Serologic follow-up of IgG responses against recombinant mycobacterial proteins ML0405, ML2331 and LID-1 in a leprosy hyperendemic area in Venezuela

Leprosy is a slowly evolving disease that occurs mainly in adults. In this study, the Mamaría Village, state of Portuguesa was selected because it had one of the highest prevalence rates (13.25%) of leprosy cases in 1997. Between 1998-2004, 20.2% of the 89 cases registered in this village were less than 15 years old and 61.8% were males. Pau-cibacillary (PB) lesions were the predominant clinical forms identified, although also multibacillary (MB) forms were found. Additionally, 76% of the patients were bacteriologically negative. At the time of diagnosis, 75% of the patients presented with grade 0 disabilities, 23% with grade 1 and 2% with grade 2. Serum samples were collected from 18 PB and 15 MB patients, in addition to 14 family contacts, at the beginning and end of treatment. All the groups were re-evaluated during a three-year period (2008-2011). The proteins used for evaluation were ML0405, ML2331 and LID-1. These mycobacterial proteins were highly specific for Mycobacterium leprae and the IgG responses decreased in both MB and PB patients during multidrug treatment. Our results suggest that these antigens could be used as markers for successful treatment of non-reactional lepromatous patients.

Polymeric IgA is superior to monomeric IgA and IgG carrying the same variable domain in preventing Clostridium difficile toxin A damaging of T84 monolayers.

The two exotoxins A and B produced by Clostridium difficile are responsible for antibiotic-associated enterocolitis in human and animals. When added apically to human colonic carcinoma-derived T84 cell monolayers, toxin A, but not toxin B, abolished the transepithelial electrical resistance and altered the morphological integrity. Apical addition of suboptimal concentration of toxin A made the cell monolayer sensitive to toxin B. Both toxins induced drastic and rapid epithelial alterations when applied basolaterally with a complete disorganization of tight junctions and vacuolization of the cells. Toxin A-specific IgG2a from hybridoma PCG-4 added apically with toxin A alone or in combination with toxin B abolished the toxin-induced epithelial alterations for up to 8 h. The Ab neutralized basolateral toxin A for 4 h, but not the mixture of the two toxins. Using an identical Ab:Ag ratio, we found that recombinant polymeric IgA (IgAd/p) with the same Fv fragments extended protection against toxin A for at least 24 h in both compartments. In contrast, the recombinant monomeric IgA counterpart behaved as the PCG-4 IgG2a Ab. The direct comparison between different Ig isotype and molecular forms, but of unique specificity, demonstrates that IgAd/p Ab is more efficient in neutralizing toxin A than monomeric IgG and IgA. We conclude that immune protection against C. difficile toxins requires toxin A-specific secretory Abs in the intestinal lumen and IgAd/p specific for both toxins in the lamina propria.

The use of halloysite clay and carboxyl-functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes for recombinant LipL32 antigen delivery enhanced the IgG response

We studied the feasibility of using halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs) and carboxyl-functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNTs) as antigen carriers to improve immune responses against a recombinant LipL32 protein (rLipL32). Immunisation using the HNTs or COOH-MWCNTs significantly increased the rLipL32-specific IgG antibody titres (p < 0.05) of Golden Syrian hamsters. None of the vaccines tested conferred protection against a challenge using a virulent Leptospira interrogans strain. These results demonstrated that nanotubes can be used as antigen carriers for delivery in hosts and the induction of a humoral immune response against purified leptospiral antigens used in subunit vaccine preparations.

Estudio caso-control de las cefalosporinas como tratamiento empírico de la peritonitis bacteriana espontánea en los receptores de trasplante hepático ortotópico. Epidemiología e impacto en la mortalidad

La peritonitis bacteriana espontánea consiste en la infección del líquido ascítico en ausencia de un foco evidente intraabdominal. Los microorganismos causales más frecuentes son bacilos Gram negativos y cocos Gram positivos. Son escasos los datos en los pacientes trasplantados hepáticos que evolucionan a cirrosis. Se diseñó un estudio caso-control con el objetivo de determinar la idoneidad del tratamiento empírico con ceftriaxona en dicha población. No se observaron diferencias etiológicas entre ambos grupos y la sensibilidad a cefalosporinas de tercera generación fue similar. Los trasplantados presentaron mayor incidencia de insuficiencia renal, y mayor mortalidad durante el episodio y a 6 meses.

