Representações e estereótipos sobre a tradução português/espanhol

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

O caipira paulista no tempo de pós- modernização

This written report narrates the process of writing the report “A caminho da cidade” (in English: “Going to the city”), submitted as Final Papers by Naomi Oliveira Corcovia, Journalism Student at UNESP. The author tries to elucidate how much the urbanization, the industrialization and other postmodern process have influenced São Paulo´s countrymen´s life and behavior. But before, the author studied the stereotype of the countrymen diffused by Media and Brazilian literature

Corpo e cultura: culto ao corpo e vigorexia

Currently the company suffers a heavy influence of media, through their tentacles people are reached and clawed into a consumerist context, and the reason for the success of this market share is linked to aesthetics. An ideal beauty standard is followed, aimed at recognizing social, emotional success, professional and loving. Thus, people are accustomed from his childhood with the image of a perfect prince or princess, heroes that is becoming increasingly more muscular and developed throughout the evolution of cinema. While the aesthetic perfection is internalized by society and see that this beauty is not a particular good for some people, but everyone should become pretty standard to suit hence those who do not fit this stereotype are somehow excluded from the circle of society standard. One way people try to develop and hone the look is through weight training exercises in specialized academies. The problem is when it appears not the contentment of the individual in relation to his body. Even when your muscles are increasing, for the person who suffers from Vigorexia changes are significant to the point never to be content with their state of development, which is seen distorted and underestimated. Thus this paper aims to describe the situation and how the routine Vigorexia context and people are distorted to suit the aesthetic and social demands that are made, through a literature search on the muscle dysmorphia. It is of paramount importance to know the pathological picture of Vigorexia not only by professionals of Psychology, Psychiatry and Medicine, but also for Physical Educators that are constantly present in an active and that can positively or negatively influence the routine and pathological picture of these people with Muscular Dysmorphia

Corporalidade brasileira na fabricação da identidade nacional

This paper discusses how, through the creation of Embratur (Brazilian Tourism Company) in 1966, an idealized Brazilian female body was constructed and used to help manufacture a national identity, reinforcing the stereotype of the sexualized Brazilian woman. As it was often associated with sex tourism, this stereotype received much criticism and led to a negative image of Brazil abroad. However, in the 1990s the official tourism lobby softened the “sexy tone” of its discourse, and in 1999 Embratur received an award from the World Tourism Organization for its campaign to help fight the exploitation of children and youth by sexual tourism. In order to better understand how this change in the idealized Brazilian female body unfolded, it is important to deconstruct beauty standards – focusing on those that apply to Brazilian women as seen from abroad – and their relationship to modern consumer culture. Assuming that the cultural analysis of the female body emerges as an important issue in the field of Social Science, the focus on body image can be viewed as a key element in discussions about the construction of national identity.

A criança nativa digital no contexto de filmes publicitários

Pós-graduação em Psicologia - FCLAS

A criança nativa digital no contexto de filmes publicitários

Pós-graduação em Psicologia - FCLAS

A publicidade contra-intuitiva e o efeito ricochete

O propósito deste artigo é compartilhar com o leitor algumas noções conceituais de publicidade contra-intuitiva e observar seus possíveis efeitos na reavaliação, desconstrução de crenças e estereótipos sociais, na estrutura cognitiva do indivíduo receptor. Destaca-se entre os reflexos provavelmente gerados o irônico efeito ricochete, segundo a teoria desenvolvida por Daniel M. Wegner. A aplicação para se discutir o cruzamento da narrativa contra-intuitiva e o efeito ricochete será, neste primeiro momento, pela exemplificação do filme Motorista, peça integrante da campanha publicitária da Fiat do Brasil “Reveja seus conceitos”, para o lançamento do automóvel Palio 2002. Um experimento laboratorial está sendo desenvolvido pelos autores para se mensurar de maneira consistente a apresentação teórico-conceitual exposta

