Expression and function of beta1 integrins on human eosinophils

Eosinophils preferentially accumulate at sites of chronic allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma. The mechanisms by which selective eosinophil migration occurs are not fully understood. However, interactions of cell-surface adhesion molecules on the eosinophil with molecular counterligands on endothelial and epithelial cells, and on extracellular matrix proteins, are likely to be critical during the recruitment process. One possible mechanism for selective eosinophil recruitment involves the alpha4beta 1 (VLA-4) integrin which is not expressed on neutrophils. Correlations have been found between infiltration of eosinophils and endothelial expression of VCAM-1, the ligand for VLA-4, in the lungs of asthmatic individuals as well as in late phase reactions in the lungs, nose and skin. Epithelial and endothelial cells respond to the Th2-type cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 with selective de novo expression of VCAM-1, consistent with the possible role of VCAM-1/VLA-4 interactions in eosinophil influx during allergic inflammation. Both beta 1 and beta 2 integrins on eosinophils exist in a state of partial activation. For example, eosinophils can be maximally activated for adhesion to VCAM-1 or fibronectin after exposure to beta 1 integrin-activating antibodies or divalent cations, conditions that do not necessarily affect the total cell surface expression of beta 1 integrins. In contrast, cytokines like IL-5 prevent beta 1 integrin activation while promoting beta 2 integrin function. Furthermore, ligation of integrins can regulate the effector functions of the cell. For example, eosinophil adhesion via beta 1 and/or beta 2 integrins has been shown to alter a variety of functional responses including degranulation and apoptosis. Thus, integrins appear to be important in mediating eosinophil migration and activation in allergic inflammation. Strategies that interfere with these processes may prove to be useful for treatment of allergic diseases.

Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in hospitalised patients: are we overestimating renal function?

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY AND PRINCIPLES: Estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in hospitalised patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is important for drug prescription but it remains a difficult task. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of selected algorithms based on serum creatinine, cystatin C and beta-trace protein to estimate GFR and the potential added advantage of measuring muscle mass by bioimpedance. In a prospective unselected group of patients hospitalised in a general internal medicine ward with CKD, GFR was evaluated using inulin clearance as the gold standard and the algorithms of Cockcroft, MDRD, Larsson (cystatin C), White (beta-trace) and MacDonald (creatinine and muscle mass by bioimpedance). 69 patients were included in the study. Median age (interquartile range) was 80 years (73-83); weight 74.7 kg (67.0-85.6), appendicular lean mass 19.1 kg (14.9-22.3), serum creatinine 126 μmol/l (100-149), cystatin C 1.45 mg/l (1.19-1.90), beta-trace protein 1.17 mg/l (0.99-1.53) and GFR measured by inulin 30.9 ml/min (22.0-43.3). The errors in the estimation of GFR and the area under the ROC curves (95% confidence interval) relative to inulin were respectively: Cockcroft 14.3 ml/min (5.55-23.2) and 0.68 (0.55-0.81), MDRD 16.3 ml/min (6.4-27.5) and 0.76 (0.64-0.87), Larsson 12.8 ml/min (4.50-25.3) and 0.82 (0.72-0.92), White 17.6 ml/min (11.5-31.5) and 0.75 (0.63-0.87), MacDonald 32.2 ml/min (13.9-45.4) and 0.65 (0.52-0.78). Currently used algorithms overestimate GFR in hospitalised patients with CKD. As a consequence eGFR targeted prescriptions of renal-cleared drugs, might expose patients to overdosing. The best results were obtained with the Larsson algorithm. The determination of muscle mass by bioimpedance did not provide significant contributions.

In Bacillus subtilis W23, the duet sigmaXsigmaM, two sigma factors of the extracytoplasmic function subfamily, are required for septum and wall synthesis under batch culture conditions.

