The influence of school smoking policy and school prevention programs on the smoking behaviour of high school students in Prince Edward Island, Canada

The aim of the study was to examine the influence of school smoking policy and school smoking prevention programs on the smoking behaviour of students in high schools in Prince Edward Island using the School Health Action Planning Evaluation System (SHAPES). A total sample included 13,131 observations of students in grades 10-12 in ten high schools in Prince Edward Island over three waves of data collection (1999, 2000, and 2001). Changes in prevalence of smoking and factors influencing smoking behaviour were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-Square tests. Multi-level logistic regression analyses were used to examine how both school and student characteristics were associated with smoking behaviour (I, II, III, IV). Since students were located within schools, a basic 2-level nested structure was used in which individual students (level 1) were nested within schools (level 2). For grade 12 students, the combination of both school policies and programs was not associated with the risk of smoking and the presence of the new policy was not associated with decreased risk of smoking, unless there were clear rules in place (I). For the grade 10 study, (II) schools with both policies and programs were not associated with decreased risk of smoking. However, the smoking behaviour of older students (grade 12) at a school was associated with younger students’ (grade 10) smoking behaviour. Students first enrolled in a high school in grade 9, rather than grade 10, were at increased risk of occasional smoking. For students who transitioned from grade 10 to 12 (III), close friends smoking had a substantial influence on smoking behaviour for both males and females (III). Having one or more close friends who smoke (Odds Ratio (OR) = 37.46; 95% CI = 19.39 to 72.36), one or more smokers in the home (OR = 2.35; 95% CI = 1.67 to 3.30) and seeing teachers and staff smoking on or near school property (OR=1.78; 95% CI = 1.13 to 2.80), were strongly associated with increased risk of smoking for grade 12 students. Smoking behaviour increased for both junior (Group 1) and senior (Group 2) students (IV). Group 1 students indicated a greater decrease in smoking behaviour and factors influencing smoking behaviour compared to those of Group 2. Students overestimating the percentage of youth their age who smoke was strongly associated with increased likelihood of smoking. Smoking rates showed a decreasing trend (1999, 2000, and 2001). However, policies and programs alone were not successful in influencing smoking behaviour of youth. Rather, factors within the students and schools contextual environment influenced smoking behaviour. Comprehensive approaches are required for school-based tobacco prevention interventions. Keywords: schools, policy, programs, smoking prevention, adolescents Subject Terms: school-based programming, public health, health promotion

Les Compravendes al detall i a crèdit en el món artesà: El cas dels especiers i els candelers: El cas dels especiers i els candelers

Estudi de com el crèdit va tenir un paper molt important en les compravendes al detall en els gremis dels especiers (o apotecaris) i cerers a la Barcelona baixmedieval. Es pretén extrapolar les conclusions per aquests dos col•lectius a altres grups socioprofessionals similars. Es parteix de la teoria que aquest paper del crèdit va ser ben diferent que el desenvolupat en les pràctiques mercantils, bancàries i rendistes

Factores asociados a la asistencia al control prenatal en gestantes del municipio de Yopal Casanare, Colombia – 2011

Introducción: Según OMS en 2011, 536.000 mujeres murieron en el mundo por causas relacionadas al embarazo y el parto; obteniendo Colombia índices altos de mortalidad materna (Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas, 2010); mientras Casanare reportó cuatro casos en 2009, y Yopal en 2010 alcanzó una tasa de 66,5 por 100.000 NV (Plan de desarrollo municipio de Yopal); por tanto se busca identificar factores que afectan la adherencia al control prenatal. Metodología: Estudio observacional de prevalencia analítica realizado con datos de gestantes de Yopal (Casanare) canalizadas por Intervenciones Colectivas 2011, con una muestra de 621 gestantes en las semanas de gestación 8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,38 y 40.. Resultados: La adherencia al control prenatal fue del 15% y los factores que mostraron asociación estadísticamente significativa con adherencia al control prenatal fueron: régimen de salud (P=0.010); semana de gestación (p=0.000); trimestre del embarazo, antecedentes de abortos, apoyo económico (OR=1.738; IC=95%; 1.026-2.945); embarazo planeado, soporte familiar, satisfacción de compartir tiempo y espacio con el cónyuge (p=0.009, 0.001, 0.006); convivencia con familia materna (P=0.032), razón de verosimilitud 0.046, y valor OR=0.444; IC=95%; 0.208 – 0.948; y se identificaron barreras como inoportunidad de citas e insatisfacción por los servicios, donde el 98,9% de gestantes que no las encontraron tuvieron adherencia al control prenatal. Conclusión: Es necesario fortalecer programas de promoción de salud materna, control prenatal, prevención del embarazo adolescente y derechos de la mujer; reforzando acciones de vigilancia para disminuir las barreras de aseguramiento y calidad de los servicios.

A prática educativa nas classes multisseriadas: impasses e desafios

Este estudo apresenta a sistematização dos resultados da pesquisa sobre a prática educativa numa classe multisseriada. Pretendeu-se, com este trabalho, investigar o tipo de prática que vem sendo desenvolvida no contexto específico de uma sala-de-aula, inserida numa escola da zona rural e de que forma as inovações pedagógicas se refletem na ação do professor junto aos seus alunos. É um estudo de caso etnográfico, de abordagem qualitativa, que permitiu o exame da realidade concreta, mediante análise da documentação, observação das dinâmicas da classe, entrevistas semiestruturadas, inclusive, com gravação em vídeo. A análise do discurso e dos eventos construídos pelos seus principais sujeitos: professor e alunos assumiram grande relevância neste estudo, assim como as relações que ocorreram no âmbito da escola, da família e da comunidade. Por se constituir uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, possibilitou certo grau de flexibilidade, oportunizando alterações e ajustes no decorrer do trabalho de campo de forma a alcançar os objetivos pretendidos. As referências teóricas trouxeram contribuições importantes para desvendar os segredos contidos nas práticas educativas vivenciadas nas classes multisseriadas, que de um lado, deparam-se com os impasses perante os elementos que dão sustentação ao processo educacional como um todo e, de outro, enfrentam os desafios de romper com os mecanismos de padronização do sistema seriado e fazer acontecer um novo sentido de ensinar e aprender com as diferenças.

I Jornadas Internacionales de Estudios Clásicos Ordia Prima. 'Imágenes y representaciones en la Antigüedad Graco-Latina' Córdoba, 2 a 4 de agosto de 2007

Fil: Bogdan, Guillermina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

III Jornada Interdiscipinaria 'Conociendo a Hildegarda. La abadesa de Bingen y su tiempo' Buenos Aires, UCA, 24 de agosto de 2007

Fil: Buisel, María Delia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

I Jornadas Internacionales de Estudios Clásicos Ordia Prima. 'Imágenes y representaciones en la Antigüedad Graco-Latina' Córdoba, 2 a 4 de agosto de 2007

Fil: Bogdan, Guillermina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.