Avaliação biológica dos extratos obtidos das sementes de Vatairea guianensis (Aublet).

As plantas medicinais são ampla e culturalmente utilizadas de forma empírica na Amazônia no tratamento de diversas doenças. Grande parte dessas plantas ainda não foi investigada cientificamente sobretudo quanto aos aspectos relacionados as atividades biológicas. A espécie selecionada neste trabalho é Vatairea guianensis, utilizada na medicina tradicional para tratar infecções de pele como as micoses cutâneas. Este trabalho avaliou a atividade antibacteriana in vitro dos extratos hidroetanólico, henicosânico, clorofórmico e metanólico obtidos das sementes de Vatairea guianensis pelo método da microdiluição em caldo para obtenção da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM), frente a bactérias Gram-positivas (Staphylococus aureus e Enterecoccus faecalis) e Gram-negativas (Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Salmonella sp). Avaliou-se também a atividade cicatrizante sobre feridas cutâneas abertas em ratos pela aplicação tópica do extrato hidroetanólico, representados pelos grupos G1 controle positivo (fibrinase); G2 controle negativo (sol salina); e grupos experimentais, (G3 dose 500mg/kg; G4 250mg/kg; G5 100mg/kg) por sete dias e a toxicidade aguda por via oral. A análise histológica do processo cicatricial foi avaliada, por meio de técnica convencional incluindo coloração HE e Picrossírius para observação das características histomorfológicas da reação inflamatória e análise descritiva da deposição de colágeno,respectivamente. Todos os extratos demonstraram atividade antimicrobiana contra todos os microrganismos testados com CIM que variaram de 3,12μg/mL a 50μg/mL e CBM com valores 6,25μg/mL a 100μg/mL. A análise histológica mostrou que o extrato hidroetanólico diminuiu a intensidade da reação inflamatória nos grupos G3 e G1, estimulou a síntese de colágeno tipo III em G1, G3 e G4 e aumentou a síntese de colágeno em G2 e G5. O experimento com extrato hidroetanólico obtido das sementes de Vatairea guianensis pareceu retardar o processo cicatricial nas doses de 500 e 250mg/kg em feridas abertas o que pode ser um efeito positivo por impedir a formação de cicatriz hipertrófica, sugerindo assim um efeito modulatório por parte do extrato. A avaliação da toxicidade aguda em camundongos revelou que o extrato hidroetanólico apresentou baixa toxicidade por via oral.

New isoflavones from the leaves of Vatairea guianensis Aublé

Das folhas de Vatairea guianensis Aublé foram isoladas quatro isoflavonas identificadas como, 5,3',-diidroxi-4'-metoxi-2",2"-dimetilpirano-(5",6":8,7)-isoflavona ( 1: ), 5,7-diidroxi-3',4'-metilenodioxi-8-prenil-isoflavona ( 2: ) e 5,3'-diidroxi-4'-metoxi-7-O-β-glicopiranosídeo-8-prenil-isoflavona ( 3: ) e derrona ( 4: ), juntamente com cinco triterpenos identificados em mistura de lupeol, α-amirina, β-amirina, germanicol e ácido betulínico. As substâncias 1: 3: são novos produtos naturais, porém 1: e 2: já foram citados como produtos de síntese. No entanto, todas essas substâncias são relatadas pela primeira vez para essa espécie. Suas estruturas químicas foram elucidadas com base nos seus dados de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) 1D e 2D e por espectrometria de massas de alta resolução. O extrato etanólico das folhas e os compostos 1-3: foram avaliados quanto ao seu potencial sequestrador do radical DPPH• (2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazila) e os resultados mostram que o extrato apresentou alta atividade (CI₅₀ = 6,2 ± 0,4 µg mL^-1), enquanto as substâncias testadas apresentaram baixo poder antioxidante (CI₅₀ ≥ 29,5 ± 2,5 µg mL^-1) quando comparadas com TROLOX (CI₅₀ = 4,5 ± 0,4 µg mL^-1).

Caracterização morfológica do ramo, sementes e plântulas de matayba guianensis Aubl. e produção de mudas em diferentes recipientes e substratos

Matayba guianensis Aubl . is a shrubby or arborial Sapindaceae quite common in the Brazilian Cerrado with a key role in providing resources for ants and bees. It presents a rapid growth, and is important for the recovery of degraded areas, but little is known about its seedlings production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the morphology of the branch and the seed germination and of seedling Matayba guianensis Aubl . in its post-seminal development and define the type of substrate and container suitable for seedling emergence and seedling production of this species. We evaluated three types of containers: black polyethylene bags, cartridge and polystyrene tray, with 5 kinds of substrates: sand, earth, earth - sand - manure (1:1:1); commercial substrate, and coconut fiber, with 4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment . The branch, fruit, seed, seedling and their morphological events were described. The branch is cylindrical with paripinnate and alternate leaves, the fruit is dry and dehiscent. The seeds have a large amount of aryl, and the germination is cryptocotylar and hypogeal. The highest percentage of emergence occurred in styrofoam container with 91 % of the seeds germinated in commercial substrate , followed by coconut fiber (88 %). The development of root and stem were higher in tubes and plastic bags , using coconut fiber or commercial substrate.

