Diet and ecomorphology of Leporinus reticulatus (Characiformes: Anostomidae) from the upper Rio Juruena, MT, Brazil: ontogenetic shifts related to the feeding ecology

The conservation of diverse and well-distributed fish taxa, as the genus Leporinus, relies intrinsically on the knowledge of the ecological attributes of its representatives. Aiming to increase this knowledge, studies on diet and ecomorphology are ideal to provide important information about species ecology. Thus, this study aimed to analyze aspects of feeding ecology of L. reticulatus, from the upper Rio Juruena, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The diet of specimens in different ontogenetic stages was compared, as well as their teeth morphology and ecomorphological attributes. Leporinus reticulatus presented omnivorous diet, with higher consumption of invertebrates by smaller specimens (younger ones), and gradual introduction of plant items in larger specimens (older ones). The items consumed by the individuals and the ecomorphological attributes indicated that the species is generalist and opportunistic, besides its association with the river bottom, evidencing a benthic feeding behavior. This species presents a gradual ontogenetic modification in teeth shape and mouth positioning, ranging from a terminal mouth with tricuspid teeth, in smaller specimens, to an inferior mouth with spatula shaped teeth with no cusps, in larger specimens.The ecomorphological attributes indicate an increasing swimming efficiency, and ability for performing vertical displacements, along the ontogenetic development, which in addition to the morphological ontogenetic alterations in the buccal apparatus, contributes to a better ability to explore another niches.

Distribuição geoquímica e biodisponibilidade de metais traço em sedimentos no Rio Bento Gomes, Poconé - MT, Brasil

RESUMO O sedimento é um dos compartimentos mais importantes dos ecossistemas aquáticos, possui papel importante no transporte e acumulação de metais. Este estudo teve por objetivo determinar a concentração de metais nas frações geoquímicas de sedimentos do Rio Bento Gomes, Pantanal de Poconé (MT) por meio da extração seletiva e sequencial, a fim de avaliar a distribuição e mobilidade dos metais. Os sedimentos foram coletados nos períodos seco e chuvoso em oito pontos distintos, e os metais (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn e Ni) extraídos dos sedimentos por procedimentos de extração sequencial (baseada no protocolo proposto por BCR -Community Bureau of Reference) e de extração seletiva (baseada no protocolo 3050B da Environmental Protection Agency of the United States), utilizando-se materiais de referência certificados para validação do método analítico. Todos os metais apresentaram teores abaixo do limite previsto na Resolução CONAMA nº 454/2012 no período seco, com exceção do Ni no período chuvoso (maior que 18 mg kg-1). Os estudos de fracionamento indicaram que os metais foram encontrados nas frações mobilizáveis do sedimento, especialmente associados aos óxidos de ferro. Os metais mais móveis e, consequentemente, mais biodisponíveis, foram o manganês, zinco e níquel, principalmente na época chuvosa. Maiores teores de cobre foram encontrados nas frações residuais do sedimento, indicando baixa mobilidade no meio aquático. A sequência de mobilidade dos metais estudados foi Mn > Zn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Fe.

Perfil clínico e sociodemográfico de adolescentes que permaneceram e não permaneceram no tratamento em um CAPSad de Cuiabá/MT

OBJETIVO: Comparar o perfil clínico e sociodemográfico dos adolescentes que permaneceram e que não permaneceram no tratamento no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial para Álcool e outras Drogas (CAPSad). MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, baseado no registro de prontuários de 125 usuários que estiveram em tratamento no CAPSad Adolescer em Cuiabá/MT, no período de junho de 2009 a junho de 2011. RESULTADOS: A permanência no tratamento foi predominante no sexo masculino, entre usuários que fizeram uso pesado de substâncias psicoativas, encaminhados ao serviço pelos setores social e judicial, que possuíam relação familiar conflituosa e que tinham a participação frequente da família no tratamento. A maior proporção dos que não permaneceram ocorreu na falta de integração do serviço com outros dispositivos da rede. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados deste estudo sobre as características dos adolescentes e os fatores intervenientes na permanência reforçam a responsabilidade do CAPS na efetivação da articulação da rede, além de reafirmar que a família deve ser cada vez mais aproximada do tratamento, sendo parte fundamental no projeto de intervenção.

Development of computational and experimental methods for biomass composition and evaluation of its impact in genome-scale models prediction

The use of genome-scale metabolic models has been rapidly increasing in fields such as metabolic engineering. An important part of a metabolic model is the biomass equation since this reaction will ultimately determine the predictive capacity of the model in terms of essentiality and flux distributions. Thus, in order to obtain a reliable metabolic model the biomass precursors and their coefficients must be as precise as possible. Ideally, determination of the biomass composition would be performed experimentally, but when no experimental data are available this is established by approximation to closely related organisms. Computational methods however, can extract some information from the genome such as amino acid and nucleotide compositions. The main objectives of this study were to compare the biomass composition of several organisms and to evaluate how biomass precursor coefficients affected the predictability of several genome-scale metabolic models by comparing predictions with experimental data in literature. For that, the biomass macromolecular composition was experimentally determined and the amino acid composition was both experimentally and computationally estimated for several organisms. Sensitivity analysis studies were also performed with the Escherichia coli iAF1260 metabolic model concerning specific growth rates and flux distributions. The results obtained suggest that the macromolecular composition is conserved among related organisms. Contrasting, experimental data for amino acid composition seem to have no similarities for related organisms. It was also observed that the impact of macromolecular composition on specific growth rates and flux distributions is larger than the impact of amino acid composition, even when data from closely related organisms are used.