Epstein-Barr-virus -IgG-avidity : menetelmän pystytys ja evaluointi

Epstein-Barr-virus (EBV) on hyvin yleinen ihmispatogeeni. Primaarin EBV-infektion erottaminen viruksen reaktivaatiosta sekä oireiltaan samankaltaisista taudeista on tärkeää. EBV-IgG-aviditeettitutkimusta käytetään infektioajankohdan määrittämiseen. Työ tehtiin Helsingin yliopiston virustutkimusryhmässä. Työn tarkoitus oli tutkia, soveltuuko Diasorinin IgG-VCA tuotepaketti aviditeettitutkimukseen sekä selvittää antaako EPR-menetelmä vai index-menetelmä luotettavammat tulokset. Määritin Diasorinin aviditeettimenetelmällä yhteensä 101 seeruminäytettä. Näytteistä 35 oli vanhan immuniteetin näytettä ja loput akuutin infektion näytteitä. Referenssimenetelmänä toimi HUSLABin Dade Behringin menetelmä. Suurimmalle osalle näytteistä oli aviditeettitulos määritettynä myös referenssimenetelmällä. Aviditeettimenetelmän periaate on ELISA-menetelmän muunnos, jossa osaa vasta-aineproteiineista denaturoidaan urealiuoksella. Näin saadaan selville, onko vasta-aine tiukasti vai löyhästi kiinnittynyt antigeeniinsa. Matala aviditeetti viittaa akuuttiin infektioon ja taas korkea aviditeetti vanhaan immuniteettiin. Tulosten perusteella Diasorinin IgG-VCA tuotepakkaus soveltuu melko hyvin aviditeettitutkimukseen. Verratessani saatuja tuloksia referenssimenetelmän tuloksiin oli menetelmien välinen korrelaatio hyvä. Diasorinin 4-pisteen EPR-menetelmän sensitiivisyys ja spesifisyys olivat laskutavasta riippuen kummatkin noin 90 mikä on kohtalaisen hyvä. Verrattaessa eri tulostenlaskentatapoja keskenään antoi 4-pisteen EPR-menetelmä luotettavimmat tulokset. Index-menetelmän heikkous oli huono sensitiivisyys, joka jäi vain 77 in. Saatujen tuloksien perusteella voidaan todeta, että Diasorinin tuotepakkaus soveltuu aviditeettitutkimukseen. Aviditeettitutkimuksesta on usein hyötyä lisätutkimuksena tavallisten EBV-vasta-ainetutkimusten rinnalla. Todennäköisesti suuremmalla otoskoolla olisi menetelmän sensitiivisyys ja spesifisyys olleet vielä paremmat.

Viabilidade técnica do uso de receptores GPS de navegação para fins de amostragem sistemática de solo

Os receptores de navegação do sistema de posicionamento global (GPS), comumente utilizados pelo setor agrícola, em geral, apresentam precisão posicional < 10,0 m. Em uma amostragem sistemática de solos, as subamostras deverão ser coletadas num raio não superior a 3 m do ponto central georreferenciado. A presente nota técnica visou confrontar a precisão e exatidão desse tipo de equipamento com a necessidade exigida em amostragem sistematizada de solo. Uma área com aproximadamente 17 ha, no campus I da Universidade de Passo Fundo, foi levantada com três receptores GPS de navegação e Estação Total-ET (controle). Pontos centrais de quadrículas de 2 ha, gerados pelo programa Campeiro®, foram locados no campo com os mesmos equipamentos. Sobre esses pontos, materializados no campo, foram novamente tomadas as suas coordenadas, com auxílio da estação total. Assim, as coordenadas X e Y foram submetidas à ANOVA, confrontando-se as médias obtidas pela ET com as dos receptores de GPS pela diferença honesta significativa do teste de Tukey (p < 0,01). Quanto à exatidão, calcularam-se, por Pitágoras, as distâncias lineares entre os pontos gerados pelos GPS e pela ET, assumindo-se não exatas quando ultrapassaram os 3 m de raio preconizado pelo Manual de Adubação e Calagem do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catariana para coleta de solo. A exatidão das coordenadas dos receptores GPS variou de -10 m a +3 m para X e de -4 m a +7 m para Y. Apenas um ponto central dos oito locados com os receptores de GPS de navegação no centro das quadrículas apresentou exatidão compatível com a exigida pela prática. Isso indica que esse tipo de equipamento, com baixa precisão e exatidão, não deve ser utilizado para amostragem sistematizada de solos.

