Otimização da técnica de MIRU (Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units) para o estudo epidemiológico de pacientes com tuberculose

Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia - IQ

Origens dos cromossomos B em espécies de Characidium (Characiformes, Crenuchidae) baseada em pintura cromossômica, sequências de rDNA e histonas

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Genética) - IBB

Chromosomal Mapping of Repetitive DNA and Cytochrome C Oxidase I Sequence Analysis Reveal Differentiation among Sympatric Samples of Astyanax fasciatus (Characiformes, Characidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Origin and distribution of AT-rich repetitive DNA families in Triatoma infestans (Heteroptera)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Repetitive DNA sequences and evolution of ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes in characidium (teleostei: characiformes)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Organização de DNAs microssatélites nos cromossomos do gafanhoto Abracris flavolineata, com ênfase em cromossomos supranumerários

Com o propósito de se obter um conhecimento aprofundado sobre DNAs repetitivos e sua organização nos cromossomos de gafanhotos, nós utilizamos a técnica citogenética de Hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH) para o mapeamento da distribuição de dezesseis sequências de microssatélites, incluindo mono-, di-, tri- e tetra-nucleotídeos, nos cromossomos da espécie Abracris flavolineata (Acrididae), que comporta um cromossomo B (supranumerário). A FISH (Hibridização in situ fluorescente) revelou pelo menos dois padrões distintos: (i) sinais exclusivamente espalhados, e (ii) sinais espalhados e específicos, formando blocos evidentes. O enriquecimento foi observado em ambas áreas de eucromatina e heterocromatina e também apenas o motivo (C)30 apresentou ausência na heterocromatina. Os cromossomos A e B se apresentaram enriquecidos com todos os elementos mapeados, sendo observado para o cromossomo a presença de blocos mais distintivos para (GA)15 e (GAG)10. Para o complemento A blocos distintos foram observados para (A)30, (CA)15, (CG)15, (GA)15, (CAC)10, (CAA)10, (CGG)10, (GAA)10, (GAC)10 e (GATA)8. Estes resultados revelaram um intenso espalhamento dos microssatélites no genoma de Abracris flavolineata independentemente de enriquecimento de A+T ou G+C de cada uma das sequências. Os dados indicam que os microssatélites compõem o cromossomo B e que poderiam estar envolvidos na evolução deste elemento na espécie em estudo, embora nenhuma relação específica com qualquer cromossomo A tenha sido observado para discutir sobre sua origem. A análise sistemática apresentada neste trabalho contribui para o conhecimento sobre DNAs repetitivos e sua organização nos cromossomos dos gafanhotos, incluindo os cromossomos B

Isolamento de sequências repetitivas do genoma de espécies do gênero Ancistrus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Clinical Predictors Associated With Duration of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment for Remission in Bipolar Depression A Naturalistic Study

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been widely tested and shown to be effective for unipolar depression. Although it has also been investigated for bipolar depression (BD), there are only few rTMS studies with BD. Here, we investigated 56 patients with BD who received rTMS treatment until remission (defined as Hamilton Depression Rating Scores <= 7). We used simple and multiple logistic regressions to identify clinical and demographic predictors associated with duration of treatment (defined as <15 vs. >15 rTMS sessions). Age, refractoriness, number of prior depressive episodes, and severe depression at baseline were associated with a longer rTMS treatment. In the multivariate analysis, refractoriness (likelihood ratio (LR) = 4.33; p < 0.01) and baseline severity (LR = 0.18, p < 0.01) remained significant predictors. Our preliminary study showed that, in remitted patients, refractoriness and severity of index episode are associated with the need of a longer rTMS treatment; providing preliminary evidence of important factors associated with rTMS parameters adjustment.

Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on clinical, social, and cognitive performance in postpartum depression

Background: This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot study evaluated the impact of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on clinical, cognitive, and social performance in women suffering with postpartum depression. Methods: Fourteen patients were randomized to receive 20 sessions of sham rTMS or active 5 Hz rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Psychiatric clinical scales and a neuropsychological battery were applied at baseline (pretreatment), week 4 (end of treatment), and week 6 (follow-up, posttreatment week 2). Results: The active rTMS group showed significant improvement 2 weeks after the end of rTMS treatment (week 6) in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (P = 0.020), Global Assessment Scale (P = 0.037), Clinical Global Impression (P = 0.047), and Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report-Work at Home (P = 0.020). Conclusion: This study suggests that rTMS has the potential to improve the clinical condition in postpartum depression, while producing marginal gains in social and cognitive function.

