠定了方法学基础。 研究工作围绕如下五个方面内容而展开:首先是回顾和总结大气中低分子有机酸的研究沿革,详细摘录了国内外不同站点不同形式的大气样品中有机酸含量水平及其分布情况;其次是回顾和总结了大气中低分子有机酸的含量分析方法,并从中获取适宜于气相色谱/燃烧炉/同位素比值质谱(GC/C/IRMS)接口的样品富集、分离技术;第三是对水溶液中低分子有机酸的固相微萃取研究;第四是对实际大气样品中微量甲酸、乙酸的固相微萃取研究及其碳同位素分析结果的初步分析;第五是对其它天然产物或人为活动排放源所释放的甲酸、乙酸碳同位素进行研究。研究内容的重点是:应用目前对水溶液中痕量有机酸而言最恰当的针阱捕集固相微萃取技术建立有机酸分子碳同位素组成分析方法。在方法建立过程中主要获得了如下成果: 1. 建立了以甲酸、乙酸为代表的液态挥发性有机化合物标准样品的碳同位素组成分析测试方法。 法兰静密封技术与石英管的连接技术可以有效地获得较高真空度的石英管,这使得向低CO2污染的石英管内无损耗地注入挥发性有机物的标准样品成为可能。进一步使用炬枪密闭-石英管燃烧法制备挥发性有机化合物标准同位素样品,可有效避免制备过程中因挥发所导致的同位素分馏和环境CO2对测定值的影响。以市售高纯度的甲酸、乙酸为标准同位素样品,重复制备它们的同位素分析样各5次,并在Finnigan MAT-252气体同位素比值质谱仪上测定其δ13C值。结果显示此法具有极高的重现性,所测δ13C值相对标准偏差仅为0.07%(甲酸,n=5)、0.04%(乙酸,n=5)。与之对比,另一套同位素测定系统GC/C/IRMS对同一标准物质的同位素测定结果并无显著差别,但在精度上却明显不及前者。由于避免了样品制备过程中可能因挥发而导致的同位素分馏以及可能因环境中CO2造成污染等问题,使得该方法可推广应用于其它挥发性有机化合物标准的δ13C标定,为准确测定实际样品中对应挥发性有机化合物δ13C值的准确测定提供基础条件,也为同类物质标准的碳同位素测定提供了准确、廉价、方便的分析手段。 2. 确立了甲酸、乙酸在线分离的气相色谱条件以及同位素分析所需的同位素比值质谱条件。 为了能对非衍生化处理的甲酸、乙酸进行有效分离,我们选取了低吸附性、高样品容量,可直接分析未衍生化游离酸的Stabilwax-DA色谱柱作为分离甲酸、乙酸的分析柱。气相色谱分离过程中He载气均处于恒流模式,进样口施行不分流进样,并进样口温度设置为200℃,采用两阶段程序升温,在此条件下乙酸、甲酸的出峰时间先后相隔了0.79分钟,且多次测定甲、乙酸出峰时间的相对标准偏差不大于0.05分钟,据此可认为甲、乙酸获得了良好的分离。 气相色谱分离出的甲酸、乙酸通过串联接口与燃烧炉 (串联接口与燃烧炉都是加热装置,温度分别设置成350 C和 850C)相接,随后有机物在燃烧炉中被高温焚烧转变为CO2和H2O,再经Nafion半透膜祛除H2O,从而获取纯化干燥的CO2以适宜于同位素比值质谱分析。 3. 确立了水相中甲酸、乙酸的微萃取条件,设计制作了与萃取工作配套固相微萃取装置。 NeedlEx针阱捕集的固相微萃取技术可解决水溶液中低分子有机酸的分离萃取问题,并能与气相色谱接口的兼容,还有集采样、富集、保存、分析为一体的优点。因此探索利用脂肪酸型NeedlEx完成对水溶液相中有机酸的萃取是本文研究的关键所在。为了提高分析效率,降低环境污染,我们设计了一整套吹扫-捕集的动态固相微萃取装置,并对甲酸、乙酸的水溶液实施了萃取研究。 由于实验装置是在吹扫捕集原理的基础上建立起来的,因此随着吹扫捕集气体体积的增加有机酸在萃取针上的对富集量也呈现出一定增长趋势,尤其是在最初的几次循环中,有机酸在萃取针中的总量得到迅速的增加,在萃取气体体积达到400mL后,萃取针中的有机酸含量增加趋于缓慢。为了获得更多物质量的有机酸,实验中我们分别尝试了1000和2000mL的气体吹扫体积,分别对有机酸在色谱上的响应值以及同位素分析结果的统计显示这两种萃取体积并无显著差异,为兼顾工作量我们拟定1000mL吹扫气体体积作为实验条。 由于离子态的有机酸具极强的亲水性,因而很难挥发至顶空或吹扫气体中,只有自由的分子态有机酸方可被萃取针中疏水的固定相所富集。为使的解离反应方向朝着有利于分子态有机酸形成方向发展,我们评估了不同酸化条件对萃取效果的影响。实验中我们普遍采用了500μL 4mol/L的磷酸溶液对样品进行了酸化,结果表明,酸化对提高待测物质的分析量十分有利,以10μg/mL的甲酸、乙酸标准溶液为例,酸化后甲酸萃取率提高了30.12%,乙酸的萃取效率也提高了14.46%。