Estudio de la micobiota y sus micotoxinas en ingredientes y raciones de animales domésticos. Estrategias orientadas a la prevención de las micotoxicosis. Studies on mycobiota and incidence of mycotoxins in raw material and feedstuff for domestic animals. Different strategies for mycotoxicosis prevention.

Numerosas investigaciones han desarrollado estrategias para la remoción de micotoxinas en alimentos por diferentes métodos, aunque muchos de ellos no han llegado a ser utilizados debido a los elevados costos o a las dificultades prácticas involucradas en el proceso de detoxificación. Estos argumentos estimulan a los investigadores a desarrollar nuevas estrategias de decontaminación que eviten el uso de agentes químicos y que reduzcan las pérdidas en el valor nutritivo y la palatabilidad de los alimentos decontaminados. Una de las alternativas promisorias es la detoxificación biológica. Las levaduras capaces de adsorber micotoxinas y con habilidades probióticas o prebióticas son promisorias para reducir la exposición humana a las micotoxinas. En el tracto gastrointestinal se encuentra normalmente un gran número de especies de bacterias comensales y patógenas; sin embargo, cuando se incrementa la cantidad de microorganismos patógenos se pueden producir alteraciones de la salud y muerte. La industria argentina de alimentos destinados a animales necesita reducir los niveles de micotoxinas presentes en ingredientes o en insumos terminados. Si bien los resultados obtenidos en el mundo en la temática son preliminares y promisorios, en nuestro país aún no se han desarrollado estrategias biológicas de decontaminación de micotoxinas aplicadas a estos alimentos. Estudios de incidencia de micoflora y detección de micotoxinas en alimentos balanceados para aves, llevados a cabo por nuestro grupo de investigación en la región del sur de Córdoba demostraron la presencia de los principales géneros toxicogénicos (Aspergillus, Penicillium y Fusarium) y sus micotoxinas asociadas (aflatoxinas, zearalenona y fumonisinas). En relación a porcinotecnia, la zona sur de la provincia de Córdoba es considerada una de las tres zonas de mayor densidad porcina en Argentina. Sin embargo, la contaminación de los granos con micotoxinas representa un serio problema debido a que producen rechazo del alimento, disminución de la tasa de crecimiento y reducción inmunológica. Si consideramos la evolución en la producción lechera en los últimos años ha seguido una línea de intensificación que ha conllevado un cambio en la utilización de los alimentos, evolucionando del simple pastoreo a los sistemas de alimentación única, basados en la formulación de alimentos balanceados que constituyen la clave de la alimentación de los animales. Diferentes estudios epidemiológicos usando técnicas moleculares han demostrado que con frecuencia la infección por A. fumigatus ocurre como consecuencia de la adquisición exógena del hongo. La magnitud del problema se manifiesta en la continua búsqueda de medidas de prevención y control de estas micotoxicosis. Debido a este impacto negativo que ejercen las toxinas fúngicas lo cual, afecta los parámetros productivos como ganancia de peso y conversión alimenticia con graves pérdidas a la industria animal tanto en el mercado interno como externo.

pressure resistance of hollow glass fibers at internal pressure load

Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Fakultät für Maschinenbau, Univ., Dissertation, 2015

The Walters meteorite / Sharat Kumar Roy -- , Jewell J. Glass -- [and] Edward P. Henderson --.

v.10:no.37(1960)

Use of glass beads and CF 11 cellulose for removal of leukocytes from malaria-infected human blood in field settings

Passage of malaria infected blood through a two-layered column composed of acid-washed glass beads and CF 11 cellulose removes white cells from parasitized blood. However, because use of glass beads and CF 11 cellulose requires filtration of infected blood separately through these two resins and the addition of ADP, the procedure is time-consuming and may be inapropriate for use in the field, especially when large numbers of blood samples are to be treated. Our modification of this process yields parasitized cells free of contaminating leukocytes, and because of its operational simplicity, large numbers of blood samples can be processed. Our procedure also compares well with those using expensive commercial Sepacell resins in its ability to separate leukocytes from whole blood. As a test of usefulness in molecular biologic investigations, the parasites obtained from the blood of malaria-infected patients using the modified procedure yield genomic DNA whose single copy gene, the circumsporozite gene, efficiently amplifies by polymerase chain reaction.

Burnt outside raw in the middle

Sometimes it's hard to tell when burgers and sausages are properly cooked and ready to eat. These meats can contain harmful bacteria throughout and it is important that they are cooked thoroughly to make them safe to eat. To check that a burger or sausage is properly cooked, cut into the middle with a clean knife and check that it is piping hot all the way through, there is no pink meat left and the juices run clear.