Sensory phenomena associated with repetitive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: An exploratory study of 1001 patients

A substantial number of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) report compulsions that are preceded not by obsessions but by subjective experiences known as sensory phenomena. This study aimed to investigate the frequency, severity, and age at onset of sensory phenomena in OCD, as well as to compare OCD patients with and without sensory phenomena in terms of clinical characteristics. We assessed 1,001 consecutive OCD patients, using instruments designed to evaluate the frequency/severity of OC symptoms, tics, anxiety, depression, level of insight and presence/severity of sensory phenomena. All together, 651 (65.0%) subjects reported at least one type of sensory phenomena preceding the repetitive behaviors. Considering the sensory phenomena subtypes, 371 (57.0%) patients had musculoskeletal sensations, 519 (79.7%) had externally triggered "just-right" perceptions, 176 (27.0%) presented internally triggered "just right," 144 (22.1%) had an "energy release," and 240 (36.9%) patients had an "urge only" phenomenon. Sensory phenomena were described as being as more severe than were obsessions by 102(15.7%) patients. Logistic regression analysis showed that the following characteristics were associated with the presence of sensory phenomena: higher frequency and greater severity of the symmetry/ordering/arranging and contamination/washing symptom dimensions; comorbid Tourette syndrome, and a family history of tic disorders. These data suggest that sensory phenomena constitute a poorly understood psychopathological aspect of OCD that merits further investigation. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Analgesic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in neuropathic pain: Influence of theta burst stimulation priming

Background Conventional protocols of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) delivered to M1 can produce analgesia. Theta burst stimulation (TBS), a novel rTMS paradigm, is thought to produce greater changes in M1 excitability than conventional protocols. After a preliminary experiment showing no analgesic effect of continuous or intermittent TBS trains (cTBS or iTBS) delivered to M1 as single procedures, we used TBS to prime a subsequent session of conventional 10?Hz-rTMS. Methods In 14 patients with chronic refractory neuropathic pain, navigated rTMS was targeted over M1 hand region, contralateral to painful side. Analgesic effects were daily assessed on a visual analogue scale for the week after each 10?Hz-rTMS session, preceded or not by TBS priming. In an additional experiment, the effects on cortical excitability parameters provided by single- and paired-pulse TMS paradigms were studied. Results Pain level was reduced after any type of rTMS procedure compared to baseline, but iTBS priming produced greater analgesia than the other protocols. Regarding motor cortex excitability changes, the analgesic effects were associated with an increase in intracortical inhibition, whatever the type of stimulation, primed or non-primed. Conclusions The present results show that the analgesic effects of conventional 10?Hz-rTMS delivered to M1 can be enhanced by TBS priming, at least using iTBS. Interestingly, the application of cTBS and iTBS did not produce opposite modulations, unlike previously reported in other systems. It remains to be determined whether the interest of TBS priming is to generate a simple additive effect or a more specific process of cortical plasticity.

Tandem repetitive DNA: Stabilität und Wirkung auf die Genexpression im transgenen System

