Regressió a segon grau: causes i conseqüències

La recerca aborda la situació penitenciària de regressió a segon grau d’una persona classificada en tercer grau de tractament. Aquesta recerca neix de la dada que a Catalunya el retorn esglaonat a la comunitat (a partir del tercer grau o de la llibertat condicional) no és la forma habitual en què les persones condemnades extingeixen la condemna sinó que resulta més comú la finalització en segon grau. Aquesta realitat resulta preocupant ja que existeix una evidència científica favorable al retorn esglaonat com un sistema amb més probabilitats d’aconseguir la reinserció de la persona. La recerca parteix de que un dels factors que explica aquesta taxa baixa de finalització de la condemna en tercer grau o en llibertat condicional és justament la regressió a segon grau. Acceptat aquest fet, els objectius de la recerca consisteixen en valorar si el nostre sistema penitenciari fa un ús restringit de la regressió i en explorar si es poden identificar les causes que expliquen que una vegada que s’ha produït la regressió sigui difícil reprendre el procés de reinserció a la comunitat. Per dur a terme la recerca s’ha pres com a població de referència les persones que van patir una regressió a segon grau a Catalunya durant l’any 2011 i que finalitzen la seva condemna entre l’1 de juliol i el 31 de desembre del 2012. Això dóna una població de 52 persones. S’ha procedit a estudiar els expedients penitenciaris d’aquestes persones i s’ha aconseguit entrevistar al 75% d’elles. La recerca posa de manifest que la nostra pràctica de regressió es troba encara allunyada d’un model garantista i rehabilitador, indica algunes raons que expliquen la dificultat de recuperar el tercer grau o la llibertat condicional una vegada regressat i finalment s’assenyalen un conjunt de recomanacions o bones pràctiques.

Regresión a segundo grado: causas y consecuencias

La investigación aborda la situación penitenciaria de regresión a segundo grado de una persona clasificada en tercer grado de tratamiento. Esta investigación nace del dato de que en Cataluña el retorno escalonado a la comunidad (a partir del tercer grado o de la libertad condicional) no es la forma habitual en que las personas condenadas extinguen la condena, sino que resulta más común la finalización en segundo grado. Esta realidad resulta preocupante ya que existe una evidencia científica favorable al retorno escalonado como un sistema con más probabilidades de lograr la reinserción de la persona. La investigación parte de que uno de los factores que explica esta baja tasa de finalización de la condena en tercer grado o en libertad condicional es justamente la regresión a segundo grado. Aceptado este hecho, los objetivos de la investigación consisten en valorar si nuestro sistema penitenciario hace un uso restringido de la regresión y en explorar si se pueden identificar las causas que explican que una vez que se ha producido la regresión sea difícil retomar el proceso de reinserción en la comunidad. Para llevar a cabo la investigación se ha tomado como población de referencia a las personas que sufrieron una regresión a segundo grado en Cataluña durante el año 2011 y que finalizaron su condena entre el 1 de julio y el 31 de diciembre de 2012. Esto da una población de 52 personas. Se ha procedido a estudiar los expedientes penitenciarios de estas personas y se ha conseguido entrevistar al 75% de ellas. La investigación pone de manifiesto que nuestra práctica de regresión se encuentra todavía alejada de un modelo garantista y rehabilitador, indica algunas razones que explican la dificultad de recuperar el tercer grado o la libertad condicional una vez regresado y finalmente se señalan un conjunto de recomendaciones o buenas prácticas.

Minimum Retroreflectivity of Traffic Signs and Pavement Markings, HR-562, 1995

This final report contains two separate reports which describe the retroreflectivity levels of various traffic signs and pavement markings on the Iowa primary road system. The data was collected in the fall/winter of 1994 and given to the Federal Highway Administration in March of 1995. This information is currently being combined with similar information from other jurisdictions across the country for the purpose of determining the impact of mandated minimum retroreflectivity levels. The FHWA will be releasing their report sometime in 1996. In October 1992, Congress mandated (Public Law 102-388) the Secretary of Transportation to revise the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices to include a minimum level of retroreflectivity for pavement markings and traffic signs which shall apply to all roads open to public travel. In 1994, the FHWA initiated research studies to determine the retroreflectivity levels which currently exist for signs and markings in an attempt to develop standards which are reasonable to implement. The Iowa Department of Transportation participated in both of the studies and the final reports are included. After compilation and analysis of the collected retroreflectivity data, the FHWA will propose the new MUTCD standards through the federal rule making process. It is estimated that the actual MUTCD change will occur sometime in late 1997 or early 1998.