Visuell-mediale Landschaftskonstruktionen als Bild-Raum-Diskurse

Durch die massenmediale Zunahme von statischen und bewegten Bilder im Laufe des letzten Jahrhunderts vollzieht sich unsere lebensweltliche Wirklichkeitskonstruktion zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts zunehmend über Visualisierungen, die mit den neuen Formen der Digitalisierung noch an Dynamik zunehmen werden. Mit diesen omnipräsenten visuell-medialen Repräsentationen werden meist räumliche Vorstellungen transportiert, denn Räume werden vor allem über Bilder konstruiert. Diese Bildräume zirkulieren dabei nicht als singuläre Bedeutungszuschreibungen, sondern sind in sprachliche und bildliche Diskurse eingebettet. Visuell-mediale Bild-Raum-Diskurse besitzen zunehmend die Fähigkeit, unser Wissen über und unsere Wahrnehmung von Räumen zu kanalisieren und auf stereotype Raumstrukturen zu reduzieren. Dabei verfestigt sich eine normative Ordnung von bestimmten machtvollen Bildräumen, die nicht genügend kritisch hinterfragt werden. Deshalb ist es für die Geographie von entscheidender Wichtigkeit, mediale Raumkonstruktio- nen, ihre Einbettung in diskursive Bildarchive und ihre essentialistische und handlungspraktische gesellschaftliche Wirkung zu verstehen.rnLandschaften können vor diesem Hintergrund als visuell-medial transportierte Bild-Raum-Diskurse konzeptionalisiert werden, deren gesellschaftliche Wirkmächtigkeit mit Hilfe einer visuell ausgerichteten Diskursanalyse hinterfragt werden sollte. Auf Grundlage einer zeichentheoretischen Ikonologie wurde eine Methodik entwickelt, die visuell ausgerichtete Schrift-Bild-Räume angemessen analysieren kann. Am Beispiel der Inszenierung des Mittelrheintals, wurde, neben einer diachronischen Strukturanalyse der diskursrelevanten Medien (Belletristik, Malerei, Postkarten, Druckgrafiken und Fotografien), eine Feinanalyse der fotografischen „Rheinlandschaften“ von August Sander der 1930er Jahre durchgeführt. Als Ergebnis zeigte sich, dass der Landschaftsdiskurs über das Mittelrheintal immer noch durch die gegenseitige Durchdringung der romantischen Literatur und Malerei in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts und die historischen Fotografien in den ersten Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts bestimmt ist, nicht zuletzt forciert durch die Ernennung zum UNESCO-Welterbe 2002. Der stark visuell ausgerichtete Landschaftsdiskurs trägt somit zum einen positiv konnotierte, romantisch-pittoreske Züge, die die Einheit von Mensch und Natur symbolisieren, zum anderen historisch-konservatorische Züge, die eine Mythifizierung zu einer gewachsenen, authentischen Kulturlandschaft evozieren.