Síndrome metabólica em hipertensos de Cuiabá - MT: prevalência e fatores associados

FUNDAMENTO: A síndrome metabólica (SM) é um agregado de fatores predisponentes para doenças cardiovasculares e diabete melito, cujas características epidemiológicas são insuficientemente conhecidas nos níveis regional e nacional. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de SM e fatores associados em uma amostra de hipertensos da área urbana de Cuiabá - MT. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal (maio a novembro de 2007) em amostra de 120 hipertensos (com 20 anos ou mais), pareados por gênero e selecionados por amostragem sistemática de uma população fonte de 567 hipertensos de Cuiabá. Todos os selecionados responderam a um inquérito em domicílio para obtenção de dados sócio-demográficos e hábitos de vida. Foram medidos: pressão arterial; índice de massa corpórea (IMC); circunferências da cintura e quadril; glicemia; insulinemia; lípides séricos; cálculo do índice de homeostase da resistência insulínica (HOMA); proteína C-reativa; ácido úrico e fibrinogênio. O critério para hipertensão adotado foi: média da PAS > 140mmHg e/ou PAD > 90mmHg, para síndrome metabólica segundo a I Diretriz Brasileira de Síndrome Metabólica e NCEP-ATP III. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 120 hipertensos (60 mulheres), com média de idade de 58,3 ± 12,6 anos. Observou-se prevalência de SM de 70,8% (IC95% 61,8-78,8), com predomínio entre as mulheres (81,7% vs. 60,0%; p=0,009), sem diferenças entre adultos (71,4%) e idosos (70,2%). A análise de regressão múltipla revelou uma associação positiva entre a SM e o IMC > 25 kg/m², a resistência insulínica e algum antecedente familiar de hipertensão. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se uma elevada prevalência de SM entre hipertensos de Cuiabá, associada significativamente ao IMC >25 kg/m², à resistência insulínica (Índice HOMA) e, em especial, a uma história familiar de hipertensão. Estes resultados sugerem o aprofundamento deste assunto através de novos estudos.

Prevalência, controle e tratamento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica em Nobres - MT

FUNDAMENTO: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), considerada um problema de saúde pública devido a sua elevada prevalência e dificuldade de controle, é descrita também como um dos mais importantes fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência da HAS, assim como as características de seu controle e tratamento, na população de 18 a 90 anos da região urbana de Nobres - MT. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com amostragem aleatória e com reposição. O critério para classificação da HAS foi pressão arterial (PA) > 140/90 mmHg ou uso atual de anti-hipertensivos. As entrevistas foram realizadas utilizando-se questionários padronizados e testados previamente. As variáveis foram descritas por médias ± desvios-padrão e frequências. As médias foram comparadas utilizando-se o teste t-Student e as associações por meio do teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Nos 1.003 indivíduos maiores de 18 anos analisados, foi observada prevalência de HAS de 30,1%. Entre os hipertensos (N = 302), 73,5% sabiam dessa condição, 61,9% faziam tratamento e 24,2% tinham a PA controlada. Observou-se a associação positiva entre HAS e idade; analfabetismo; escolaridade inferior a oito anos; IMC > 25kg/m²; circunferência da cintura aumentada e muito aumentada; razão cintura-quadril (RCQ) em faixa de risco; sedentarismo e etilismo. CONCLUSÃO: A HAS revelou-se um importante problema de saúde pública também em um município de pequeno porte do interior do país. Os níveis de controle e tratamento da hipertensão nessa população foram considerados insatisfatórios, apesar de melhores em comparação aos observados em outros estudos.

The mammals of Mt. Kitanglad Nature Park, Mindanao, Philippines / Lawrence R. Heaney ... [et al.]

n.s. no.112(2006)

Side effects of genome structural changes.

The first extensive catalog of structural human variation was recently released. It showed that large stretches of genomic DNA that vary considerably in copy number were extremely abundant. Thus it is conceivable that they play a major role in functional variation. Consistently, genomic insertions and deletions were shown to contribute to phenotypic differences by modifying not only the expression levels of genes within the aneuploid segments but also of normal copy-number neighboring genes. In this report, we review the possible mechanisms behind this latter effect.

Genome of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus provides insight into the oldest plant symbiosis.