The synthesis of poly(RboP), the main Bacillus subtilis W23 teichoic acid, is encoded by tarDF-tarABIJKL operons, the latter being controlled by two promoters designated PtarA-int and PtarA-ext. Analysis by lacZ fusions reveals that PtarA-int activity exhibits sharp increases at the beginning and end of the transition between exponential and stationary growth phase. As confirmed by mRNA quantification, these increases are mediated by ECF sigma factors sigmaX and sigmaM respectively. In liquid media, strain W23 sigX sigM double mutants experience serious difficulties in the transition and stationary growth phases. Inactivation of sigmaX- and sigmaM-controlled regulons, which precludes transcription from PtarA-int, leads to (i) delays in chromosome segregation and septation and (ii) a transient loss of up to 30% of the culture OD or lysis. However, specific inactivation of PtarA-int, leading mainly to a shortage of poly(RboP), does not affect growth while, nevertheless, interfering with normal septation, as revealed by electron microscopy. The different sigM transcription in strains W23 and 168 is discussed. In W23, expression of tarA and sigM, which is shown to control divIC, is inversely correlated with growth rate, suggesting that the sigM regulon is involved in the control of cell division.

Fonction surrénalienne après bolus d'étomidate en chirurgie cardiaque: une étude rétrospective [Adrenal function after induction of cardiac surgery patients with etomidate: a retrospective study]

OBJECTIVE: A single bolus dose of etomidate decreases cortisol synthesis by inhibiting the 11-beta hydroxylase, a mitochondrial enzyme in the final step of cortisol synthesis. In our institution, all the patients undergoing cardiac surgery receive etomidate at anesthesia induction. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of adrenocortical dysfunction after a single dose of etomidate in selected patients undergoing major cardiac surgery and requiring high-dose norepinephrine postoperatively. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive study in the surgical ICU of a university hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-three patients presented acute circulatory failure requiring norepinephrine (>0,2 microg/kg/min) during the 48 hours following cardiac surgery. Absolute adrenal insufficiency was defined as a basal cortisol below 414 nmo/l (15 microg/dl) and relative adrenal insufficiency as a basal plasma cortisol between 414 nmo/l (15 microg/dl) and 938 nmo/l (34 microg/dl) with an incremental response after 250 microg of synthetic corticotropin (measured at 60 minutes) below 250 nmol/l (9 microg/dl). RESULTS: Fourteen patients (22%) had normal corticotropin test results, 10 (16%) had absolute and 39 (62%) relative adrenal insufficiency. All patients received a low-dose steroid substitution after the corticotropin test. Substituted patients had similar clinical outcomes compared to patients with normal adrenal function. CONCLUSION: A high incidence of relative adrenal failure was observed in selected cardiac surgery patients with acute postoperative circulatory failure.

Chronic bradykinin receptor blockade modulates neonatal renal function.

Recent data indicate that bradykinin participates in the regulation of neonatal glomerular function and also acts as a growth regulator during renal development. The aim of the present study was to investigate the involvement of bradykinin in the maturation of renal function. Bradykinin beta2-receptors of newborn rabbits were inhibited for 4 days by Hoe 140. The animals were treated with 300 microg/kg s.c. Hoe 140 (group Hoe, n = 8) or 0.9% NaCl (group control, n = 8) twice daily. Clearance studies were performed in anesthetized rabbits at the age of 8-9 days. Bradykinin receptor blockade did not impair kidney growth, as demonstrated by similar kidney weights in the two groups, nor did it influence blood pressure. Renal blood flow was higher, while renal vascular resistance and filtration fraction were lower in Hoe 140-treated rabbits. No difference in glomerular filtration rate was observed. The unexpectedly higher renal perfusion observed in group Hoe cannot be explained by the blockade of the known vasodilator and trophic effect of bradykinin. Our results indicate that in intact kallikrein-kinin system is necessary for the normal functional development of the kidney.

Thy-1 binds to integrin beta(3) on astrocytes and triggers formation of focal contact sites.

