Conservação de bacalhau salgado seco em condições de abuso de temperatura

Algumas empresas de produção de bacalhau salgado pretendem iniciar a comercialização no mercado africano e/ou aumentar o mercado neste continente. Contudo, a rede de frio é frequentemente escassa, implicando grandes perdas económicas para as empresas nacionais. É possível atrasar a degradação do pescado através, por exemplo, do seu embalamento em vácuo e até em atmosfera modificada. Como tal, pretendeu-se embalar o bacalhau salgado seco a vácuo, e sobretudo em atmosfera modificada, de forma a aumentar o seu período de vida útil de prateleira em condições de abuso de temperatura. Foram estudados diferentes tipos de embalagem: (i) apenas com ar, (ii) embalagem a vácuo [com e sem a adição de metabissulfito de sódio (E223)] e (iii) em atmosfera modificada (EAM), 20% de CO2: 80% de N2, com e sem adição de E223; todos os tipos em condições de abuso de temperatura (15, 25 e 35ºC). O presente trabalho mostrou que o embalamento de bacalhau salgado seco a vácuo e, principalmente, emEAM poderá incrementar o tempo de vida útil de prateleira A temperatura de armazenamento mais uma vez comprovou ser um fator crucial uma vez que a menores temperaturas de armazenamento, o bacalhau apresentou um aspeto mais favorável, e maior foi o período de conservação, independentemente do tipo de embalamento do produto. O E223 beneficiou o produto armazenado a temperaturas mais baixas, mas não aparentou introduzir melhorias no bacalhau conservado a temperaturas acima de 25ºC. Em condições de abuso de temperatura (15, 25 e 35ºC), a preferência dos consumidores recai sobre a EAM (80%N2:20%CO2).

Efeitos da temperatura do ar, linhagem e período do dia nas freqüências de ocorrências e tempos de expressão comportamental de matrizes pesadas

Ajustes de comportamento podem ocorrer rapidamente e a custo menor do que os ajustes fisiológicos. Considerando o comportamento social, é sugestivo que a freqüência e a intensidade de interações agressivas, o total de coesão social e a extensão de vícios sociais possam ser utilizados para avaliação de bem-estar. Esta pesquisa apresenta uma análise das interações entre os fatores experimentais, como temperatura, linhagem e período do dia, nos comportamentos de matrizes pesadas alojadas em câmara climática, buscando evidenciar as diferentes reações das aves submetidas a distintas condições ambientais. Os resultados encontrados mostraram diferenças significativas entre os comportamentos expressos pelas diferentes linhagens, reforçando a necessidade do monitoramento em tempo real do bem-estar de matrizes pesadas em alojamentos comerciais, dada a complexidade com que as variáveis ambientais interferem no bem-estar. A pesquisa permitiu concluir também que a avaliação do bem-estar de matrizes pesadas deve considerar o período do dia na observação dos comportamentos.

Síntese e caracterização de TaC e óxido misto de tântalo e cobre nanoestruturados a partir do precursor oxálico de tântalo através de reações gás-sólido e sólido-sólido a baixa temperatura

The research and development of nanostructured materials have been growing significantly in the last years. These materials have properties that were significantly modified as compared to conventional materials due to the extremely small dimensions of the crystallites. The tantalum carbide (TaC) is an extremely hard material that has high hardness, high melting point, high chemical stability, good resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock and excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion. The Compounds of Tantalum impregnated with copper also have excellent dielectric and magnetic properties. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain TaC and mixed tantalum oxide and nanostructured copper from the precursor of tris (oxalate) hydrate ammonium oxitantalato, through gas-solid reaction and solid-solid respectively at low temperature (1000 ° C) and short reaction time. The materials obtained were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Spectroscopy X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric (TG), thermal analysis (DTA) and BET. Through the XRD analyses and the Reitiveld refinement of the TaC with S = 1.1584, we observed the formation of pure tantalum carbide and cubic structure with average crystallite size on the order of 12.5 nanometers. From the synthesis made of mixed oxide of tantalum and copper were formed two distinct phases: CuTa10O26 and Ta2O5, although the latter has been formed in lesser amounts

Estudo da influência da temperatura de produtos de charcutaria no processo de fatiagem. Estágio curricular na empresa Nobre Alimentação, S.A.

Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Processamento de Alimentos - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

Perfis de temperatura de produtos refrigerados e congelados durante o armazenamento, picking e distribuição: impacto na qualidade

Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

Síntese e caracterização de CuNb2O6 e CuNbC através de reação sólido- sólido e gás- sólido a baixa temperatura

The refractory metal carbides have proven important in the development of engineering materials due to their properties such as high hardness, high melting point, high thermal conductivity and high chemical stability. The niobium carbide presents these characteristics. The compounds of niobium impregnated with copper also have excellent dielectric and magnetic properties, and furthermore, the Cu doping increases the catalytic activity in the oxidation processes of hydrogen. This study aimed to the synthesis of nanostructured materials CuNbC and niobium and copper oxide from precursor tris(oxalate) oxiniobate ammonium hydrate through gas-solid and solid-solid reaction, respectively. Both reactions were carried out at low temperature (1000°C) and short reaction time (2 hours). The niobium carbide was produced with 5 % and 11% of copper, and the niobium oxide with 5% of copper. The materials were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA , BET and particle size Laser. From the XRD analysis and Rietveld refinement of CuNbC with S = 1.23, we observed the formation of niobium carbide and metallic copper with cubic structure. For the synthesis of mixed oxide made of niobium and copper, the formation of two distinct phases was observed: CuNb2O6 and Nb2O5, although the latter was present in small amounts

Modificação superficial de filmes de poliéster usando plasma a baixa temperatura

A polyester film has a vast application field, due some properties that are inherent of this kind of material such as, good mechanical resistance, chemical resistance to acids and bases and low production cost. However, this material has some limitations as low superficial tension, flat surface, low affinity to dyers, and poor adhesion which impede the use of the same ones for some finality as good wettability. Among the existent techniques to increase the superficial tension, plasma as energy source is the more promising technique, because of their versatility and for not polluting the environment. The plasma surface polymeric modification has been used for many researchers, because it does not affect the environment with toxic agents, the alterations remains only at nanometric layers and this technique shows expressive results. Then, due to its good acceptance, polyester films were treated with oxygen plasma varying the treatment time from 10 to 60 min with an increase of 10 min to each subsequent treatment. Also, the samples were treated with a gas mixture (nitrogen + oxygen) varying the percentage of each gas the mixture from 0 to 100%, the treatment time remaining constant to all treatments (10 min). After plasma treatment the samples were characterized by contact angle, surface tension, Raman spectroscopy, Infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) and atomic force microscopy, with the aim to study the wettability increase of treated polyester films as its variables. In the (O2/N2) plasma treatment of polyester films can be observed an increase of superficial roughness superior to those treated by O2 plasma. By the other hand, the chemical modification through the implantation of polar groups at the surface is obtained more easily using O2 plasma treatment

Armazenamento sazonal de energia solar térmica de baixa temperatura para climatização de edifícios

Face aos padrões atuais de vida, em que despendemos a maior parte do nosso tempo no interior de edifícios, com um nível de conforto que ninguém quer abdicar, urge o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de climatização sustentáveis. Devido a uma combinação única de fatores, casas de baixo consumo de energia (e também casas passivas) em Portugal, são particularmente adequadas de explorar as vantagens da energia solar térmica, especialmente quando combinado com armazenamento sazonal de energia. No entanto nenhum exemplo documentado existe de como esta sinergia pode ser explorada com sucesso em Portugal, ilustrando assim o modo em que a necessidade de aquecimento pode ser colmatada de uma forma sustentável sem o uso de combustíveis fósseis. A energia solar é uma excelente alternativa de fonte de energia para aquecimento de edifícios. Um principal fator que limita a sua aplicação é que é uma fonte de energia com uma disponibilidade média de variação cíclica. O uso de armazenamento sazonal de energia pode reduzir substancialmente o custo do sistema solar que é capaz de fornecer até 100% das necessidades energéticas dos edifícios. Estes sistemas são projetados para armazenar a energia solar durante o verão e reter o calor armazenado para posterior utilização durante o inverno; Abstract: SEASONAL SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE FOR LOW TEMPERATURE HEATING BUILDINGS. Given the current standards of living, where we spent most of our time inside buildings, with a level of Comfort that no one wants to give up, urges the development of sustainable climate control technologies. Due to a unique combination of factors, low energy (and also passive) houses in Portugal are particularly well suited to exploiting the advantages of solar thermal energy especially when combined with seasonal energy storage. However no documented example there of how this synergy can be exploited successfully in Portugal, illustrating the way in which the need for heating can be addressed in a sustainable manner without the use of fossil fuels. Solar energy is an important alternative energy source for heating applications. One main factor that limits its application is that it is an energy source with an average availability of cyclical variation. The use of seasonal thermal energy storage can substantially reduce the cost of solar energy systems that can supply up to 100% of buildings energy needs. Such systems are designed to collect solar energy during the summer and retain the stored heat for use during the winter.