酸化、不酸化处理以及不同浓度有机酸溶液所测定的甲、乙酸碳同位素值在总体上不具备显著性的差异。但是,由于有机酸碳同位素测定精度与待测物物质量具有一定正相关关系,因此酸化后样品中有机酸同位素的分析精度要优于未经酸化样品的同位素的分析精度。 温度的增加可以适量地提高部分有机酸的萃取效率,但温度增加导致水汽进入萃取针,中从阻碍了有机酸的有效萃取,因此本文建议在25℃室温的下进行萃取。此外,在传统的固相微萃取过程,搅动样品溶液常常是作为缩短萃取时间,提高的萃取效率的重要措施。原则上搅拌速度越快越好,但为了不使溅起水花影响到萃取针头,因而选择2000r/min搅拌速度比较适宜。 基于上述实验条件,本文考察了浓度为10~300μg/mL的甲酸、乙酸标准溶液的色谱响应值及其同位素分析结果。结果显示对不低于浓度为10μg/mL标准溶液,其中甲酸、乙酸的δ13C值都可被检测出。只不过浓度过低则响应值信号弱,不能准确计算出各质荷比信号峰面积是低浓度条件下同位素测不准的主要原因。要想使得甲、乙酸同位素测定值的相对标准偏差控制在1以内,则对应有机酸浓度则需达到85μg/mL以上。 4. 克服了实际水相样品中有机酸浓度低,不能直接对其实施NeedlEx萃取的难题,初步实现了对降水中甲酸、乙酸的碳同位素分析。 除了某些有机酸含量水平较高的降雨可以直接运用动态针阱捕集固相微萃取与GC/C/IRMS联用技术直接进行甲酸、乙酸碳同位素的分析外,普通含量水平的有机酸碳同位素测定尚具有一定的难度。研究中我们使用了阴离子交换型固相萃取小柱LC-SAX(规格:500mg/3mL;交换容量:0.2meq/g)对1L浓度为50~2000μg/L甲酸、乙酸标准混合溶液进行了萃取,并对所属浓度条件下δ13C测定值与理论值之间的差异性进行了T检验统计分析,结果表明绝大多数情况(200μg/L乙酸同位素测定值除外)下甲、乙酸的相伴概率分别伴概率大于了显著性水平0.05,表现出有机酸碳同位素测定的均值与离线法测定的甲酸同位素理论值无显著差异。 然而,降水中普遍具有有机酸含量低,其它阴离子含量高,组分复杂特点,严重影响阴离子交换型萃取小柱对有机酸的萃取。为此我们先用离子色谱对降水中阴离子组成及其含量进行分析,了解降水中主要的阴离子构成及其含量,再根据所测定结果再安排对应交换容量萃取小柱实施萃取,而后再进行针阱捕集的萃取及其碳同位素分析。 5. 对以甲酸、乙酸为代表的大气中低分子有机酸碳同位素分析结果的初步研究。 以贵阳为代表的西南城市地区大气中有机酸浓度较高,这为使用本方法研究该地区有机酸的碳同位素分析创造了有利条件。经离子色谱测定,2008年8月下旬至2008年10月中旬贵阳地区6次降水中甲、乙酸浓度范围分别为5.75~22.43μmol/L和5.43~13.09μmol/L。与之对应,六次降水中甲酸δ13C值的范围为-25.72‰至-29.08‰之间,乙酸δ13C值的最大值则为-26.23‰,最小值则为-30.40‰。6次降水中甲酸、乙酸的δ13C值将它们的来源指向了直接或间接的陆源特征。结合离子色谱对降水中甲酸、乙酸浓度分析,利用亨利系数判定法可知,六次降水中间接来源是大气中低分子有机酸的主要来源,通过δ13C值的初步判断,可以看出这些二次来源应该主要由生物质燃烧,C3植物以及人类活动向大气释放的不饱和有机物经二次氧化而形成。 以往甲酸、乙酸同源的依据皆以降水中甲、乙酸浓度具有显著线性相关做为判断指标,本研究中6次降中的甲酸、乙酸浓度亦然呈现出良好的相关性(R2=0.87)而降水中甲、乙酸具有相似的δ13C值,这充分说明降水中甲、乙酸的同源特征。 针阱捕集萃取方式还适宜于对大气中自由有机酸的直接富集。利用这一特性,我们分别对贵阳市市郊森林公园、城市居民区以及交通要塞等三个不同地方大气中的自由有机酸进行了同位素分析,结果发现贵阳市大气中乙酸δ13C值介于-31.03‰至-26.37‰之间,乙酸δ13C值的总体均值等于-28.74‰,与之对应,甲酸的δ13C值范围为-29.42‰至-22.97‰,均值为-27.12‰。贵阳市大气中自由甲酸、乙酸的同位素值与降水中的甲、乙酸同位素值具有类似的变化范围,这表明大气气相中自由有机酸与降水中的甲、乙酸具有大致相同的来源构成。 