Wüsten, Palmen und Basare - Die cineastische Geographie des imaginierten Orients

Der Orient als geographischer Topos paust sich durch populäre Medien wie kaum ein anderer. Besonders das Kino vermag es diese Imagination aufscheinen zu lassen. Der cineastisch-imaginierte Orient existiert parallel zur Lebenswelt und konstituiert auf diese Weise eine ganz eigene Wirklichkeit. Gegenstand der Arbeit ist es die Konstruktionsprinzipien des cineastischen Orients zu entschlüsseln sowie eine dafür geeignete Analyseform zu entwickeln. Der Arbeit liegt ein Grundverständnis zugrunde, dass das Unterhaltungskino als ein besonderes Medium alltäglicher Imaginationen betrachtet und auf diese Weise Welt und Wirklichkeit generierend ist. Der empirisch-analytische Teil der Arbeit entwickelt aus tradiertem filmanalytischem Handwerkszeug eine geographische Filmlektüre. Die Analyse, bzw. Lektüre, der ausgewählten Filme durchleuchtet die vom Kino transportierten Mythen und die sich wiederholenden Narrative des cineastischen Orients. Die Lektüre orientiert sich dabei an visuellen und handlungszentrierten filmischen Topoi und liest diese als filmische Standardorte. Zudem werden existierende personengebundene Stereotype herausgearbeitet, die als Grundlage der Kreation des Anderen und als Konstruktionsprinzip des Fremden verstanden werden. Diese haben Konsequenzen für eine filmisch kommunizierte und geschaffene populäre Geopolitik und ermöglichen ein Verständnis der diskursiv-gesellschaftlichen Strukturen der Filme. Die innere Logik des cineastischen Orients ist dabei nicht nur auf Bilder oder nur auf die narrativen Elemente ausgerichtet, sondern erschließt sich aus deren Kombination. Die detaillierte Lektüre der in den Kommunikations-Prozess involvierten Sequenzen und Einstellungen zeigen schließlich, wie die globalen Bilderwelten des Kinos zum Bestandteil einer intermedial hervorgebrachten und im Laufe der Zeit gewachsenen Geographie geworden sind und welche Bedeutung und Funktion die filmimmanente Geographie für die Dramaturgie des cineastischen Orients besitzt.

Group Stereotypes and The Self: How Social Status and Interaction Expectation Affect Self-Stereotyping

This study examined how ingroup status affects the tendency for people to internalize ingroup stereotypes (i.e. self-stereotype) when expecting to interact with another individual who holds stereotypic views of them. Past research has demonstrated that people self-stereotype when they want to affiliate with another individual who holds stereotypic views of them. By self-stereotyping, individuals create a common bond or shared set of beliefs with the other individual. This line of research has not yet examinedif there are any moderators in the relationship between affiliation motivation and self-stereotyping. However, there is reason to believe that members of lower-status groups are more likely to feel the need to create this common bond through self-stereotyping because 1) they identify more closely with their social group, 2) their group identity is more salient 3) they are more aware of the expectations of others, 4) and they care more about the quality of an interaction with a member from a higher-status group. For this experiment, I recruited twenty-seven members of Alpha Chi Omega andtwenty-eight members of Delta Gamma, two sororities that are perceived to be middle-ranked (as determined by a pre-test survey). Upon arriving to the study, half the participants were informed that they would be interacting with a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma, a higher-ranked sorority (as determined by a pre-test survey) and half the participants were informed that they would be interacting with a member of a Chi Omega, a lower-ranked sorority (as determined by a pre-test survey). Participants were also informed that this partner held stereotypic views of their (i.e. the participant’s)sorority. After, participants were given the Self-Stereotyping Measure in which they rated how well sixteen characteristics described themselves. The results of the series of analyses performed on participants’ ratings on the Self-Stereotyping Measure indicated that when expecting to interact with another individual, members of low-status groups self-stereotype more than members of high-statusgroups and those who do not expect to interact. Furthermore, unexpectedly, among members of high-status groups, those who expected to interact with a member of a low-status group self-stereotyped less than those who did not expect to interact. Thus, this research provides support for the hypothesis that group status is a moderator in the relationship between self-stereotyping and affiliation motivation.

"Enemigos de la virilidad": Sex, Masturbation, and Celibacy in Nineteenth-Century Spain

The discourse on sexuality in nineteenth-century Spain presents a fundamental difference between the masculine ideal of that period and our current definition of masculinity. According to today’s popular stereotype, the typical man seeks out sexual contact and takes any opportunities that arise. By contrast, within the hygiene texts of the nineteenth century one detects a sense of unease associated with sexual activity and its corresponding role in the construction of hegemonic masculinity. In particular, sexual excess, masturbation, and celibacy were viewed as antagonistic to middle-class masculinity, which was instead associated with venereal moderation, marriage, and fatherhood. Men who transgressed this model risked their health as well as their masculinity. This formula reveals an element of fragility with regard to notions of manhood, in contrast to the traditional image of Spanish masculinity that originated during the Reconquest and is based on bellicose heroism, bravado, and sexual prowess.