BACKGROUND: Thy-1 is an abundant neuronal glycoprotein in mammals. Despite such prevalence, Thy-1 function remains largely obscure in the absence of a defined ligand. Astrocytes, ubiquitous cells of the brain, express a putative Thy-1 ligand that prevents neurite outgrowth. In this paper, a ligand molecule for Thy-1 was identified, and the consequences of Thy-1 binding for astrocyte function were investigated. RESULTS: Thy-1 has been implicated in cell adhesion and, indeed, all known Thy-1 sequences were found to contain an integrin binding, RGD-like sequence. Thy-1 interaction with beta3 integrin on astrocytes was demonstrated in an adhesion assay using a thymoma line (EL-4) expressing high levels of Thy-1. EL-4 cells bound to astrocytes five times more readily than EL-4(-f), control cells lacking Thy-1. Binding was blocked by either anti-Thy-1 or anti-beta3 antibodies, by RGD-related peptides, or by soluble Thy-1-Fc chimeras. However, neither RGE/RLE peptides nor Thy-1(RLE)-Fc fusion protein inhibited the interaction. Immobilized Thy-1-Fc, but not Thy-1(RLE)-Fc fusion protein supported the attachment and spreading of astrocytes in a Mn(2+)-dependent manner. Binding to Thy-1-Fc was inhibited by RGD peptides. Moreover, vitronectin, fibrinogen, denatured collagen (dcollagen), and a kistrin-derived peptide, but not fibronectin, also mediated Mn(2+)-dependent adhesion, suggesting the involvement of beta3 integrin. The addition of Thy-1 to matrix-bound astrocytes induced recruitment of paxillin, vinculin, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) to focal contacts and increased tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins such as p130(Cas) and FAK. Furthermore, astrocyte binding to immobilized Thy-1-Fc alone was sufficient to promote focal adhesion formation and phosphorylation on tyrosine. CONCLUSIONS: Thy-1 binds to beta3 integrin and triggers tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion proteins in astrocytes, thereby promoting focal adhesion formation, cell attachment, and spreading.

Neurotensin is a regulator of insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells.

Neurotensin (NT) is secreted from neurons and gastrointestinal endocrine cells. We previously reported that the three NT receptors (NTSRs) are expressed in pancreatic islets and beta cell lines on which we observed a protective effect of NT against cytotoxic agents. In this study, we explored the role of NT on insulin secretion in the endocrine pancreatic beta cells. We observed that NT stimulates insulin secretion at low glucose level and has a small inhibiting effect on stimulated insulin secretion from isolated islets or INS-1E cells. We studied the mechanisms by which NT elicited calcium concentration changes using fura-2 loaded islets or INS-1E cells. NT increases calcium influx through the opening of cationic channels. Similar calcium influxes were observed after treatment with NTSR selective ligands. NT-evoked calcium regulation involves PKC and the translocation of PKCalpha and PKCepsilon to the plasma membrane. Part of NT effects appears to be also mediated by PKA but not via the Erk pathway. Taken together, these data provide evidence for an important endocrine role of NT in the regulation of the secretory function of beta cells.

Discovery of amino acid variants in the human glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor: the impact on the pancreatic beta cell responses and functional expression studies in Chinese hamster fibroblast cells.

The two incretins, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), are insulinotropic factors released from the small intestine to the blood stream in response to oral glucose ingestion. The insulinotropic effect of GLP-1 is maintained in patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, whereas, for unknown reasons, the effect of GIP is diminished or lacking. We defined the exon-intron boundaries of the human GIP receptor, made a mutational analysis of the gene and identified two amino acid substitutions, A207 V and E354Q. In an association study of 227 Caucasian Type II diabetic patients and 224 matched glucose tolerant control subjects, the allelic frequency of the A207 V polymorphism was 1.1% in Type II diabetic patients and 0.7% in control subjects (p = 0.48), whereas the allelic frequency of the codon 354 polymorphism was 24.9% in Type II diabetic patients versus 23.2% in control subjects. Interestingly, the glucose tolerant subjects (6% of the population) who were homozygous for the codon 354 variant had on average a 14% decrease in fasting serum C-peptide concentration (p = 0.01) and an 11% decrease in the same variable 30 min after an oral glucose load (p = 0.03) compared with subjects with the wild-type receptor. Investigation of the function of the two GIP receptor variants in Chinese hamster fibroblasts showed, however, that the GIP-induced cAMP formation and the binding of GIP to cells expressing the variant receptors were not different from the findings in cells expressing the wildtype GIP receptor. In conclusion, amino acid variants in the GIP receptor are not associated with random Type II diabetes in patients of Danish Caucasian origin or with altered GIP binding and GIP-induced cAMP production when stably transfected in Chinese hamster fibroblasts. The finding of an association between homozygosity for the codon 354 variant and reduced fasting and post oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) serum C-peptide concentrations, however, calls for further investigations and could suggest that GIP even in the fasting state regulates the beta-cell secretory response.