Avaluació de necessitats i disseny de la intervenció per a la reintegració social dels delinqüents sexuals d’alt risc

Aquest treball recull les necessitats per la reintegració que presenten els delinqüents sexuals a les presons catalanes i com es poden abordar aquestes mitjançant un model que ha donat bons resultats a altres països: Circles of Support and Accountability (CoSA a partir d'ara). L'objectiu és conèixer com funcionen els Cercles de Suport i Responsabilitat i quins són els requisits necessaris per adaptar aquest model als serveis penitenciaris de Catalunya. Amb aquesta finalitat s'ha fet una anàlisi quantitativa dels principals trets de la població penitenciària catalana, s'ha revisat la bibliografia sobre el model CoSA i s'ha fet observació de camp en la seva aplicació al Regne Unit. També s'ha comptat amb les opinions d'experts i professionals de Catalunya i s'han fet entrevistes a una petita mostra de delinqüents sexuals en règim de semillibertat. Tot i que a Catalunya hi ha programes a les presons per potenciar la rehabilitació dels delinqüents sexuals, la investigació destaca l’important paper del suport social i del manteniment dels canvis del tractament en el medi comunitari com elements clau per la reducció de la reincidència. El model Cercles optimitza l'efecte d'aquests processos i alhora ofereix un model de supervisió que concilia l'objectiu de protecció pública amb la reintegració del delinqüent. De l'estudi de la població penitenciària es conclou que hi ha una part d'interns que es podrien beneficiar d'aquest programa i que el reconeixen com una font important de suport davant les importants dificultats que troben en el procés de retorn a la llibertat. Es proposa un programa CerclesCat adaptat a la realitat del sistema penitenciari català i es descriu el procés d'implementació.

Evaluación de necesidades y diseño de la intervención para la reintegración social de los delincuentes sexuales de alto riesgo

Este trabajo recoge las necesidades para la reintegración que presentan los delincuentes sexuales de las prisiones catalanas y cómo se pueden abordar éstas mediante un modelo que ha dado buenos resultados en otros países: Circles of Support and Accountability (CoSA a partir de ahora). El objetivo es conocer cómo funcionan los Círculos de Apoyo y Responsabilidad y cuáles son los requisitos necesarios para adaptar este modelo a los servicios penitenciarios de Cataluña. Con este fin se ha hecho un análisis cuantitativo de los principales rasgos de la población penitenciaria catalana, se ha revisado la bibliografía sobre el modelo CoSA y se ha hecho observación de campo en su aplicación en el Reino Unido. También se ha contado con las opiniones de expertos y profesionales de Cataluña y se han realizado entrevistas a una pequeña muestra de delincuentes sexuales en régimen de semilibertad. Aunque en Cataluña hay programas en las prisiones para potenciar la rehabilitación de los delincuentes sexuales, la investigación destaca el importante papel del apoyo social y del mantenimiento de los cambios del tratamiento en el medio comunitario como elementos clave para la reducción de la reincidencia. El modelo de Círculos optimiza el efecto de estos procesos, y muestra un modelo de supervisión que concilia el objetivo de protección pública con la reintegración del delincuente. Del estudio de la población penitenciaria se concluye que hay una parte de internos que podrían beneficiarse de este programa y que lo reconocen como una fuente importante de apoyo ante las importantes dificultades que encuentran en el proceso de retorno a la libertad. Se propone un programa CerclesCat adaptado a la realidad del sistema penitenciario catalán y se describe el proceso de implementación.