Fenologia e estudo de frugivoria de Myrcia Guianensis (Myrtaceae) em cerrado sensu stricto no interior de São Paulo

Não disponível

Effects of leaf extracts of Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC. on growth and gene expression during root development of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

The allelopathic potential of leaf extracts from the medicinal plant Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC. was studied in Petri dish bioassays on sorghum and determined the seed germination, germination rate index (GRI), root growth, secondary root number, the genes involved in root development (SHR, PHB, PHV and REV) and microRNA 166 that regulates these genes. The hydroalcoholic extract was more inhibitory than methanol extract (moderate inhibition) and aqueous extract at 25 and 100% concentration were least inhibitory. Application of higher dose of hydroalcoholic M. guianenesis leaf extracts on sorghum seeds, inhibited the root development and changed the expression of SHR and PHB genes and microRNA 166. This suggested that the expression of these genes could be indicator of allelopathic potential for inhibition of root development in sorghum.

Effects of andiroba (Carapa guianensis) oil in ticks: ultrastructural analysis of the synganglion of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo da diversidade genética e química de Uncaria tomentosa Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. e Uncaria guianensis Gmell. de populações naturais localizadas na Amazônia

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

The Gonads of the South American Dolphins, Inia geoffrensis, Pontoporia blainvillei, and Sotalia fluviatilis

The appearances of the gonads are described in males and females of 18 Inia geoffrensis, 11 Pontoporia blainvillei, and eight Sotalia fluviatilis from South America. Males of I. geoffrensis become sexually active at a length of about 228 centimeters, females at 175 to 180 centimeters. Length at birth is 76 to 80 centimeters; parturition occurs from about July to September in the upper Amazon. Males of P. blainvillei are still sexually immature at a length of 128.5 centimeters, females become sexually active at a length of 137 centimeters. Off Uruguay, pregnant females have fetuses 6 centimeters in length in February and 61 centimeters in October. Males of S. fluviatilis are sexually active at a length of 148 centimeters, females at 140 centimeters. Gonad weights and details of corpora lutea and albicantia are given. Corpora albicantia appear to persist as in other cetaceans. The ovaries of I. geoffrensis are relatively bulky with the corpora enclosed in the ovarian substance and not pedunculated as in P. blainvillei and S. fluviatilis in which the right ovary is poorly developed.

Proposed Updates to the List of Recognised Species of Cetaceans

Addition of three species to the list is recommended based on recent literature. (Orcaella brevirostris) has been split into the Irrawaddy dolphin (O. brevirostris) and the Australian snubfin dolphin (O. heinsohni). Sotalia fluviatilis has been split into the riverine tucuxi (S. fluviatilis) and the marine "costero" (S. guianensis). Evidence to support both of these splits is convincing, and we recommend that they be recognized in the list. The existence of the Bryde's-whale-like species described in 2003 as Balaenoptera omurai has been confirmed with additional genetic (nuclear) data. While the species clearly exists, the nomenclature is still unsettled because the genetic identity of the holotype specimen of Balaenoptera edeni has not yet been determined. However, the name B. omurai is gaining wide usage in application to the new species, and we propose that it be used provisionally by the Scientific Committee pending the genetic identification of the B. edeni holotype. We recommend that India be urged to facilitate the identification. We recommend continued use of the name Balaenoptera edeni provisionally for both the "ordinary" large form and the small coastal form, recognizing that further genetic and morphological research may justify recognition of two species: B. brydei and B. edeni. We also recommend that any new specimen be referred to B. omurai only after its mtDNA has been sequenced and found to support the identification.

Estudo da diversidade genética e química de Uncaria tomentosa Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. e Uncaria guianensis Gmell. de populações naturais localizadas na Amazônia

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Pollen and seed flow patterns of Carapa guianensis Aublet. (Meliaceae) in two types of Amazonian forest

Various factors affect spatial genetic structure in plant populations, including adult density and primary and secondary seed dispersal mechanisms. We evaluated pollen and seed dispersal distances and spatial genetic structure of Carapa guianensis Aublet. (Meliaceae) in occasionally inundated and terra firme forest environments that differed in tree densities and secondary seed dispersal agents. We used parentage analysis to obtain contemporary gene flow estimates and assessed the spatial genetic structure of adults and juveniles. Despite the higher density of adults (diameter at breast height >= 25 cm) and spatial aggregation in occasionally inundated forest, the average pollen dispersal distance was similar in both types of forest (195 +/- 106 m in terra firme and 175 +/- 87 m in occasionally inundated plots). Higher seed flow rates (36.7% of juveniles were from outside the plot) and distances (155 +/- 84 m) were found in terra firme compared to the occasionally inundated plot (25.4% and 114 +/- 69 m). There was a weak spatial genetic structure in juveniles and in terra firme adults. These results indicate that inundation may not have had a significant role in seed dispersal in the occasionally inundated plot, probably because of the higher levels of seedling mortality.

