Corporalidade brasileira na fabricação da identidade nacional

This paper discusses how, through the creation of Embratur (Brazilian Tourism Company) in 1966, an idealized Brazilian female body was constructed and used to help manufacture a national identity, reinforcing the stereotype of the sexualized Brazilian woman. As it was often associated with sex tourism, this stereotype received much criticism and led to a negative image of Brazil abroad. However, in the 1990s the official tourism lobby softened the “sexy tone” of its discourse, and in 1999 Embratur received an award from the World Tourism Organization for its campaign to help fight the exploitation of children and youth by sexual tourism. In order to better understand how this change in the idealized Brazilian female body unfolded, it is important to deconstruct beauty standards – focusing on those that apply to Brazilian women as seen from abroad – and their relationship to modern consumer culture. Assuming that the cultural analysis of the female body emerges as an important issue in the field of Social Science, the focus on body image can be viewed as a key element in discussions about the construction of national identity.

Nível de atividade física e imagem corporal de alunos ingressos de um curso de educação física da Cidade de Santo André - SP

The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of physical activity confronting to the real and ideal body image of 65 individuals of both gender (27 women and 38 men) aged between 18 and 37 years old, all students of a Physical Education College of Santo André´s City - SP. The instruments used were the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Short version (IPAQ, 2005) and Test for assessment of Body Image proposed by Stunkard et al., (1983) and adapted by Marsh and Roche (1996). According to the results, male subjects are more actives compared with female, as well as for the real and ideal body image males showed no significant difference, however, the females showed differences between the real and the ideal body image, between the gender no significant differences existed on the real and ideal body image. We can conclude that the students of this Physical Education College mostly presents in moderate or high level of physical activity, showing that the male are pleased with the real and ideal body image, and for a willing female body silhouette thinner ideal than real, with no significant differences between genders, and thus leading us to believe that the physical education College lead the students to experience practical activities becoming them lifestyle most active in search of a better quality of life and wellness.

Qualidade de vida em mulheres com câncer de mama submetidas à cirurgia conservadora e mastectomia

Pós-graduação em Enfermagem - FMB

Semantic Equivalence of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the "Body Change Inventory"

With the increase in research on the components of Body Image, validated instruments are needed to evaluate its dimensions. The Body Change Inventory (BCI) assesses strategies used to alter body size among adolescents. The scope of this study was to describe the translation and evaluation for semantic equivalence of the BCI in the Portuguese language. The process involved the steps of (1) translation of the questionnaire to the Portuguese language; (2) back-translation to English; (3) evaluation of semantic equivalence; and (4) assessment of comprehension by professional experts and the target population. The six subscales of the instrument were translated into the Portuguese language. Language adaptations were made to render the instrument suitable for the Brazilian reality. The questions were interpreted as easily understandable by both experts and young people. The Body Change Inventory has been translated and adapted into Portuguese. Evaluation of the operational, measurement and functional equivalence are still needed.

Body changes: antiretroviral therapy and lipodystrophy syndrome in people living with HIV/aids

Objective: to identify the different types of morphological alterations from lipodystrophy syndrome (LS) in outpatients and relate them to the therapeutic regimen used. Method: a cross-sectional study which recruited 60 patients with HIV and LS and 79 without LS, who consented to interview and data collection from their medical notes. Results: the region most affected by lipoatrophy was the face; by lipohypertrophy, the abdomen, and by the mixed form, the alterations to the abdomen, face, and upper and lower limbs. Conclusion: among the therapeutic regimens, that comprised of zidovudine, lamivudine and efavirenz seemed to protect against LS. Nursing can act in the early identification of the changes, as well as providing guidance and support for patients affected by the changes in their body image.

Effect of image resolution manipulation in rearfoot angle measurements obtained with photogrammetry

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of image resolution manipulation on the photogrammetric measurement of the rearfoot static angle. The study design was that of a reliability study. We evaluated 19 healthy young adults (11 females and 8 males). The photographs were taken at 1536 pixels in the greatest dimension, resized into four different resolutions (1200, 768, 600, 384 pixels) and analyzed by three equally trained examiners on a 96-pixels per inch (ppi) screen. An experienced physiotherapist marked the anatomic landmarks of rearfoot static angles on two occasions within a 1-week interval. Three different examiners had marked angles on digital pictures. The systematic error and the smallest detectable difference were calculated from the angle values between the image resolutions and times of evaluation. Different resolutions were compared by analysis of variance. Inter- and intra-examiner reliability was calculated by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). The rearfoot static angles obtained by the examiners in each resolution were not different (P > 0.05); however, the higher the image resolution the better the inter-examiner reliability. The intra-examiner reliability (within a 1-week interval) was considered to be unacceptable for all image resolutions (ICC range: 0.08-0.52). The whole body image of an adult with a minimum size of 768 pixels analyzed on a 96-ppi screen can provide very good inter-examiner reliability for photogrammetric measurements of rearfoot static angles (ICC range: 0.85-0.92), although the intra-examiner reliability within each resolution was not acceptable. Therefore, this method is not a proper tool for follow-up evaluations of patients within a therapeutic protocol.