GATEKEEPING, GATEWATCHING, REALIMENTAÇÃO EM TEMPO REAL: novos desafios para o Jornalismo

Faz vários anos que se sabe como os blogueiros e outros comentaristas on-line independentes criticam, corrigem, e de outra maneira desafiam o jornalismo convencional, porém isto ainda não foi plenamente aceito pelos jornalistas; as hostilidades entre as empresas de mídia e a nova geração de jornalistas cidadãos continuam a irromper de vez em quando. O antigo monopólio de gatekeeping mantido pela mídia de massa tem sido desafiado pela nova prática de gatewatching: feita pelos blogueiros individuais e pelas comunidades de comentaristas que podem não fazer reportagem das notícias de primeira mão, porém fazem a curation e avaliam as notícias e outras informações fornecidas pelas fontes oficiais, e assim prestam um serviço importante. E isto ocorre atualmente com cada vez mais rapidez, quase em tempo real: usando as redes sociais mais recentes, que divulgam, compartilham, comentam, questionam e desacreditam as matérias noticiosas dentro de minutos, e usando plataformas adicionais que possibilitam a colaboração ad hoc rápida e eficaz entre os usuários. Quando centenas de voluntários podem provar dentro de alguns poucos dias que um ministro alemão foi culpado de plágio sério, quando o mundo inteiro fica sabendo de terremotos e tsunamis pelo Twitter – como é que o jornalismo consegue acompanhar tudo isto?

Photodissociation of TEMPO-modified peptides: New approaches to radical-directed dissociation of biomolecules

Radical-directed dissociation of gas phase ions is emerging as a powerful and complementary alternative to traditional tandem mass spectrometric techniques for biomolecular structural analysis. Previous studies have identified that coupling of 2-[(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl)methyl] benzoic acid (TEMPO-Bz) to the N-terminus of a peptide introduces a labile oxygen-carbon bond that can be selectively activated upon collisional activation to produce a radical ion. Here we demonstrate that structurally-defined peptide radical ions can also be generated upon UV laser photodissociation of the same TEMPO-Bz derivatives in a linear ion-trap mass spectrometer. When subjected to further mass spectrometric analyses, the radical ions formed by a single laser pulse undergo identical dissociations as those formed by collisional activation of the same precursor ion, and can thus be used to derive molecular structure. Mapping the initial radical formation process as a function of photon energy by photodissociation action spectroscopy reveals that photoproduct formation is selective but occurs only in modest yield across the wavelength range (300-220 nm), with the photoproduct yield maximised between 235 and 225 nm. Based on the analysis of a set of model compounds, structural modifications to the TEMPO-Bz derivative are suggested to optimise radical photoproduct yield. Future development of such probes offers the advantage of increased sensitivity and selectivity for radical-directed dissociation. © 2014 the Owner Societies.