Development of LRFD Design Procedures for Bridge Piles in Iowa – Field Testing of Steel H-Piles in Clay, Sand, and Mixed Soils and Data Analysis (Volume II), TR-583, 2011

In response to the mandate on Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) implementations by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) on all new bridge projects initiated after October 1, 2007, the Iowa Highway Research Board (IHRB) sponsored these research projects to develop regional LRFD recommendations. The LRFD development was performed using the Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) Pile Load Test database (PILOT). To increase the data points for LRFD development, develop LRFD recommendations for dynamic methods, and validate the results of LRFD calibration, 10 full-scale field tests on the most commonly used steel H-piles (e.g., HP 10 x 42) were conducted throughout Iowa. Detailed in situ soil investigations were carried out, push-in pressure cells were installed, and laboratory soil tests were performed. Pile responses during driving, at the end of driving (EOD), and at re-strikes were monitored using the Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA), following with the CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program (CAPWAP) analysis. The hammer blow counts were recorded for Wave Equation Analysis Program (WEAP) and dynamic formulas. Static load tests (SLTs) were performed and the pile capacities were determined based on the Davisson’s criteria. The extensive experimental research studies generated important data for analytical and computational investigations. The SLT measured load-displacements were compared with the simulated results obtained using a model of the TZPILE program and using the modified borehole shear test method. Two analytical pile setup quantification methods, in terms of soil properties, were developed and validated. A new calibration procedure was developed to incorporate pile setup into LRFD.

Planning information system, 1967.

The Transportation Facilities Manual provides a system of identifying and coding existing streets and highways and of recording data pertaining to these facilities. This manual is part 1 and together with the other two documents may be used in connection with the preparation of comprehensive and special planning an urban research studies of all kinds. Particular emphasis was placed on the updating of collected information so that basic inventories pertaining to the planning process can be kept current without undue effort or cost.

Collective symbolic coping with disease threat and othering: A case study of avian influenza

Much research studies how individuals cope with disease threat by blaming out-groups and protecting the in-group. The model of collective symbolic coping (CSC) describes four stages by which representations of a threatening event are elaborated in the mass media: awareness, divergence, convergence, and normalization. We used the CSC model to predict when symbolic in-group protection (othering) would occur in the case of the avian influenza (AI) outbreak. Two studies documented CSC stages and showed that othering occurred during the divergence stage, characterized by an uncertain symbolic environment. Study 1 analysed media coverage of AI over time, documenting CSC stages of awareness and divergence. In Study 2, a two-wave repeated cross-sectional survey was conducted just after the divergence stage and a year later. Othering was measured by the number of foreign countries erroneously ticked by participants as having human victims. Individual differences in germ aversion and social dominance orientation interacted to predict othering during the divergence stage but not a year later. Implications for research on CSC and symbolic in-group protection strategies resulting from disease threat are discussed.

Hiljaisen tiedonja osaamisen siirtäminen yksilöltä tiimille tietotekniikka- ja telekommunikaatioalalla

Tässä diplomityössä tarkastellaan hiljaisen tiedon ja osaamisen siirtämistä yksilöltä tiimille tietotekniikka- ja telekommunikaatioalalla (IT-ala). Tarkoitus on kehittää systemaattinen tiedonsiirtämismenetelmä, johon kuuluu uusi työskentelytapa ja teknisenä työkaluna tietämyskannan käyttö. Teoriaosuudessa tarkastellaan tiedon määritelmää ja eri olomuotoja. Pohditaan hiljaisen ja määrällisen tiedon eroa. Tutkitaan miten tiedonsiirtäminen tapahtuu ja mitä haasteita siinä voi esiintyä. Käsitellään oppimissykli ja tietämyskanta. Empiriaosuudessa tutkitaan neljää tiimiä IT-alalta. Tiimit ovat luonteeltaan ja toiminnaltaan erilaisia. Tutkitaan mitä tiedonsiirtohaasteita niissä on. Samalla pohditaan onko tiiminrakenteella merkitystä tiedonsiirtämisen kannalta. Empiiriset tulokset osoittavat, että tiimin rakenne itsestään ei ratkaise tiedonsiirtämishaasteita. Tulosten perusteella suositellaan systemaattista tiedonsiirtämistä. Avuksi kannattaa ottaa käyttöön tietämyskanta, tarkemmin wiki ja blogi.

Selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia in forced unsteady state reactors - Case based reasoning and mathematical model simulation reasoning

The application of forced unsteady-state reactors in case of selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) with ammonia (NH3) is sustained by the fact that favorable temperature and composition distributions which cannot be achieved in any steady-state regime can be obtained by means of unsteady-state operations. In a normal way of operation the low exothermicity of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reaction (usually carried out in the range of 280-350°C) is not enough to maintain by itself the chemical reaction. A normal mode of operation usually requires supply of supplementary heat increasing in this way the overall process operation cost. Through forced unsteady-state operation, the main advantage that can be obtained when exothermic reactions take place is the possibility of trapping, beside the ammonia, the moving heat wave inside the catalytic bed. The unsteady state-operation enables the exploitation of the thermal storage capacity of the catalyticbed. The catalytic bed acts as a regenerative heat exchanger allowing auto-thermal behaviour when the adiabatic temperature rise is low. Finding the optimum reactor configuration, employing the most suitable operation model and identifying the reactor behavior are highly important steps in order to configure a proper device for industrial applications. The Reverse Flow Reactor (RFR) - a forced unsteady state reactor - corresponds to the above mentioned characteristics and may be employed as an efficient device for the treatment of dilute pollutant mixtures. As a main disadvantage, beside its advantages, the RFR presents the 'wash out' phenomena. This phenomenon represents emissions of unconverted reactants at every switch of the flow direction. As a consequence our attention was focused on finding an alternative reactor configuration for RFR which is not affected by the incontrollable emissions of unconverted reactants. In this respect the Reactor Network (RN) was investigated. Its configuration consists of several reactors connected in a closed sequence, simulating a moving bed by changing the reactants feeding position. In the RN the flow direction is maintained in the same way ensuring uniformcatalyst exploitation and in the same time the 'wash out' phenomena is annulated. The simulated moving bed (SMB) can operate in transient mode giving practically constant exit concentration and high conversion levels. The main advantage of the reactor network operation is emphasizedby the possibility to obtain auto-thermal behavior with nearly uniformcatalyst utilization. However, the reactor network presents only a small range of switching times which allow to reach and to maintain an ignited state. Even so a proper study of the complex behavior of the RN may give the necessary information to overcome all the difficulties that can appear in the RN operation. The unsteady-state reactors complexity arises from the fact that these reactor types are characterized by short contact times and complex interaction between heat and mass transportphenomena. Such complex interactions can give rise to a remarkable complex dynamic behavior characterized by a set of spatial-temporal patterns, chaotic changes in concentration and traveling waves of heat or chemical reactivity. The main efforts of the current research studies concern the improvement of contact modalities between reactants, the possibility of thermal wave storage inside the reactor and the improvement of the kinetic activity of the catalyst used. Paying attention to the above mentioned aspects is important when higher activity even at low feeding temperatures and low emissions of unconverted reactants are the main operation concerns. Also, the prediction of the reactor pseudo or steady-state performance (regarding the conversion, selectivity and thermal behavior) and the dynamicreactor response during exploitation are important aspects in finding the optimal control strategy for the forced unsteady state catalytic tubular reactors. The design of an adapted reactor requires knowledge about the influence of its operating conditions on the overall process performance and a precise evaluation of the operating parameters rage for which a sustained dynamic behavior is obtained. An apriori estimation of the system parameters result in diminution of the computational efforts. Usually the convergence of unsteady state reactor systems requires integration over hundreds of cycles depending on the initial guess of the parameter values. The investigation of various operation models and thermal transfer strategies give reliable means to obtain recuperative and regenerative devices which are capable to maintain an auto-thermal behavior in case of low exothermic reactions. In the present research work a gradual analysis of the SCR of NOx with ammonia process in forced unsteady-state reactors was realized. The investigation covers the presentationof the general problematic related to the effect of noxious emissions in the environment, the analysis of the suitable catalysts types for the process, the mathematical analysis approach for modeling and finding the system solutions and the experimental investigation of the device found to be more suitable for the present process. In order to gain information about the forced unsteady state reactor design, operation, important system parameters and their values, mathematical description, mathematicalmethod for solving systems of partial differential equations and other specific aspects, in a fast and easy way, and a case based reasoning (CBR) approach has been used. This approach, using the experience of past similarproblems and their adapted solutions, may provide a method for gaining informations and solutions for new problems related to the forced unsteady state reactors technology. As a consequence a CBR system was implemented and a corresponding tool was developed. Further on, grooving up the hypothesis of isothermal operation, the investigation by means of numerical simulation of the feasibility of the SCR of NOx with ammonia in the RFRand in the RN with variable feeding position was realized. The hypothesis of non-isothermal operation was taken into account because in our opinion ifa commercial catalyst is considered, is not possible to modify the chemical activity and its adsorptive capacity to improve the operation butis possible to change the operation regime. In order to identify the most suitable device for the unsteady state reduction of NOx with ammonia, considering the perspective of recuperative and regenerative devices, a comparative analysis of the above mentioned two devices performance was realized. The assumption of isothermal conditions in the beginningof the forced unsteadystate investigation allowed the simplification of the analysis enabling to focus on the impact of the conditions and mode of operation on the dynamic features caused by the trapping of one reactant in the reactor, without considering the impact of thermal effect on overall reactor performance. The non-isothermal system approach has been investigated in order to point out the important influence of the thermal effect on overall reactor performance, studying the possibility of RFR and RN utilization as recuperative and regenerative devices and the possibility of achieving a sustained auto-thermal behavior in case of lowexothermic reaction of SCR of NOx with ammonia and low temperature gasfeeding. Beside the influence of the thermal effect, the influence of the principal operating parameters, as switching time, inlet flow rate and initial catalyst temperature have been stressed. This analysis is important not only because it allows a comparison between the two devices and optimisation of the operation, but also the switching time is the main operating parameter. An appropriate choice of this parameter enables the fulfilment of the process constraints. The level of the conversions achieved, the more uniform temperature profiles, the uniformity ofcatalyst exploitation and the much simpler mode of operation imposed the RN as a much more suitable device for SCR of NOx with ammonia, in usual operation and also in the perspective of control strategy implementation. Theoretical simplified models have also been proposed in order to describe the forced unsteady state reactors performance and to estimate their internal temperature and concentration profiles. The general idea was to extend the study of catalytic reactor dynamics taking into account the perspectives that haven't been analyzed yet. The experimental investigation ofRN revealed a good agreement between the data obtained by model simulation and the ones obtained experimentally.