Insatisfacción corporal y actitudes alimentarias anómalas en bailarines y bailarinas

[ES] El riesgo de desarrollar trastornos de conducta alimentaria (TCA) es mayor en mujeres que en hombres de muestras comunitarias. Sin embargo, no existen datos suficientes que reflejen que esta diferencia también se mantenga en poblaciones especiales como por ejemplo, los bailarines/as. En este estudio se comparan estudiantes de población general y bailarines de ambos sexos para conocer si existen diferencias entre ellos respecto a sus actitudes alimentarias einsatisfacción con la imagen corporal.

Imagen corporal y satisfacción corporal en adultos: diferencias por sexo y edad

[ES] Existe en la actualidad un gran interés por la apariencia del cuerpo tanto por razones estéticas como de salud, no sólo en mujeres y jóvenes, sino también en hombres y adultos de mayor edad. La importancia de este fenómeno radica, entre otras razones, en que se asocia a conductas saludables o de riesgo, incluyendo la práctica de ejercicio físico. Objetivos: Conocer la Imagen Corporal (IC) a través de tres percepciones corporales: Imagen corporal actual (ICA), ideal (ICI) y social (ICS), así como la Satisfacción Corporal (SC) de una muestra de adultos de 18 a 40 años, y explorar posibles diferencias por sexo y edad.

The association of peer victimization and/or bullying perpetration and body dissatisfaction in elementary students from the healthy passages baseline study

This is the first U.S. study to investigate the association between peer victimization and/or bullying perpetration and body image dissatisfaction in American elementary school students. The study used data collected from the Healthy Passages baseline cohort of 5152 ethnically diverse fifth grade students from Alabama, Texas, and California. The overall prevalence of body dissatisfaction in our fifth grade sample was 50%. Students who were dissatisfied with their bodies were 23% more likely to be involved in peer victimization than students who were satisfied with their bodies (OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.48). No significant associations were found between bullying status or bully-victim status and body dissatisfaction. Other factors that contributed significantly to a student's body image status were BMI, level of self-worth, level of household income, gender, pubertal timing and support received from adults (other than parents). It is noteworthy that those who were dissatisfied were heavier, came from lower income homes and were more likely to be male. Additional longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these associations, especially among large ethnically and socio-economically diverse samples. ^

La representación contemporánea del cuerpo desnudo : El objeto sexual en el cambio de siglo XX al XXI

Los cambios que el pensamiento feminista ha producido en nuestra personalidad como sociedad, en nuestra manera de conducirnos y expresarnos, invitan a trabajar sobre ellos en profundidad. En estas líneas se analizan algunos trabajos de artistas feministas y 'post-feministas', relacionándolos con la tradición de representación del cuerpo humano en la historia del arte. La denominación objeto sexual no es un calificativo que se aplique hoy únicamente al sexo femenino. Imágenes femeninas y masculinas son utilizadas por la sociedad de consumo para vender sus productos como reclamo. Las particulares formas de entender y presentar el cuerpo humano como desperdicio, consumible o despojo, no son tampoco patrimonio de un solo sexo. Desde la perspectiva de la representación del cuerpo humano se deben analizar las nuevas estrategias nacidas a partir del compromiso de respeto hacia los derechos sociales de las mujeres

La representación contemporánea del cuerpo desnudo : El objeto sexual en el cambio de siglo XX al XXI

Los cambios que el pensamiento feminista ha producido en nuestra personalidad como sociedad, en nuestra manera de conducirnos y expresarnos, invitan a trabajar sobre ellos en profundidad. En estas líneas se analizan algunos trabajos de artistas feministas y 'post-feministas', relacionándolos con la tradición de representación del cuerpo humano en la historia del arte. La denominación objeto sexual no es un calificativo que se aplique hoy únicamente al sexo femenino. Imágenes femeninas y masculinas son utilizadas por la sociedad de consumo para vender sus productos como reclamo. Las particulares formas de entender y presentar el cuerpo humano como desperdicio, consumible o despojo, no son tampoco patrimonio de un solo sexo. Desde la perspectiva de la representación del cuerpo humano se deben analizar las nuevas estrategias nacidas a partir del compromiso de respeto hacia los derechos sociales de las mujeres

