1/1/20, Parc des Princes, équipe d'Écosse [de rugby] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57438

1/1/20, Parc des Princes, équipe d'Écosse [de rugby] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57437

Parc des Princes, rugby, 1/1/20, match France-Écosse : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57449

Parc des Princes, rugby, 1/1/20, match France-Écosse : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57453

Parc des Princes, 1/1/20, match France-Écosse [rugby] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57454

Visite royale en Écosse, le yacht royal passe devant la flotte à Rothesay : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 60070

Election de M. Asquith député de Paisley : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 58255

Election de M. Asquith député de Paisley : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 58254

Marins du Queen Élisabeth acclamant le yacht royal [à Rothesay] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 60071

Le yacht royal salué par la la flotte anglaise [à Rothesay] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 60072

Le yacht royal salué par [les destroyers de] la flotte [anglaise à Rothesay] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 60075

Le yacht royal salué par les destroyers [de la flotte anglaise à Rothesay] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 60073

Prevalence, Incidence Density, and Genotype Distribution of GB Virus C Infection in a Cohort of Recently HIV-1-Infected Subjects in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Background: The results of previous studies elsewhere have indicated that GB virus C (GBV-C) infection is frequent in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) due to similar transmission routes of both viruses. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, incidence density and genotypic characteristics of GBV-C in this population. Methodology/Principal Findings: The study population included 233 patients from a cohort primarily comprised of homosexual men recently infected with HIV-1 in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The presence of GBV-C RNA was determined in plasma samples by reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction and quantified by real-time PCR. GBV-C genotypes were determined by direct sequencing. HIV viral load, CD4+ T lymphocyte and CD8+ T lymphocyte count were also tested in all patients. The overall prevalence of GBV-C infection was 0.23 (95% CI: 0.18 to 0.29) in the study group. There was no significant difference between patients with and without GBV-C infection and Glycoprotein E2 antibody presence regarding age, sex, HIV-1 viral load, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts and treatment with antiretroviral drugs. An inverse correlation was observed between GBV-C and HIV-1 loads at enrollment and after one year. Also, a positive but not significant correlation was observed between GBV-C load and CD4+ T lymphocyte. Phylogenetic analysis of the GBV-C isolates revealed the presence of genotype 1 and genotype 2, these sub classified into subtype 2a and 2b. Conclusion/Significance: GBV-C infection is common in recently HIV -1 infected patients in Sao Paulo, Brazil and the predominant genotype is 2b. This study provides the first report of the GBV-C prevalence at the time of diagnosis of HIV-1 and the incidence density of GBV-C infection in one year.

Frequency and genotypic distribution of GB virus C (GBV-C) among Colombian population with Hepatitis B (HBV) or Hepatitis C (HCV) infection

Background: GB virus C (GBV-C) is an enveloped positive-sense ssRNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Studies on the genetic variability of the GBV-C reveals the existence of six genotypes: genotype 1 predominates in West Africa, genotype 2 in Europe and America, genotype 3 in Asia, genotype 4 in Southwest Asia, genotype 5 in South Africa and genotype 6 in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and genotypic distribution of GBV-C in the Colombian population. Methods: Two groups were analyzed: i) 408 Colombian blood donors infected with HCV (n = 250) and HBV (n = 158) from Bogota and ii) 99 indigenous people with HBV infection from Leticia, Amazonas. A fragment of 344 bp from the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) was amplified by nested RT PCR. Viral sequences were genotyped by phylogenetic analysis using reference sequences from each genotype obtained from GenBank (n = 160). Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were conducted using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach to obtain the MCC tree using BEAST v. 1.5.3. Results: Among blood donors, from 158 HBsAg positive samples, eight 5.06% (n = 8) were positive for GBV-C and from 250 anti-HCV positive samples, 3.2%(n = 8) were positive for GBV-C. Also, 7.7% (n = 7) GBV-C positive samples were found among indigenous people from Leticia. A phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of the following GBV-C genotypes among blood donors: 2a (41.6%), 1 (33.3%), 3 (16.6%) and 2b (8.3%). All genotype 1 sequences were found in co-infection with HBV and 4/5 sequences genotype 2a were found in co-infection with HCV. All sequences from indigenous people from Leticia were classified as genotype 3. The presence of GBV-C infection was not correlated with the sex (p = 0.43), age (p = 0.38) or origin (p = 0.17). Conclusions: It was found a high frequency of GBV-C genotype 1 and 2 in blood donors. The presence of genotype 3 in indigenous population was previously reported from Santa Marta region in Colombia and in native people from Venezuela and Bolivia. This fact may be correlated to the ancient movements of Asian people to South America a long time ago.

A Cost-Benefit Analysis on Modulation Formats for 40-Gb/s Optical Communication Systems

This article discusses possible approaches for optical network capacity upgrade by considering the use of different modulation formats at 40 Gb/s. First, a performance evaluation is carried out regarding tolerance to three impairments: spectral narrowing due to filter cascading, chromatic dispersion, and self-phase modulation. Next, a cost-benefit analysis is conducted, considering the specific optoelectronic components required for the optical transmitter/receiver configuration of each format.