Glucose and leptin induce apoptosis in human beta-cells and impair glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases.

c-Jun N-terminal kinases (SAPK/JNKs) are activated by inflammatory cytokines, and JNK signaling is involved in insulin resistance and beta-cell secretory function and survival. Chronic high glucose concentrations and leptin induce interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) secretion from pancreatic islets, an event that is possibly causal in promoting beta-cell dysfunction and death. The present study provides evidence that chronically elevated concentrations of leptin and glucose induce beta-cell apoptosis through activation of the JNK pathway in human islets and in insulinoma (INS 832/13) cells. JNK inhibition by the dominant inhibitor JNK-binding domain of IB1/JIP-1 (JNKi) reduced JNK activity and apoptosis induced by leptin and glucose. Exposure of human islets to leptin and high glucose concentrations leads to a decrease of glucose-induced insulin secretion, which was partly restored by JNKi. We detected an interplay between the JNK cascade and the caspase 1/IL-1beta-converting enzyme in human islets. The caspase 1 gene, which contains a potential activating protein-1 binding site, was up-regulated in pancreatic sections and in isolated islets from type 2 diabetic patients. Similarly, cultured human islets exposed to high glucose- and leptin-induced caspase 1 and JNK inhibition prevented this up-regulation. Therefore, JNK inhibition may protect beta-cells from the deleterious effects of high glucose and leptin in diabetes.

Cloning and expression of rat pancreatic beta-cell malonyl-CoA decarboxylase.

To gain insight into the function and regulation of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD) we have cloned rat MCD cDNA from a differentiated insulin-secreting pancreatic beta-cell-line cDNA library. The full-length cDNA sequence shows 69% identity with the cDNA cloned previously from the goose uropygial gland, and predicts a 492 amino acid protein of 54.7 kDa. The open reading frame contains an N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence and the C-terminal part of the enzyme ends with a peroxisomal (Ser-Lys-Leu) targeting motif. Since the sequence does not reveal hydrophobic domains, MCD is most likely expressed in the mitochondrial matrix and inside the peroxisomes. A second methionine residue, located 3' of the mitochondrial presequence, might be the first amino acid of a putative cytosolic MCD, since the nucleotide sequence around it fits fairly well with a consensus Kozak site for translation initiation. However, primer extension detects the presence of only one transcript initiating upstream of the first ATG, indicating that the major, if not exclusive, transcript expressed in the pancreatic beta-cell encodes MCD with its mitochondrial presequence. The sequence also shows multiple possible sites of phosphorylation by casein kinase II and protein kinase C. mRNA tissue-distribution analysis indicates a transcript of 2.2 kb, and that the MCD gene is expressed over a wide range of rat tissues. The distribution of the enzyme shows a broad range of activities from very low in the brain to elevated in the liver and heart. The results provide the foundations for further studies of the role of MCD in lipid metabolism and metabolic signalling in various tissues.

Role of the transcriptional factor C/EBPbeta in free fatty acid-elicited beta-cell failure.