Oxidation of 4-substituted TEMPO derivatives reveals modifications at the 1-and 4-positions

Potenital pathways for the deactivation of hindered amine light stabilisers (HALS) have been investigated by observing reactions of model compounds-based on 4-substituted derivatives of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-with hydroxyl radicals. In these reactions, dilute aqueous suspensions of photocatalytic nanoparticulate titanium dioxide were irradiated with UV light in the presence of water-soluble TEMPO derivatives. Electron spin resonance (ESR) and electrospray ionisation mass-spectrometry (ESI-MS) data were acquired to provide complementary structural elucidation of the odd-and even-electron products of these reactions and both techniques show evidence for the formation of 4-oxo-TEMPO (TEMPONE). TEMPONE formation from the 4-substituted TEMPO compounds is proposed to be initiated by hydrogen abstraction at the 4-position by hydroxyl radical. High-level ab initio calculations reveal a thermodynamic preference for abstraction of this hydrogen but computed activation barriers indicate that, although viable, it is less favoured than hydrogen abstraction from elsewhere on the TEMPO scaffold. If a radical is formed at the 4-position however, calculations elucidate two reaction pathways leading to TEMPONE following combination with either a second hydroxyl radical or dioxygen. An alternate mechanism for conversion of TEMPOL to TEMPONE via an alkoxyl radical intermediate is also considered and found to be competitive with the other pathways. ESI-MS analysis also shows an increased abundance of analogous 4-substituted piperidines during the course of irradiation, suggesting competitive modification at the 1-position to produce a secondary amine. This modification is confirmed by characteristic fragmentation patterns of the ionised piperidines obtained by tandem mass spectrometry. The conclusions describe how reaction at the 4-position could be responsible for the gradual depletion of HALS in pigmented surface coatings and secondly, that modification at nitrogen to form the corresponding secondary amine species may play a greater role in the stabilisation mechanisms of HALS than previously considered.

Not drowning, (hand)waving? Molecular phylogenetics, biogeography and evolutionary tempo of the ‘Gondwanan’ midge Stictocladius Edwards (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Many insect clades, especially within the Diptera (true flies), have been considered classically ‘Gondwanan’, with an inference that distributions derive from vicariance of the southern continents. Assessing the role that vicariance has played in the evolution of austral taxa requires testing the location and tempo of diversification and speciation against the well-established predictions of fragmentation of the ancient super-continent. Several early (anecdotal) hypotheses that current austral distributions originate from the breakup of Gondwana derive from studies of taxa within the family Chironomidae (non-biting midges). With the advent of molecular phylogenetics and biogeographic analytical software, these studies have been revisited and expanded to test such conclusions better. Here we studied the midge genus Stictocladius Edwards, from the subfamily Orthocladiinae, which contains austral-distributed clades that match vicariance-based expectations. We resolve several issues of systematic relationships among morphological species and reveal cryptic diversity within many taxa. Time-calibrated phylogenetic relationships among taxa accorded partially with the predicted tempo from geology. For these apparently vagile insects, vicariance-dated patterns persist for South America and Australia. However, as often found, divergence time estimates for New Zealand at c. 50 mya post-date separation of Zealandia from Antarctica and the remainder of Gondwana, but predate the proposed Oligocene ‘drowning’ of these islands. We detail other such ‘anomalous’ dates and suggest a single common explanation rather than stochastic processes. This could involve synchronous establishment following recovery from ‘drowning’ and/or deleteriously warming associated with the mid-Eocene climatic optimum (hence ‘waving’, which refers to cycles of drowning events) plus new availability of topography providing of cool running waters, or all these factors in combination. Alternatively a vicariance explanation remains available, given the uncertain duration of connectivity of Zealandia to Australia–Antarctic–South America via the Lord Howe and Norfolk ridges into the Eocene.