Paikallisen energiayhtiön maakaasuliiketoimintojen kehittäminen

Työssä selvitetään mahdollisuuksia laajentaa kaasuliiketoimintaa sellaisilla alueilla, jotka sijaitsevat maakaasun siirtoputken läheisyydessä ja joilla kaukolämpöliiketoimintaa ei pidetä houkuttelevana vaihtoehtona. Tarkasteltavaksi valittiin yksi edellä mainitun kaltainen alue. Tutkimuksen pääasiallinen tarkoitus on vertailla kaukolämmön sekä maakaasun jakelun taloudellista kannattavuutta valitulla alueella. Työssä selvitetään maakaasun jakeluun ja käyttöön tarvittava laitteisto, sekä maakaasuliiketoiminnan taloudellinen kannattavuus. Työssä esitellään lisäksi mikroturbiinien toimintaperiaate ja selvitetään niiden käyttösovellukset sekä mitä mahdollisuuksia niiden käyttö tarjoaisi energiayhtiölle. Kaasuliiketoiminta on tutkitulla alueella kannattavampaa kuin kaukolämpö. Kaasuliiketoiminnasta tulee kannattavaa, jos asiakkaiksi saadaan yli 10 prosenttia alueen kiinteistöistä, kun asiakkailta peritään saman suuruiset maksut kuin kaukolämmöllä. Jos asiakasmaksuina käytetään sellaisia maksuja, että kaasusta tulee kuluttajalle edullisin lämmitystapa, niin tällöin kaasuliiketoiminnasta ei tule kannattavaa vielä 70 prosentin asiakasmäärälläkään. Mikroturbiinit eivät tämän hetkisillä sähkön hinnoilla ole energiayhtiölle järkevä tapa tuottaa sähköä ja lämpöä, sillä mikroturbiineilla tuotetun sähkön hinta on kaksinkertainen verrattuna kaasukombi vastapainelaitoksella tuotetun sähkön hintaan. Energiayhtiön on edullisempaa hankkia sähkö yhteispohjoismaisilta sähkömarkkinoilta, kuin tuottaa sitä mikroturbiinilla. Mikroturbiinit soveltuvat lähinnä kiinteistökohtaiseen sähkön- ja lämmöntuotantoon silloin, kun turbiinin koko lämmön ja sähkön tuotanto saadaan hyödynnettyä ja turbiinin omistaa kiinteistö. Tällöin kiinteistön energiakustannukset jäävät kiinteistökohtaisella mikroturbiinilla pienemmiksi kuin hankkimalla sähkö ja lämpö energiayhtiöltä.