Fatty acids can favour the development of Type 2 diabetes by reducing insulin secretion and inducing apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells. Here, we show that sustained exposure of the beta-cell line MIN6 or of isolated pancreatic islets to the most abundant circulating fatty acid palmitate increases the level of C/EBPbeta, an insulin transcriptional repressor. In contrast, two unsaturated fatty acids, oleate and linoleate were without effect. The induction of C/EBPbeta elicited by palmitate was prevented by inhibiting the ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathway or by reducing mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation with an inhibitor of Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase-1. Overexpression of C/EBPbeta mimicked the detrimental effects of palmitate and resulted in a drastic reduction in insulin promoter activity, impairment in the capacity to respond to secretory stimuli and an increase in apoptosis. Our data suggest a potential involvement of C/EBPbeta as mediator of the deleterious effects of unsaturated free fatty acids on beta-cell function.

Analysis of teichoic acid biosynthesis regulation reveals that the extracytoplasmic function sigma factor sigmaM is induced by phosphate depletion in Bacillus subtilis W23.

The expression of the Bacillus subtilis W23 tar genes specifying the biosynthesis of the major wall teichoic acid, the poly(ribitol phosphate), was studied under phosphate limitation using lacZ reporter fusions. Three different regulation patterns can be deduced from these beta-galactosidase activity data: (i) tarD and tarL gene expression is downregulated under phosphate starvation; (ii) tarA and, to a minor extent, tarB expression after an initial decrease unexpectedly increases; and (iii) tarO is not influenced by phosphate concentration. To dissect the tarA regulatory pattern, its two promoters were analysed under phosphate limitation: The P(tarA)-ext promoter is repressed under phosphate starvation by the PhoPR two-component system, whereas, under the same conditions, the P(tarA)-int promoter is upregulated by the action of an extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor, sigma(M). In contrast to strain 168, sigma(M) is activated in strain W23 in phosphate-depleted conditions, a phenomenon indirectly dependent on PhoPR, the two-component regulatory system responsible for the adaptation to phosphate starvation. These results provide further evidence for the role of sigma(M) in cell-wall stress response, and suggest that impairment of cell-wall structure is the signal activating this ECF sigma factor.

Function and regulation of the scaffold protein IB1/JIP-1 in the uro-genital tract.