我们还利用此法对汽车尾气以及蚁酸蚁所释放的甲酸、乙酸δ13C值进行了分析,其中汽车尾气中所含甲酸δ13C值等于-23.25±1.25‰,乙酸δ13C值为-24.55±0.85‰,而蚁酸蚁所释放的甲酸δ13C值则为-22.43±0.43‰。由于汽车尾气以及乙酸蚁释放有机酸的δ13C值要低于大气样品对应有机酸的δ13C值,据此认为汽车尾气和蚁酸蚁不是大气有机酸的主要来源。 6. 有机酸碳同位素分析技术在检验食品参假行为时的扩展应用研究。 由于C3和C4循环会导致植物及其产品的δ13C值不同,因此碳同位素技术在食品控制方面发挥了特别作用,能够解决一些常规分析解决不了的问题。经分析发现,食醋中醋酸的δ13C值与其原材料密切相关,如以麦麸、大米为原材料所生食醋醋酸δ13C值在-27‰左右。而以高粱、大麦、黄豆为生产原料的食醋醋酸δ13C值在-19‰左右,明显高于了以大米、麦麸等为原料所生产的食醋醋酸δ13C值。此外,单纯以大米发酵生产的食醋醋酸δ13C值为-29‰左右。食醋中醋酸δ13C值与生产工艺、原材料高度相关的特征为质检部门更好的识别食醋参假行为提供了良好的解决办法。

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The determination of the carbon isotope ratio in androgen metabolites has been previously shown to be a reliable, direct method to detect testosterone misuse in the context of antidoping testing. Here, the variability in the 13C/12C ratios in urinary steroids in a widely heterogeneous cohort of professional soccer players residing in different countries (Argentina, Italy, Japan, South Africa, Switzerland and Uganda) is examined. METHODS: Carbon isotope ratios of selected androgens in urine specimens were determined using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). RESULTS: Urinary steroids in Italian and Swiss populations were found to be enriched in 13C relative to other groups, reflecting higher consumption of C3 plants in these two countries. Importantly, detection criteria based on the difference in the carbon isotope ratio of androsterone and pregnanediol for each population were found to be well below the established threshold value for positive cases. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained with the tested diet groups highlight the importance of adapting the criteria if one wishes to increase the sensitivity of exogenous testosterone detection. In addition, confirmatory tests might be rendered more efficient by combining isotope ratio mass spectrometry with refined interpretation criteria for positivity and subject-based profiling of steroids.