Temperatura vozdukha v Krymu v 1925-1926 s.kh.g. v gradisokh T︠S︡elʹt︠s︡ii︠a︡

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Influencia de humedad y temperatura sobre la fertilidad de vacas holstein, en la Península de Chiltepe

Se analizó los resultados de 2,419 inseminaciones al primer servicio (782 en vaquillas y 1,637 en vacas) realizadas en la Empresa Genética Roberto Alvarado (EGRA), ubicada en la península de Chiltepe (km 24 carretera a León), durante los años 1987 y 1988. Estos resultados fueron cotejados con los datos de humedad y temperatura ambiente del día de su realización provenientes de la estación meteorológica Agusto Cesar Sandino, ubicada en el Aeropuerto Internacional de Managua. Se estudió la influencia de cuatro variables de temperatura, lo mismo que de humedad relativa: Máxima diaria, mínima diaria, promedio diario y promedio diurno. Además se estudió la combinación de temperatura y humedad: Máxima diaria con máxima diaria, mínima diaria con mínima diaria, etc. Se encontró que la fertilidad de las vaquillas parece no ser influenciada por ninguna de las variables estudiadas, a excepción de HMX Humedad Relativa Máxima del día de inseminación) cuya influencia parece ser muy débil. De acuerdo con las Pruebas de Independencia de Chi cuadrado las variables más relacionadas con la fertilidad de las vacas son HDA (Humedad Relativa Promedio del día de inseminación) y HMX. Las variables de temperatura ambiental más relacionadas con la fertilidad de las vacas son TDA (Temperatura Promedio del día de inseminación) y TDU (Temperatura Promedio diurna del día de inseminación). Un incremento de TDA o TDU parece afectar positivamente la fertilidad de las vacas con valores de TDA 24 – 29°c se obtuvieron tasas de concepción entre 34 y 35% y con valores de TDA de 29- 31.5°c se obtuvo una tasa de concepción del 47%. Todas las variables de humedad relativa parecen afectar negativamente la fertilidad de las vacas: la tasa de concepción bajó de un 46.6% con valores de HDA de 48 – 65% a un 29.7% con valores de HDA de 80 – 96%. Al estudiar el efecto combinada de temperatura y humedad se muestra una tendencia de la tasas de concepción a disminuir conforme la humedad relativa aumenta y a incrementarse 1igeramente conforme aumenta 1a temperatura, aun cuando esta última tendencia puede variar según el nivel de humedad presente. Los valores medios de temperatura combinados con valores medios y altos de humedad resultan muy adversos a la fertilidad de las vacas. La Humedad Relativa parece ser el principal factor responsable de la caída en las tasas de concepción durante algunos meses del año.

Efecto de la temperatura y métodos de aplicación en la patogenecidad del aislado 38/87 de Beauveria bassiana (Bals) vuill, contra Plutella xylostella (L) (Lepidoptera: plutellidae)

Con el objetivo de darle seguimiento al manejo de Plutella xylostella (L) considerada como plaga principal del cultivo del repollo (Brassica oleracea (L), Se evaluó el efecto que ejercen las temperaturas sobre el aislado 38/87 de Beauveria bassiana. (Bals) Vuill, realizado en el laboratorio de control microbial de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, (U.NA). Managua, Nicaragua. Las temperaturas evaluadas fueron 23, 25, 26, 28, 30 °C. con 75% de humedad relativa y una misma concentración 10º conidias/ml aplicando las conidias a las larvas por el método de inmersión y aspersión de las hojas de repollo. La prueba de Tukey estableció diferencias significativas entre tratamientos siendo la temperatura de 26ºc la más óptima en la mortalidad de larvas, para ambos métodos, con porcentajes de mortalidad por aspersión de 87.2% e inmersión con 81.7%, seguido de las temperaturas de 30ºC con 73.4% inmersión y 70.9% aspersión. Los valores más bajos del ensayo se obtuvieron con un porcentaje de 37.0% para la temperatura de 23ºC por el método de aspersión. El análisis de varianza realizado para determinar el nivel de significancia entre ambos métodos de aplicación, resultó con diferencias Significativas. El método de aplicación influye en los resultados de bioensayos. Se encontró que la inoculación de larvas por inmersión resulta más eficiente en la mortalidad de larvas. Los valores de TL50(tiempo letal medio) variaron en dependencia de la temperatura siendo el TL50 más bajo en la temperatura de 30ºC por el método de inmersión con O.72 días después de la inoculación , seguida de la temperatura de 26ºC con 2.52 días después de la inoculación. Por el método de aspersión se obtuvo mejores resultados en las temperaturas de 26 y 28ºC con 1.15 y 6.37 días. respectivamente.