RESUME Ce mémoire de thèse traite de l'étude de la « scaffold »protéine ou protéine «échafaud», « Islet-Brain1/ JNK Interacting Protein 1 » (IB1/JIP-1) dans la vessie et la prostate, deux organes importants de l'appareil uro-genital. Cette protéine, mise en évidence dans notre laboratoire à la fin des année 90, a été reconnue pour réguler la voie de signalisation des « Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases » (MAPKs), et en particulier de la MAPK appelée c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK). Le réseau de voie de signalisation permet aux cellules de percevoir les changements dans le milieu extracellulaire et de permettre une réponse appropriée à ces différents stimuli. La connaissance des voies de signalisation a permis de mettre en évidence leur rôle crucial tant dans l'homéostase des tissus sains que dans des processus pathologiques comme l'oncogenèse. Parmi une vingtaine de voie de signalisation, la voie de signalisation des «MAPKinases » est une des plus importantes et a été montrée pour participer à diverses fonctions cellulaires telles que la différentiation, la motilité, la division et la mort cellulaire. La voie de signalisation des « MAPKinases » est typiquement constituée d'un module de trois kinases qui s'activent séquentiellement par phosphorylation. On note la présence d'une MAPK, d'un activateur de MAPK et d'un activateur de l'activateur de MAPK. Une fois la MAPK activée, elle permettra la régulation de différentes cibles dont certain facteur de transcription. Chez les mammifères, il existe 3 grands groupes de MAPKs : the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2) cascade, qui régule préférentiellement la croissance et la différentiation cellulaire, ainsi que les cascades JNK et p38 qui régulent préférentiellement la réponse à différents stress cellulaires telle que l'inflammation ou l'apoptose. JNK est activé par différents stress cellulaire telle que les cytokines inflammatoires. JNK est également requis au cours du développement embryonnaire et contribue à la mort (apoptose) ou à la prolifération cellulaire. Plusieurs études ont mis en évidence le rôle de JNK durant le processus tumoral, sans que son rôle soit clairement identifié. JNK pourrait avoir des fonctions différentes durant l'initiation puis de la progression tumorale. Chez les mammifères, les voies de signalisation intracellulaires forment un réseau complexe et elles interagissent entre elles, ce qui permet aux cellules une réponse adéquate aux multitudes de stimuli existants dans les organismes pluricellulaires. Parmi plusieurs mécanismes de régulation, les protéines dites « scaffold » ou «échafaud » jouent un rôle crucial dans l'homéostase de la voie de signalisation des «MAPKinase ». L'introduction revoit brièvement ces différents aspects, de la voie de signalisation des «MAPKinase et des connaissance sur IB1/JIP-1. Les premières études effectuées sur IB1/JIP-1 ont montré une expression relativement spécifique de cette protéine dans certains types de neurones ainsi que dans la cellule beta-sécrétrice d'insuline. IB1/JIP-1 régule la voie de signalisation JNK par interaction avec les différents composants du module, modifiant ainsi le spectre de substrats activés par JNK. La fonction précise de IB1/JIP-1 n'était pas encore élucidée, mais plusieurs travaux mettaient en lumière un rôle dans la régulation, et la sous-location cellulaire des composants de la voie de signalisation JNK, ainsi que dans la survie cellulaire à certain stress. Cette expression relativement spécifique est intrigante car elle suggère que sa présence serait nécessaire à une régulation spécifique de la MAPKinase JNK ou à certaines autres fonctions cellulaires également spécifiques de certains tissus. Le premier but de ce travail a consisté à mettre en évidence l'expression de IB1/JIP-1 dans l'appareil uro-génital et plus particulièrement dans la vessie et la prostate. Nos résultats ont montré que IB1/JIP-1 est spécifiquement exprimé au niveau de l'urothélium vésical, mais pas dans le muscle lisse. Il en est de même au niveau de la prostate où IB1/JIP-1 est exprimé spécifiquement au niveau de l'épithélium sécrétoire et absent au niveau du stroma fibro-musculaire. La vessie et la prostate sont des organes ou l'activité JNK pourrait être crucial tant dans l' homeostase tissulaire que dans le développement de pathologies bénignes ou malignes. La vessie et la prostate sont le siège fréquent de tumeur. La base pour le développement du cancer est complexe et implique plusieurs anomalies génétiques. Ce processus complexe lié au développement tumoral est encore loin d`être complètement élucidé, raison pour laquelle il est crucial de poursuivre l'étude des différents gènes pouvant être impliqué dans ces processus ou pouvant être utilisé comme outil thérapeutique. Dans l'urothelium de la vessie, la fonction de la MAPK JNK n'a été que très peu étudiée. Il existe quelques études, in vitro, suggérant une implication possible de cette voie de signalisation dans des processus telle que le développement ou la progression tumorale. Le chapitre 1 décrit une étude in vivo dans la vessie un modèle de stress mécanique, connu pour activer les MAPKinase. La dilatation vésicale, due à une obstruction urétrale, a mis en évidence une diminution de l'expression de IB1/JIP-1 ainsi qu'une activation de la MAPKinase JNK. Dans ce modèle, la régulation de IB1/JIP-1, par l'intermédiaire d'un vecteur viral, a permis de démontrer que IB1/JIP-1 régulait l'activité de JNK dans ce tissu. Pour poursuivre l'étude de cette fonction d' IB1/JIP-1 dans l'urothélium, nous avons investigué l'activité JNK dans des souris génétiquement modifiées et porteuse d'une délétion de 1 des 2 allèles du gène codant pour IB1/JIP-1, avec un contenu en IB1/JIP-1 diminué de moitié. L'activation de JNK est également augmentée dans l'urothelium au repos de ces souris, ce qui confirme