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Transfer of organic carbon (OC) from the terrestrial to the oceanic carbon pool is largely driven by riverine and aeolian transport. Before transport, however, terrigenous organic matter can be retained in intermediate terrestrial reservoirs such as soils. Using compound-specific radiocarbon analysis of terrigenous biomarkers their average terrestrial residence time can be evaluated. Here we show compound-specific radiocarbon (14C) ages of terrigenous biomarkers and bulk 14C ages accompanied by geochemical proxy data from core top samples collected along transects in front of several river mouths in the Black Sea. 14C ages of long chain n-alkanes, long chain n-fatty acids and total organic carbon (TOC) are highest in front of the river mouths, correlating well with BIT (branched and isoprenoid tetraether) indices, which indicates contribution of pre-aged, soil-derived terrigenous organic matter. The radiocarbon ages decrease further offshore towards locations where organic matter is dominated by marine production and aeolian input potentially contributes terrigenous organic matter. Average terrestrial residence times of vascular plant biomarkers deduced from n-C29+31 alkanes and n-C28+30 fatty acids ages from stations directly in front of the river mouths range from 900 ± 70 years to 4400 ± 170 years. These average residence times correlate with size and topography in climatically similar catchments, whereas the climatic regime appears to control continental carbon turnover times in morphologically similar drainage areas of the Black Sea catchment. Along-transect data imply petrogenic contribution of n-C29+31 alkanes and input via different terrigenous biomarker transport modes, i.e., riverine and aeolian, resulting in aged biomarkers at offshore core locations. Because n-C29+31 alkanes show contributions from petrogenic sources, n-C28+30 fatty acids likely provide better estimates of average terrestrial residence times of vascular plant biomarkers. Moreover, sedimentary n-C28 and n-C30 fatty acids appear clearly much less influenced by autochthonous sources than n-C24 and n-C26 fatty acids as indicated by increasing radiocarbon ages with increasing chain-length and are, thus, more representative as vascular plant biomarkers.

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Samples of filtered particulate organic matter (POM) were obtained during the summers of 1999 and 2000 from the surface waters of the Nordic seas to monitor the spatial distribution of long-chain alkenones. The aim of the study was to appraise existing alkenone-based climatic proxies in northern high latitudes. Unusually high percentages of the tetraunsaturated alkenone were measured in the polar waters of the East Greenland Current, with C37:4 of up to 77% in 80% of sea-ice cover. Values of percent C37:4 across the Nordic seas showed a strong association with water mass type. Analysis of coccoliths in filters indicated that calcified Emiliania huxleyi could not be discounted as the biological precursor of alkenones in all the water masses. A combined data set of 69 samples of POM revealed a stronger correlation of percent C37:4 to sea surface salinity (SSS; R2 = 0.72) than to sea surface temperature (SST; R2 = 0.50). Values of percent C37:4 in sea surface POM were much higher than those in surficial sediments of the northern North Atlantic. To explain the discrepancy in sedimentary and surface water column percent C37:4, we propose that the alkenone contents in surface sediments underlying arctic and polar waters are a combination of autochthonous and allochthonous inputs of alkenones. Our results show that percent C37:4 can be used to reconstruct the relative extension of arctic/polar water masses in the North Atlantic. However, the results prevent confirmation of percent C37:4 as a paleo-SSS proxy in the Nordic seas, given its multivariate nature in our data set and the decoupling between its range of values in surface waters and sediments.

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Methane (CH4) is a strong greenhouse gas known to have perturbed global climate in the past, especially when released in large quantities over short time periods from continental or marine sources. It is therefore crucial to understand and, if possible, quantify the individual and combined response of these variable methane sources to natural climate variability. However, past changes in the stability of greenhouse gas reservoirs remain uncertain and poorly constrained by geological evidence. Here, we present a record from the Congo fan of a highly specific bacteriohopanepolyol (BHP) biomarker for aerobic methane oxidation (AMO), 35-aminobacteriohopane-30,31,32,33,34-pentol (aminopentol), that identifies discrete periods of increased AMO as far back as 1.2 Ma. Fluctuations in the concentration of aminopentol, and other 35-aminoBHPs, follow a pattern that correlates with late Quaternary glacial-interglacial climate cycles, with highest concentrations during warm periods. We discuss possible sources of aminopentol, and the methane consumed by the precursor methanotrophs, within the context of the Congo River setting, including supply of methane oxidation markers from terrestrial watersheds and/or marine sources (gas hydrate and/or deep subsurface gas reservoir). Compound-specific carbon isotope values of -30 per mil to -40 per mil for BHPs in ODP 1075 and strong similarities between the BHP signature of the core and surface sediments from the Congo estuary and floodplain wetlands from the interior of the Congo River Basin, support a methanotrophic and likely terrigenous origin of the 35-aminoBHPs found in the fan sediments. This new evidence supports a causal connection between marine sediment BHP records of tropical deep sea fans and wetland settings in the feeding river catchments, and thus tropical continental hydrology. Further research is needed to better constrain the different sources and pathways of methane emission. However, this study identifies the large potential of aminoBHPs, in particular aminopentol, to trace and, once better calibrated and understood, quantify past methane sources and fluxes from terrestrial and potentially also marine sources.