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden unterschiedliche Eigenschaften von tandem repetitiver DNA (trDNA) analysiert. Drei der untersuchten trDNA-Familien (Cla-Elemente, Alu-Elemente, 1,688-Satelliten-DNA) stammen aus der genomischen DNA von Insekten, während ein trDNA-Cluster artifiziell aus Hsp70 Promotoren hergestellt wurde. Untersucht wurde die Stabilität dieser trDNA-Sequenzfamilien innerhalb eines Plasmidvektors in E. coli bzw. nach Integration der trDNA auch im Genom von D. melanogaster. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt jedoch in der Analyse des Einflusses von trDNA auf die Expression eines benachbarten Reportergens in D. melanogaster.Ziel der Untersuchungen zur Stabilität war es, Eigenschaften von trDNA-Clustern und Mechanismen aufzuzeigen, die die Stabilität derselben in E. coli und im Genom von D. melanogaster beeinflussen. Mit Ausnahme der Alu-Elemente zeigen alle trDNA-Familien eine deutliche Instabilität in E. coli. Am Beispiel der Cla-Elemente wurde gezeigt, daß spezifische Eigenschaften der trDNA-Familie, wie etwa die sequenzbedingte Krümmung der Helixachse, keinen Einfluß auf die Stabilität des trDNA-Clusters haben, sondern die Orientierung des trDNA-Clusters innerhalb des Vektors ausschlaggebend ist. Ein entscheidender Faktor könnte die Orientierung des trDNA-Clusters relativ zur Wanderungsrichtung der Replikationsgabel in E. coli sein. Am Beispiel des trDNA-Clusters aus artifiziellen Hsp70 Promotoren konnte gezeigt werden, daß verschiedene Rekombinationssysteme an der Instabilität in E. coli beteiligt sind. Die meisten beobachteten Deletionen von trDNA sind RecA-abhängig. Zusätzlich findet jedoch in einem kleinen Teil der Plasmide auch eine RecA-unabhängige Rekombination statt. Sowohl in E. coli als auch in D. melanogaster wurde als vorherrschender Mechanismus der trDNA-Instabilität die homologe Rekombination identifiziert. TrDNA-Cluster, die in E. coli deutlich instabil sind, können jedoch im Genom von D. melanogaster weitgehend stabil sein. Auch Faktoren, die in E. coli die Stabilität eines trDNA-Clusters beeinflussen, wie etwa die Orientierung, zeigen in D. melanogaster keinen Einfluß auf die Stabilität der trDNA-Cluster. Ergebnisse aus Stabilitätsuntersuchungen in E. coli können damit nicht ohne Überprüfung auf andere Organismen übertragen werden. Im Hauptteil der Arbeit sollte geklärt werden, ob trDNA generell die Expression benachbarter Gene beeinflußt und welche Eigenschaften der trDNA für diesen inhibitorischen oder stimulierenden Effekt verantwortlich sind. Keine der untersuchten trDNA-Familien zeigt einen inhibitorischen Effekt auf ein benachbartes Reportergen. Entgegen dem Modell von Dorer und Henikoff (1994) führen trDNA-Cluster nicht per se zu der Entstehung von Heterochromatin. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, daß sowohl ein trDNA-Cluster aus Cla-Elementen als auch aus Hsp70 Promotor-Elementen eine deutliche Steigerung der Expression des miniwhite-Reportergens bewirken. Diese Steigerung ist für beide trDNA-Familien unabhängig von der chromosomalen Lage des Transgens im Euchromatin. In beiden Fällen ist der Effekt von der Orientierung des trDNA-Clusters abhängig und verstärkt sich mit wachsender Kopienzahl der trDNA-Einheiten. Während eines der trDNA-Cluster aus trDNA-Einheiten besteht, die bekanntermaßen eine Promotoraktivität aufweisen (Hsp70 Promotoren), war für die Cla-Elemente kein Einfluß auf die Expression eines benachbarten Gens bekannt. Damit wurde für eine trDNA-Familie aus Chironomus nachgewiesen, daß sie auf ein benachbartes Gen ähnlich wirkt wie zusätzliche Promotoren. Die experimentellen Befunde unterstützen ein Modell, demzufolge die Cla-Elemente in gleicher Weise wie tandem repetitive Promotoren auf ein benachbartes Gen expressionssteigernd wirken. Die TATA-Box ist für das Modell ein wichtiges Strukturelement, da diese in beiden expressionssteigernden DNA-Sequenzen der trDNA-Cluster vorkommt und ausschließlich in einer Orientierung wirkt. Das Modell besagt, daß durch die Verbindung einer offenen Chromatinstruktur mit korrekt orientierten Bindungsstellen für TBP der Aufbau von vollständigen Transkriptionskomplexen an den tandem repetitiven Promotoren initiiert wird. Einer Perlenschnur ähnlich wären die Transkriptionskomplexe direkt verfügbar, nachdem ein Transkriptionskomplex den Promotor zur Transkription verlassen hat (Abb. 32). Dies würde zu der beobachteten Steigerung der Expression des Reportergens sowohl durch die tandem repetitiven Hsp70 Promotoren als auch durch die Cla-Elemente führen.

The risk of musculoskeletal disorders for workers due to repetitive movements during tomato harvesting

Tomatoes are the most common crop in Italy. The production cycle requires operations in the field and factory that can cause musculoskeletal disorders due to the repetitive movements of the upper limbs of the workers employed in the sorting phase. This research aims to evaluate these risks using the OCRA (occupational repetitive actions) index method This method is based firstly on the calculation of a maximum number of recommended actions, related to the way the operation is performed, and secondly on a comparison of the number of actions effectively carried out by the upper limb with the recommended calculated value. The results of the risk evaluation for workers who manually sort tomatoes during harvest showed a risk for the workers, with an exposure index greater than 20; the OCRA index defines an index higher than 3.5 as unacceptable. The present trend of replacing manual sorting onboard a vehicle with optical sorters seems to be appropriate to reduce the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and is supported from both a financial point of view and as a quality control measure.