Evaluating the spatial and social equity effects of road pricing in the European urban context: the Madrid Metropolitan Area.

The paper explores the spatial and social impacts arising from implementation of a road-pricing scheme in the Madrid Metropolitan Area (MMA). Our analytical focus is on understanding the effects of the scheme on the transport accessibility of different social groups within the MMA. We define an evaluation framework to appraise the accessibility of different districts within the MMA in terms of the actual and perceived cost of using the road infrastructure "before" and "after" the implementation of the scheme. The framework was developed using quantitative survey data and qualitative data from focus group discussions with residents. We then simulated user behaviors (mode and route choice) based on the empirical evidence from a travel demand model for the MMA. The results from our simulation model demonstrated that implementation of the toll on the orbital metropolitan motorways (M40, M30, for example) decreases accessibility, mostly in the districts where there are no viable public transport alternatives. Our key finding is that the economic burden of the road-pricing scheme particularly affects unskilled and lower income individuals living in the south of the MMA. Consequently lower income people reduce their use of tolled roads and have to find new arrangements for these trips: i.e. switch to the public transport, spend double the time for their commuter trips or stay at home. The results of our research could be applicable more widely for anyone wishing to better understand the important relationship between increased transport cost and social equity, especially where there is an intention to introduce similar road-pricing schemes within the urban context.

The Impact of Transit Oriented Development on the Travel Behaviors of Workers in Denver, Colorado

To combat unsustainable transportation systems characterized by reliance on petroleum, polluting emissions, traffic congestion and suburban sprawl, planners encourage mixed use, densely populated areas that provide individuals with opportunities to live, work, eat and shop without necessarily having to drive private automobiles to accommodate their needs. Despite these attempts, the frequency and duration of automobile trips has consistently increased in the United States throughout past decades. While many studies have focused on how residential proximity to transit influences travel behavior, the effect of workplace location has largely been ignored. This paper asks, does working near a TOD influence the travel behaviors of workers differently than workers living near a TOD? We examine the non-work travel behaviors of workers based upon their commuting mode and proximity to TODs. The data came from a 2009 travel behavior survey by the Denver Regional Council of Governments, which contains 8,000 households, 16,000 individuals, and nearly 80,000 trips. We measure sustainable travel behaviors as reduced mileage, reduced number of trips, and increased use of non-automobile transportation. The results of this study indicate that closer proximity of both households and workplaces to TODs decrease levels of car commuting and that non-car commuting leads to more sustainable personal travel behaviors characterized by more trips made with alternative modes.

Driving performance after an extended period of travel in an automated highway system.

Federal Highway Administration, Office of Safety and Traffic Operations, Washington, D.C.

Highway travel: 1970-2000. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.

Travel in Alaska and the Alaska Highway.

"March 1958."

The economics of machinery choice in corn production /

Cover title.

The choice works of Dean Swift in prose and verse. Carefully reprinted from the original edition with a memoir.

Mode of access: Internet.

Masonick melodies : being a choice selection of the most approved masonick songs, duets, glees, catches, cannons, hymns, odes, dirges, and choruses, appropriate to all Masonick occasions: the whole set to musick ... /

Shoemaker

Travel and camper trailer safety.

Mode of access: Internet.

Guidebook on methods to estimate non-motorized travel: overview of methods.

Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, Va.

Health insurance : employer offerings and employee choice in state and local governments, 1992.

Mode of access: Internet.

A test of a stochastic theory of choice,

Mode of access: Internet.

To have or to be--take your choice,

"First printing."

Descriptive guide to the Adirondacks and handbook of travel to Saratoga Springs, Schroon Lake, lakes Luzerne, George and Champlain, the Ausable Chasm, the Thousand Islands, Massena Springs and Trenton Falls.

Mode of access: Internet.

Consumer behavior towards fuel efficient vehicles. Volume IV: operating instructions and programs documentation for the CS Vehicle Choice Simulation Model. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Technology Assessment Division, Washington, D.C.