Evaluation of the specific IgG- and IgA-antibody response against immundominant Aspergillus fumigatus antigens as diagnostic markers of invasive aspergillosis

An improvement in the serological diagnostic toolbox of invasive aspergillosis (IA) is necessary. So far, most laboratories do not perform antibody detection assays at all to diagnose IA, as commercial test systems are based on crude and undefined antigen mixtures of A. fumigatus. Utilizing the A. fumigatus protein mitogillin, we could demonstrate that the use of selected characterized immunodominant antigens can improve the serodiagnosis of Aspergillus-related diseases. In an animal model we were able to identify additional 36 immunodominant antigens of a cDNA library of A. fumigatus germlings. Five selected antigens were expressed recombinantly in E. coli, purified and used for Westernblot und ELISA analyses to study the kinetics of the specific antibody response in rabbits that were infected systemically with A. fumigatus. Subsequently, the specific IgG- and IgA-antibody responses against these antigens were studied in patients suffering from proven IA and compared to healthy blood donors and patients with other forms of pneumonia. Furthermore, we examined how total IgG- and IgA-levels influence the diagnostic value of antibody detection in IA patients.

IgG subclass switch capacity is low in switched and in IgM-only, but high in IgD+IgM+, post-germinal center (CD27+) human B cells.

Recent studies have shown that in humans the germinal center reactions produce three types of V(D)J mutated B cells in similar proportions, i.e. Ig-switched, IgD-IgM+ (IgM-only) and IgD+IgM+ cells, and that together they form the CD27+ compartment of recirculating B cells. We investigated the Ig isotype switch capacity of these cells. Peripheral blood B subsets were sorted and IgG subclass secretion in presence or absence of IL-4 was compared in B cell assays which lead to Ig secretion in all (coculture with EL-4 thymoma cells) or only in CD27+ (CD40L stimulation) B cells. Already switched IgG+ B cells showed no significant sequential switch and IgM-only cells also had a low switch capacity, but IgD+CD27+ switched as much as IgD+CD27- B cells to all IgG subclasses. Thus, in switched B cells some alterations compromising further switch options occur frequently; IgM-only cells may result from aborted switch. However, IgD+CD27+ human B cells, extensively V(D)J mutated and "naive" regarding switch, build up a repertoire of B cells combining (1) novel cross-reactive specificities, (2) increased differentiation capacity (including after T-independent stimulation by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I) and (3) the capacity to produce appropriate isotypes when they respond to novel pathogens.

An Analysis of the Benefit of Using HEV Genotype 3 Antigens in Detecting Anti-HEV IgG in a European Population

Introduction Quatre génotypes pathogènes de l'hépatite E (HEV) sont actuellement connus. Ils présentent des caractéristiques épidémiologiques différentes. Les génotypes 1 et 2 infectent uniquement l'homme et sont à l'origine d'épidémies dans des pays en voie de développement. Les génotypes 3 et 4 se présentent sous forme de zoonose, endémiques chez des cochons et autres mammifères dans des pays industrialisés. Ces derniers génotypes sont à l'origine de cas sporadiques d'hépatite E autochtones. La majorité des tests de sérologie actuellement commercialisés se basent sur des virus de génotype 1 et 2. Le bénéfice de l'utilisation d'un test sérologique basé sur le génotype 3 dans des pays industrialisés n'a pas été étudié jusqu'à présent. Dans cette étude, les performances de tests sérologiques basés sur des antigènes de plusieurs génotypes de l'HEV ont été comparées. Méthode Les tests ont été appliqués à deux populations distinctes: une population de 20 patients, chez qui une infection aiguë d'hépatite E, génotype 3, a été documentée par PCR sanguine, et une population de 550 donneurs de sang de la région de Lausanne. Le dépistage des IgGs anti-HEV a été effectué dans le sérum des deux populations par trois «Enzyme Immuno Assays» (EIA) à savoir MP Diagnostics, Dia.Pro et Fortress. Les échantillons positifs avec au moins un des EIA ont été testés par un «Immunodot Assay», le recomLine HEV IgG/IgM. Tous les EIA sont basés sur des antigènes des génotypes 1 et 2, alors que l'immunodot se base sur des antigènes des génotypes 1 et 3. Résultats Tous les échantillons des cas d'hépatite E documentés et 124 sur 550 échantillons des donneurs de sang étaient positifs avec au moins un des tests sérologique. Parmi les cas confirmés par PCR, 45 %, 65 %, 95 % et 55 % étaient respectivement positifs avec le test de MP Diagnostics, Dia.Pro, Fortress et recomLine. Parmi les échantillons positifs des donneurs de sang avec au moins un des tests, 120/124 (97 %) étaient positifs avec le test Fortress, 19/124 (15 %) étaient positifs avec tous les EIA et 51/124 (41 %) étaient positifs avec le recomLine. Parmi les cas d'hépatite E confirmés, 11/20 (55 %) étaient positifs avec le recomLine et parmi ceux-ci, une réactivité plus forte pour le génotype 3 était observée dans 1/11 (9 %) et une réactivité identique dans 5/11 (45.5 %) cas. Conclusions Même si le recomLine contient des protéines dérivées de l'HEV génotype 3, sa sensibilité est inférieure à l'EIA de Fortress dans les cas d'hépatite E aiguë de génotype 3. De plus, chez environ 45 % des patients, le recomLine ne parvient pas à identifier une infection comme étant causé par un virus du génotype 3. Dans la population de donneurs de sang, nous avons observe de grandes variations dans les séroprévalences mesurées, allant de 4.2 % à 21.8 % selon les tests sérologiques employés.