Placentation in dolphins from the Amazon River Basin: the Boto, Inia geoffrensis, and the Tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis

A recent reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of cetaceans makes it timely to compare their placentation with that of the artiodactyls. We studied the placentae of two sympatric species of dolphin from the Amazon River Basin, representing two distinct families. The umbilical cord branched to supply a bilobed allantoic sac. Small blood vessels and smooth muscle bundles were found within the stroma of the cord. Foci of squamous metaplasia occurred in the allanto-amnion and allantochorion. The interhemal membrane of the placenta was of the epitheliochorial type. Two different types of trophoblastic epithelium were seen. Most was of the simple columnar type and indented by fetal capillaries. However, there were also areolar regions with tall columnar trophoblast and these were more sparsely supplied with capillaries. The endometrium was well vascularised and richly supplied with actively secreting glands. These findings are consistent with the current view that Cetacea are nested within Artiodactyla as sister group to the hippopotamids.

Chemical constituents from three medicinal plants: Piper renitens, Siparuna guianensis and Alternanthera brasiliana

Chemical study of three medicinal plants: from leaves of Piper renitens (Miq.) Yunck, Piperaceae, and Siparuna guianensis Aubl., Siparunaceae, and from flowers of Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze, Amaranthaceae, resulted in isolation of nine compounds: three steroids, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol from P. renitens and sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from A. brasiliana, the diterpene kaurane ent-kauran-16α,17-diol from P. renitens, two derivatives kaempferol-methylether, kumatakenine (kaempferol-3,7-dimethylether) and kaempferol-3,7,3'-trimethylether from S. guianensis and three flavones, crysoeriol (5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone), tricin (5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone) and 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-5,4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone from A. brasiliana. Compounds structures were determinate using 1D and 2D ¹H NMR and 13C spectral data, mass and IR spectra, comparing with literature data.

Purificação e caracterização de uma ß-N-acetillhexosaminadase extraída do mamífero marinho Sotalia fluviatilis

This report shows 2232 times purification of a βNAcetylhexosaminidase from hepatic extracts from the sea mammal Sotalia fluviatilis homogenate with final recovery of 8,4%. Sequenced steps were utilized for enzyme purification: ammonium sulfate fractionation, Biogel A 1.5 m, chitin, DEAESepharose and hydroxyapatite chromatographies. The protein molecular mass was estimated in 10 kDa using SDSPAGE and confirmed by MALDITOF. It was found to have an optimal pH of 5.0 and a temperature of 60°C. Using pnitrophenylNAcetylβDglycosaminide apparent Km and Vmax values were of 2.72 mM and 0.572 nmol/mg/min, respectively. The enzyme was inhibited by mercury chloride (HgCl2) and sodium dodecil sulfate (SDS)

Ação inseticida de óleo essencial e extrato alcoólico de Carapa guianensis Aubl. contra Tenebrio molitor em laboratório.

do tegumento de andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.) contra larvas de 4º instar de Tenebrio molitor (Col., Tenebrionidae) em laboratório. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Entomologia da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, em Belém, Pará. Foram testadas formulações à base de óleo essencial e de extrato alcoólico do tegumento de C. guianensis (50 mL do produto e 20 mL sabão líquido), nas concentrações de 1% e 10%, e água destilada como testemunha, com 20 repetições por tratamento, em placas de Petri mantidas em câmaras climatizadas, tipo B.O.D, à temperatura de 27 ± 2oC, umidade relativa de 70 ± 5% e fotofase de 12 horas. A mortalidade dos insetos foi avaliada ao longo de cinco dias. O tratamento com óleo essencial de C. guianensis apresentou taxas de mortalidade superiores nas concentrações de 1% e 10%, em comparação com o tratamento à base de extrato alcoólico do tegumento. Além disso, o tempo de ação do óleo essencial foi menor para as concentrações de 1% e 10%, com taxas de mortalidade de 67,5% e 97,5% logo no 1º dia de avaliação (após 24h), se comparadas com as taxas de mortalidade de 0% e 22,5% da formulação de extrato alcoólico a 1% e 10% no mesmo período. O óleo essencial de andiroba mostrou-se mais eficiente que o extrato alcoólico do tegumento, apresentando alta taxa de mortalidade em curto intervalo tempo, o que sugere grande potencial de uso como controle alternativo de pragas futuramente em sistemas de cultivo no Estado do Pará.