la fonction régulatrice de JNK par IB1/JIP-1. Ces résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence un rôle critique de celle-ci dans l'homéostase de I`urothelium et suggère une nouvelle cible pour réguler la voie de signalisation dans ce tissu. En outre, la modulation des niveaux d'expression d'IB1/JIP-1 dans la vessie, in vivo, par l'intermédiaire de vecteurs viraux s'est révélée réalisable et indique un moyen élégant pour développer une thérapie génique dans cet organe. Un autre élément de ce travail de thèse, révélée au chapitre 2, a été d'étudier la régulation dans la vessie de rat de la communication intercellulaire de type « GAP ». Les cellules adjacentes partagent des ions, messagers secondaires et des petits métabolites par l'intermédiaire de canaux intercellulaire qui forment les jonctions de type « GAP ». Ce type de communications intercellulaire permet une activité cellulaire coordonnée, une caractéristique importante pour l'homéostase des organismes multicellulaire. Ce type de communication intercellulaire est formé de 2 demi-canaux appelés connexons. Chaque connexon est formé de six protéines appelées connexins (Cx). Il existe environ vingt connexines différentes nommées par leur poids moléculaire respectif. Les jonctions de type canaux "GAP" permettent aux cellules de communiquer avec les cellules voisines au quelles elles sont mécaniquement ou électriquement couplées. La vessie peut être particulièrement dépendante de la communication intercellulaire par les canaux « Gap » qui permettrait de coordonner la réponse de la musculature ainsi que de l'urothélium à l'augmentation de la pression transmurale du à l'accumulation d'urine, situation fréquemment observée dans le cadre de l'hyperplasie bénigne de la prostate. Dans la vessie de rat, la connexine26 est exprimée uniquement dans l'urothelium. La Cx26, a été montrée pour être un possible « tumor suppressor gene » dans le cancer de vessie. Une augmentation de la Cx26 ainsi que du couplage des cellules urothéliales a été démontré dans notre modèle de stress mécanique sur la vessie de rat et est dépendante de 2 éléments de réponses connues pour interagir avec AP-1. La régulation de IB1/JIP-1 a permis de montrer que celle-ci régulait l'activité JNK, ainsi que l'activité du facteur de transcription AP-1, composé de c-Jun lui-même cible de JNK. Cette réduction de l'activité de AP-1 est associée à une diminution de l'expression du transcipt de la Cx26. En résumé, la Cx26 pourrait être régulée par le complexe AP-1 lui-même dépendant du contenu en IB1/JIP-1. Dans le chapitre 3, l'étude de IB1/J1P-1 s'est portée sur la prostate. Cet organe, siège fréquent de pathologie telle que le cancer ou l'hyperplasie bénigne de la prostate, exprime IB1/JIP-1 au niveau de son épithélium sécrétoire. Cette expression est maintenue dans une lignée cellulaire humaine largement étudiée est reconnue comme un modèle adéquat de cellules tumorales de type androgène-sensible. IB1/JIP-1 a été investigué dans un modèle in vitro d'apoptose en réponse à un agent appelé N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) qui induit une activation de la MAPK JNK ainsi que également un diminution du contenu en IB1/JIP-1. La surexpression de IB1/JIP-1 en utilisant à nouveau des virus comme vecteur a démontré que IB1/JIP-1 était capable de réguler l'activité de JNK ainsi que les taux d'apoptose. Dans le cancer de la prostate, certains travaux ont montré que la différentiation neuroendocrine des cellules tumorales est associée à la progression tumorale et à la perte de sensibilité aux androgènes. Ce travail a permis de dévoiler l'augmentation d'expression de IB1/JIP-1 dans un modèle de neurodifferentiation des cellules d'une lignée prostatique humaine (LNCaP). Les mécanismes qui permettent une expression spécifique de IB1/JIP-1 ont été partiellement investiguée dans notre laboratoire. Son promoteur humain contient un « Neuron Restricive Silencer Element » (NRSE) connu pour se lier a répresseur transcriptionel appelé « RE-1 Silencer Transcription Factor » ou « Neuron Restrictive Silencer Factor » (REST/NRSF). NRSF/REST est capable de réprimer l'expression de gènes neuronaux en dehors du système neuronal. Il prend part à la différentiation terminale des gènes neuronaux. Dans le chapitre 3, on observe que l'activité de REST/NRSF est diminuée dans les cellules LNCaP qui se transdifferencient de manière neuroendocrine, et que REST/NRSF est capable de moduler l'expression de ces gènes cibles dans ce type cellulaire. Ces travaux laissent suggérer que NRSF/REST participe à l'acquisition du phénotype neuroendocrinien et pourrait être une cible pour réguler ce phénomène. En conclusion, ce travail de thèse présente l'expression de IB1/JIP-1 dans 2 organes de l'appareil uro-génital ; la vessie et la prostate. La fonction de IB1/JIP-1 a été étudiée in vivo dans la vessie de rat, ce qui a mis en évidence sa fonction régulatrice de l'activité de la MAPKinase JNK, et de l'activité du facteur de transcription AP-1 ; ainsi que sa possible implication régulatrice de gène cible tel que la Connexin 26 (Cx26). AP-1 et la Cx26 pourraient jouer un rôle dans le processus oncologique, tant dans le control de l'invasion cellulaire ou le control de la croissance cellulaire. Dans la prostate, IB1/JIP-1 régule également l'activité JNK; crucial dans la transmission de certains stimulis pro-apoptotiques. Dans un modèle de transdifférenciation neuroendocrinienne, phénotype possiblement lié au caractère agressif du cancer de la prostate, l'expression de IB1/JIP-1 est augmenté, suggérant soit un rôle possible dans le développement du phénotype neuronal ou une implication dans une fonction anti-apoptotique. Ce travail a donc permis d'élargir nos connaissances sur la régulation et le control de la voie de signalisation des MAPKinases par IB1/JIP-1, qui pourrait avoir encore d'autres fonctions dans ces tissus.