Rajoitetun ruokinnan vaikutus emolehmien ja vasikoiden painoon, ternimaidon laatuun ja vasikoiden seerumin IgG-pitoisuuteen

Summary: Effect of restricted feeding on the live weight of suckler cows and their calves, quality of colostrum and calf serum IgG concentration

An analysis of the benefit of using HEV genotype 3 antigens in detecting anti-HEV IgG in a European population.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of using serological assays based on HEV genotype 3 in industrialised settings is unclear. We compared the performance of serological kits based on antigens from different HEV genotypes. METHODS: Taking 20 serum samples from patients in southwest France with acute HEV infection (positive PCR for HEV genotype 3) and 550 anonymised samples from blood donors in southwest Switzerland, we tested for anti-HEV IgG using three enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) (MP Diagnostics, Dia.Pro and Fortress) based on genotype 1 and 2 antigens, and one immunodot assay (Mikrogen Diagnostik recomLine HEV IgG/IgM) based on genotype 1 and 3 antigens. RESULTS: All acute HEV samples and 124/550 blood donor samples were positive with ≥1 assay. Of PCR-confirmed patient samples, 45%, 65%, 95% and 55% were positive with MP Diagnostics, Dia.Pro, Fortress and recomLine, respectively. Of blood donor samples positive with ≥1 assay, 120/124 (97%), were positive with Fortress, 19/124 (15%) were positive with all EIAs and 51/124 (41%) were positive with recomLine. Of 11/20 patient samples positive with recomLine, stronger reactivity for HEV genotype 3 was observed in 1/11(9%), and equal reactivity for both genotypes in 5/11 (45.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Although recomLine contains HEV genotype 3, it has lower sensitivity than Fortress in acute HEV infection and fails to identify infection as being due to this genotype in approximately 45% of patients. In our single blood donor population, we observe wide variations in measured seroprevalence, from 4.2% to 21.8%, depending on the assay used.

Relação entre toxicidade de proteínas Vip3Aa e sua capacidade de ligação a receptores intestinais de lepidópteros-praga

Resumo:O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade de novas proteínas Vip3Aa e sua capacidade de ligação a vesículas de membrana da microvilosidade apical (VMMA) do intestino de lagartas neonatas de Spodoptera frugiperda, Anticarsia gemmatalise Heliothis virescens. Proteínas expressas pelos genes vip3Aa42 e vip3Aa43 mostraram-se tóxicas a S. frugiperda (CL50 de 78,2 e 113 ng cm-2, respectivamente) e A. gemmatalis(CL50 de 239,2 e 57,5 ng cm-2, respectivamente), e pouco tóxicas a H. virescens (CL50>5.000 ng cm-2). Os ensaios de ligação às VMMA mostraram que as proteínas unem-se de forma efetiva aos receptores nas vesículas das espécies avaliadas, mas essa capacidade de ligação somente é efetiva na ativação da toxicidade para as populações avaliadas de S. frugiperdae A. gemmatalis.

Toxicidade e capacidade de ligação de proteínas Cry1 a receptores intestinais de Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade e a capacidade de ligação das proteínas Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac e Cry1Ca, de Bacillus thuringiensis, a receptores intestinais de Helicoverpa armigera. Realizou-se análise de ligação das proteínas ativadas às vesículas de membrana da microvilosidade apical (VMMA) do intestino médio deH. armigera, além de ensaios de competição heteróloga para avaliar sua capacidade de ligação. Cry1Ac destacou-se como a proteína mais tóxica, seguida por Cry1Ab e Cry1Aa. A proteína Cry1Ca não foi tóxica às lagartas e, portanto, não foi possível determinar os seus parâmetros de toxicidade CL50 e CL90. As proteínas Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab e Cry1Ac são capazes de se ligar a um mesmo receptor nas membranas intestinais, o que aumenta o risco do desenvolvimento de resistência cruzada. Portanto, a utilização conjunta dessas proteínas deve ser evitada.