The mutualistic symbiosis involving Glomeromycota, a distinctive phylum of early diverging Fungi, is widely hypothesized to have promoted the evolution of land plants during the middle Paleozoic. These arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) perform vital functions in the phosphorus cycle that are fundamental to sustainable crop plant productivity. The unusual biological features of AMF have long fascinated evolutionary biologists. The coenocytic hyphae host a community of hundreds of nuclei and reproduce clonally through large multinucleated spores. It has been suggested that the AMF maintain a stable assemblage of several different genomes during the life cycle, but this genomic organization has been questioned. Here we introduce the 153-Mb haploid genome of Rhizophagus irregularis and its repertoire of 28,232 genes. The observed low level of genome polymorphism (0.43 SNP per kb) is not consistent with the occurrence of multiple, highly diverged genomes. The expansion of mating-related genes suggests the existence of cryptic sex-related processes. A comparison of gene categories confirms that R. irregularis is close to the Mucoromycotina. The AMF obligate biotrophy is not explained by genome erosion or any related loss of metabolic complexity in central metabolism, but is marked by a lack of genes encoding plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and of genes involved in toxin and thiamine synthesis. A battery of mycorrhiza-induced secreted proteins is expressed in symbiotic tissues. The present comprehensive repertoire of R. irregularis genes provides a basis for future research on symbiosis-related mechanisms in Glomeromycota.

Genome-wide association study of metabolic traits reveals novel gene-metabolite-disease links.

Metabolic traits are molecular phenotypes that can drive clinical phenotypes and may predict disease progression. Here, we report results from a metabolome- and genome-wide association study on (1)H-NMR urine metabolic profiles. The study was conducted within an untargeted approach, employing a novel method for compound identification. From our discovery cohort of 835 Caucasian individuals who participated in the CoLaus study, we identified 139 suggestively significant (P<5×10(-8)) and independent associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and metabolome features. Fifty-six of these associations replicated in the TasteSensomics cohort, comprising 601 individuals from São Paulo of vastly diverse ethnic background. They correspond to eleven gene-metabolite associations, six of which had been previously identified in the urine metabolome and three in the serum metabolome. Our key novel findings are the associations of two SNPs with NMR spectral signatures pointing to fucose (rs492602, P = 6.9×10(-44)) and lysine (rs8101881, P = 1.2×10(-33)), respectively. Fine-mapping of the first locus pinpointed the FUT2 gene, which encodes a fucosyltransferase enzyme and has previously been associated with Crohn's disease. This implicates fucose as a potential prognostic disease marker, for which there is already published evidence from a mouse model. The second SNP lies within the SLC7A9 gene, rare mutations of which have been linked to severe kidney damage. The replication of previous associations and our new discoveries demonstrate the potential of untargeted metabolomics GWAS to robustly identify molecular disease markers.

Behind the Scenes of an Ant Genome Project

Dramatic improvements in DNA sequencing technologies have led to amore than 1,000-fold reduction in sequencing costs over the past five years.Genome-wide research approaches can thus now be applied beyond medicallyrelevant questions to examine the molecular-genetic basis of behavior,development and unique life histories in almost any organism. A first step foran emerging model organism is usually establishing a reference genomesequence. I offer insight gained from the fire ant genome project. First, I detailhow the project came to be and how sequencing, assembly and annotationstrategies were chosen. Subsequently, I describe some of the issues linked toworking with data from recently sequenced genomes. Finally, I discuss anapproach undertaken in a follow-up project based on the fire ant genomesequence.

Genetic variation in IL28B is associated with chronic hepatitis C and treatment failure: a genome-wide association study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) induces chronic infection in 50% to 80% of infected persons; approximately 50% of these do not respond to therapy. We performed a genome-wide association study to screen for host genetic determinants of HCV persistence and response to therapy. METHODS: The analysis included 1362 individuals: 1015 with chronic hepatitis C and 347 who spontaneously cleared the virus (448 were coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]). Responses to pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin were assessed in 465 individuals. Associations between more than 500,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and outcomes were assessed by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Chronic hepatitis C was associated with SNPs in the IL28B locus, which encodes the antiviral cytokine interferon lambda. The rs8099917 minor allele was associated with progression to chronic HCV infection (odds ratio [OR], 2.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.74-3.06; P = 6.07 x 10(-9)). The association was observed in HCV mono-infected (OR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.64-3.79; P = 1.96 x 10(-5)) and HCV/HIV coinfected individuals (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.47-3.18; P = 8.24 x 10(-5)). rs8099917 was also associated with failure to respond to therapy (OR, 5.19; 95% CI, 2.90-9.30; P = 3.11 x 10(-8)), with the strongest effects in patients with HCV genotype 1 or 4. This risk allele was identified in 24% of individuals with spontaneous HCV clearance, 32% of chronically infected patients who responded to therapy, and 58% who did not respond (P = 3.2 x 10(-10)). Resequencing of IL28B identified distinct haplotypes that were associated with the clinical phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: The association of the IL28B locus with natural and treatment-associated control of HCV indicates the importance of innate immunity and interferon lambda in the pathogenesis of HCV infection.