Epäasianmukainen verontorjunta ympäristöverotuksessa

Epäasianmukaisella verontorjunnalla kannustintyyppisten ympäristöverojen yhteydessä tarkoitetaan sitä, että veron määrä vähenee ilman ympäristön tilan paranemista. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään, millaisia epäasianmukaisia verontorjuntakeinoja ympäristöveroihin liittyy, kuinka paljon niissä on kyse lainsäädäntöteknisistä valinnoista sekä lainsäädännön puutteellisuudesta ja kuinka ympäristöverotusta voitaisiin mahdollisesti parantaa. Esitys painottuu normatiiviseen sääntelyteoriaan eli siihen, minkälainen ohjauskeino tai sääntely palvelee parhaiten tietyn yhteiskuntapoliittisen päämäärän saavuttamista. Päästöt ovat usein suorassa suhteessa tuotteen ominaisuuksiin, mutta ympäristöverot eivät. Ongelmalliseksi muodostuvat lisäksi veronalennukset, kuten veroporrastukset ja veron palautukset. Nämä kannustavat epäasianmukaiseen verontorjuntaan, kuten yritysjärjestelyihin, hamstraukseen ja esimerkiksi jätteiden sijoittamiseen kaatopaikkojen ulkopuolelle. Epäasianmukaista verontorjuntaa voidaan ehkäistä muun muassa kiristämällä rangaistuksia, tiedottamalla, kaventamalla normaaliverokohtelun ja lievennetyn verokohtelun eroa sekä verotuksen kohdetta muuttamalla. Tärkeintä tulevaisuudessa olisi kuitenkin keskittyä kansainväliseen yhteistyöhön ja ympäristöverotuksen yhdenmukaistamiseen.

The genomics of micronutrient requirements.

Healthy nutrition is accepted as a cornerstone of public health strategies for reducing the risk of noncommunicable conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and related morbidities. However, many research studies continue to focus on single or at most a few factors that may elicit a metabolic effect. These reductionist approaches resulted in: (1) exaggerated claims for nutrition as a cure or prevention of disease; (2) the wide use of empirically based dietary regimens, as if one fits all; and (3) frequent disappointment of consumers, patients, and healthcare providers about the real impact nutrition can make on medicine and health. Multiple factors including environment, host and microbiome genetics, social context, the chemical form of the nutrient, its (bio)availability, and chemical and metabolic interactions among nutrients all interact to result in nutrient requirement and in health outcomes. Advances in laboratory methodologies, especially in analytical and separation techniques, are making the chemical dissection of foods and their availability in physiological tissues possible in an unprecedented manner. These omics technologies have opened opportunities for extending knowledge of micronutrients and of their metabolic and endocrine roles. While these technologies are crucial, more holistic approaches to the analysis of physiology and environment, novel experimental designs, and more sophisticated computational methods are needed to advance our understanding of how nutrition influences health of individuals.

Co-opetition: Coexistence of cooperation and competition in public sector – A case study in one city’s public companies

Business actions do not take place in isolation. Complementary competencies and capabilities are the most important resources in the exponential knowledge growth. These resources are partially accessed via business partners. A company needs partners and the capability to cooperate, but also the awareness of the competitive tension, when operating in the market with multiple actors. The co-opetition research studies the occurrence and the forms of simultaneous cooperation and competition between companies or their units. Public sector’s governmental and municipal organs have been transformed into companies over the past years. Despite of their non-profit nature, public sector and public companies are adopting business doctrines from private sector towards efficient business operations. This case study aims to show, how co-opetition concept can be observed within public sector companies and in their operations with others, how public companies cooperate but also compete with others and why this happens. This thesis also explicates advantages and disadvantages of the co-opetition phenomenon.

Eri asumismuotojen taloudellinen vertailu

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on vertailla eri asumismuotojen taloudellisia eroja. Lisäksi se tutkii tutkimustulosten muutosherkkyyttä eri parametrien muutoksille.