The Role of Gender in Ethnic Perception

A group of 406 Polish university students (210 women and 196 men) were asked to describe typical representatives of selected ethnic groups and their typical female and male members. The descriptions were based on a list of 24 traits and a list of 18 values, accompanied by scales for measuring trait-typicality and value-importance. The participants' level of confidence about the accuracy of the descriptions, their ethnic attitudes and their perception of the relative social status of men and women in ethnic groups were also measured. The results indicate an effect of masculinisation of ethnic images for both traits and values. Descriptions of typical representatives of ethnic groups resemble the images of typical men significantly more than those of typical women of these nationalities, even for the most modern nations. Differences registered between images of typical representatives of ethnic groups and their male and female members concerned primarily the traits and values basic to gender stereotypes. The images of women were significantly more favourable than those of men. The bias in ethnic perception towards the gender of the stereotype-holder was also indicated. Several differences were found between women's and men's perception of typical representatives of ethnic groups and especially of ethnic gender subgroups, without however the predicted effect of gender in-group favouritism. There was also a degree of ethnic in-group favouritism of Poles related to the gender both of participants and of the ethnic target groups.

Comparative Analysis of Russian and French Prosodies: Theoretical, Experimental and Applied Aspects"

Experience shows that in teaching the pronunciation of a foreign language, it is the native syllable stereotype that resists correction most strongly. This is because the syllable is the basic unit of the perception and production of speech, and syllabic production is highly automatic and to some degree determines the prosody of speech at all levels: accent, rhythm, phrase, etc. The results of psycho-physiological studies show that the human acoustic analyser is a typical contemplator organ and new acoustic qualities are perceived through their inclusion into the already existing system of values characteristic to the mother tongue. This results in the adaptation of the perception and so production of foreign speech to native patterns. The less conscious the perception of the unit and the more 'primitive' its status, the greater the degree of its auditory assimilation, and the syllable is certainly among the less controllable linguistic units. The group carried out a complex investigation of the French and Russian languages at the level of syllable realisation, focusing on the stressed syllable of both open and closed types. The useful acoustic characteristics of the French/Russian syllable pattern were determined through identifying a typical syllable pattern within the system of each of the two languages, comparing these patterns to establish their contrasting features, and observing and systematising deviations from the pattern typical of the French/Russian language teaching situation. The components of the syllable pattern shown to need particular attention in teaching French pronunciation to Russian native speakers were intensity, fundamental frequency, and duration. The group then developed a method of correction which combines the auditory and visual canals of sound signal perception and tested this method with groups of Russian students of different levels.

Mainari, Farmari, Lumperjäkki, Piika : “Ethnic Identity” and Earning a Living in the Keweenaw and Nickel Belts to 1930

Job seekers in resource-based economic settings like the Keweenaw Peninsula in Upper Michigan and the Nickel Basin surrounding Sudbury, Ontario faced many challenges, from the dangers of the job to corporate domination to the “boom and bust” nature of inevitably limited supplies of even “endless” natural riches. Adding to these many challenges in both settings was the employer view that you were best suited to certain tasks. This paper examines these expectations from “both” ends – how and why did employers see matters this way, and what did the “recipients” make of being cast in certain roles ? Did the newcomers also expect to earn their keep from a limited range of options ? While the last word on this issue awaits a much larger study, even a glance can inform both the scholar of resource settings and the ethnic historian about an important element of resource-based economies. This paper, then, examines the links between stereotype, preference, and necessity – to what extent did local populations fight, appreciate or succumb to expectation when “making a living.” As the title suggests, Finns get significant attention, as befits both settings under study. However, the paper looks to similar trends amongst a broad demographic swathe in each setting. Was “who” you were the crucial element in finding sustenance ? “Ethnic”, Aboriginal, or “established settler society” – what factors shaped economic expectations, choices and roles?