The gamma subunit is a specific component of the Na,K-ATPase and modulates its transport function.

The role of small, hydrophobic peptides that are associated with ion pumps or channels is still poorly understood. By using the Xenopus oocyte as an expression system, we have characterized the structural and functional properties of the gamma peptide which co-purifies with Na,K-ATPase. Immuno-radiolabeling of epitope-tagged gamma subunits in intact oocytes and protease protection assays show that the gamma peptide is a type I membrane protein lacking a signal sequence and exposing the N-terminus to the extracytoplasmic side. Co-expression of the rat or Xenopus gamma subunit with various proteins in the oocyte reveals that it specifically associates only with isozymes of Na,K-ATPase. The gamma peptide does not influence the formation and cell surface expression of functional Na,K-ATPase alpha-beta complexes. On the other hand, the gamma peptide itself needs association with Na,K-ATPase in order to be stably expressed in the oocyte and to be transported efficiently to the plasma membrane. Gamma subunits do not associate with individual alpha or beta subunits but only interact with assembled, transport-competent alpha-beta complexes. Finally, electrophysiological measurements indicate that the gamma peptide modulates the K+ activation of Na,K pumps. These data document for the first time the membrane topology, the specificity of association and a potential functional role for the gamma subunit of Na,K-ATPase.

Survival-independent function of NF-kappaB/Rel during late stages of thymocyte differentiation.

Transcription factors of the NF-kappaB/Rel family are important mediators of extracellular signals. Their implication in positive selection of thymocytes is suggested by a defective thymic development in transgenic mice that over-express IkappaB in thymocytes. These mice exhibit an accumulation of an unusually prominent population of TCRhigh/CD4/CD8 double positive cells in the thymus and a dramatic reduction of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the periphery. The present study addresses the role of NF-kappaB in survival and differentiation processes of maturing thymocytes using IkappaB/bcl-2 and IkappaB/HY double-transgenic mice. Neither the introduction of the anti-apoptosis gene bcl-2 nor the positively selecting background in female HY transgenic mice resulted in a rescue of the maturational defects observed in the thymus of IkappaB transgenic mice. Thus, rather than promoting survival the main role of NF-kappaB/Rel proteins during positive selection of thymocytes appears to be the mediation of differentiation signals.