La representación contemporánea del cuerpo desnudo : El objeto sexual en el cambio de siglo XX al XXI

Los cambios que el pensamiento feminista ha producido en nuestra personalidad como sociedad, en nuestra manera de conducirnos y expresarnos, invitan a trabajar sobre ellos en profundidad. En estas líneas se analizan algunos trabajos de artistas feministas y 'post-feministas', relacionándolos con la tradición de representación del cuerpo humano en la historia del arte. La denominación objeto sexual no es un calificativo que se aplique hoy únicamente al sexo femenino. Imágenes femeninas y masculinas son utilizadas por la sociedad de consumo para vender sus productos como reclamo. Las particulares formas de entender y presentar el cuerpo humano como desperdicio, consumible o despojo, no son tampoco patrimonio de un solo sexo. Desde la perspectiva de la representación del cuerpo humano se deben analizar las nuevas estrategias nacidas a partir del compromiso de respeto hacia los derechos sociales de las mujeres

Dependência de exercício físico em academias de ginástica e sua interface com suplementação e imagem corporal

O Brasil é o segundo país no mundo em número de academias de ginástica, contando atualmente com cerca de 30 mil unidades. Apesar da transição no modelo de gestão e filosofia das academias do fitness para o wellness, muitas ainda propagam em seus ambientes o culto ao corpo magro e atlético, dietas sem fundamentação nutricional e consumo descontrolado de suplementos. Crescem as evidências de que uma parcela significativa dos frequentadores de academias desenvolve um comprometimento exacerbado à prática de exercícios físicos, gerando até uma dependência patológica. O objetivo foi determinar a associação entre dependência de exercício físico (DEF), consumo de suplementos e insatisfação da imagem corporal em frequentadores de academias. Para tanto foi empregada a Escala de Comprometimento com Exercício Físico (CEF) em uma amostra de 227 frequentadores, maiores de 19 anos, de ambos os sexo em três academias. Foi realizada entrevista individual com emprego de anamnese nutricional para determinar o perfil de consumo suplementar, avaliação antropométrica, da imagem corporal, do compromisso ao exercício físico assim como de participação na academia. A frequência de DEF nas academias foi de 66% e sendo que as chances estimadas deste ser consumidor de suplementos de 4,53. Os indivíduos dependentes de exercício físico são jovens, com maior chance de pertencer ao sexo masculino, frequentar a academia > 5 vezes por semana, consumir mais de um tipo de suplemento e praticar musculação. A frequência de insatisfação com a imagem corporal foi alta tanto entre homens (50,9%) como mulheres (78,4%).

Understanding Mastectomy from a Self Psychology Perspective: The Breast as a Self Object

For many women, if not all, breasts are an important component of bodyself-image; a woman may love them or dislike them, but she is rarely neutral" (Young, 2003, p.152). Breast cancer may be one of the oldest forms of cancer known to humans (American Cancer Society, 2010), and in 2008 in the United States over 182,000 women and almost 2,000 men were diagnosed with some form of breast cancer (American Cancer Society, 2008). In that same year 40,480 women and 450 men died from the disease. While any type of cancer diagnosis can instill a fear of mortality and incapacitation in the recipient, breast cancer holds a special meaning for women because of the significance placed on the breast both personally and societally. Removal of the breast tissue and muscle, or mastectomy, remains one of the primary forms of treatment for this disease. The breast plays an important role in a woman's identity, and the loss of one or both breasts due to breast cancer can have a monumental impact on her sense of self. A mastectomy affectsnot only a woman's relationship with herself, but with her family, friends, and society. It changes her outlook on life, her perception of her roles in the world, and her interest in interacting with others. Exploring these issues is important to understanding how doctors, nurses, mental health professionals, family members and support networks can best assist patients in coping with their illness. This paper attempts to understand the psychological issues and injuriesassociated with mastectomy through the lens of Self Psychology. It postulates that the breast itself is a selfobject for most women, and that its loss results in the fragmentation of the self. I will focus particularly on women between the ages of 25 and 40 years of age, in the marital and parental phases of developmental (Wolf, 1988), as the effect of a mastectomy on body image, sexuality, and genderbased roles such as motherhood has been shown to differ according to the age of the patient, with younger patients experiencing more distress (Ashing-Giwa et al, 2004).