Compositional data analysis of archaeological glass: problems and possible solutions

Presentation in CODAWORK'03, session 4: Applications to archeometry

Study of chemical modification of alkaline lignin by the glyoxalation reaction

In this study, glyoxalated alkaline lignins with a non-volatile and non-toxic aldehyde, which can be obtained from several natural resources, namely glyoxal, were prepared and characterized for its use in wood adhesives. The preparation method consisted of the reaction of lignin with glyoxal under an alkaline medium. The influence of reaction conditions such as the molar ratio of sodium hydroxide-to-lignin and reaction time were studied relative to the properties of the prepared adducts. The analytical techniques used were FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopies, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results from both the FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopies showed that the amount of introduced aliphatic hydroxyl groups onto the lignin molecule increased with increasing reaction time and reached a maximum value at 10 h, and after they began to decrease. The molecular weights remained unchanged until 10 h of reaction time, and then started to increase, possibly due to the repolymerization reactions. DSC analysis showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased with the introduction of glyoxal onto the lignin molecule due to the increase in free volume of the lignin molecules. TGA analysis showed that the thermal stability of glyoxalated lignin is not influenced and remained suitable for wood adhesives. Compared to the original lignin, the improved lignin is reactive and a suitable raw material for adhesive formula

Characterization of alkaline lignins for use in penol-formaldehyde and epoxy resins

Besides polyurethanes and polyesters, phenolic and epoxy resins are the most prominent applications for technical lignins in thermosetting materials. To evaluate the potential application of lignin raw materials in phenol formaldehyde and epoxy resins, three types of alkaline lignins were characterized in terms of their structures and thermal properties. The lignin samples analyzed were kraft lignin (LIG-1), soda–rice straw lignin (LIG-2), and soda-wheat straw lignin (LIG-3). FTIR and 1H-NMR methods were used to determine their structure. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to determine the molecular weight distribution (MWD). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to measure the glass transition temperature (Tg), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the thermal stability of lignin samples. Results showed that kraft lignin (LIG-1) has moderate hydroxyl-group content, is rich in G-type units, and has good thermal stability. These properties make it more suitable for direct use in phenol formaldehyde resins, and it is therefore a good raw material for this purpose. The alkaline soda-rice straw lignin (LIG-2) with a high hydroxyl-group content and excellent thermal stability is most suited to preparing lignin-based epoxy resin

Under-achievement and the glass ceiling: Evidence from a TV game show

We use a Colombian TV game show to test gender differences in competitivebehavior where there is no opportunity for discrimination and females face no genderspecificexternal constraints. Each game started with six contestants who had toanswer general knowledge questions in private. There were five rounds of questionsand, at the end of each, one participant was eliminated. Despite equality in startingnumbers, women earn less than men and exit the game at a faster rate. In particular,there are more voluntary withdrawals by women than men. We draw an analogybetween the game and the process by which employees rise through the levels of acorporation. As such, we note that glass ceilings may result, in part, from women sown behavior and this raises the issue of how women are socialized to behave. At thesame time, our results illustrate that maintaining and promoting gender diversity at thelower/middle ranks of organizations is necessary to obtain gender diversity at the top.

Bridging DSGE models and the raw data

A method to estimate DSGE models using the raw data is proposed. The approachlinks the observables to the model counterparts via a flexible specification which doesnot require the model-based component to be solely located at business cycle frequencies,allows the non model-based component to take various time series patterns, andpermits model misspecification. Applying standard data transformations induce biasesin structural estimates and distortions in the policy conclusions. The proposed approachrecovers important model-based features in selected experimental designs. Twowidely discussed issues are used to illustrate its practical use.

Beyond the glass ceiling: Does gender matter?

The representation of women in top corporate officer positions is steadily increasing. However, little is known about the impact this will have. A large literature documents that women are different from men in their choices and in their preferences, but most of this literature relies on samples of college students or workers at lower levels in the corporate hierarchy. If women must be like men to break the glass ceiling, we might expect gender differences to disappear among top executives. In contrast, using a large survey of all directors of publicly-traded corporations in Sweden, we show that female and male directors differ systematically in their core values and risk attitudes. While certain population gender differences disappear at the director level, others do not. Consistent with the findings for the Swedish population, female directors are more benevolent and universally concerned, but less power-oriented than men. However, they are less traditional and security-oriented than their male counterparts. Furthermore, female directors are slightly more risk-loving than male directors. This suggests that having a women on the board need not lead to more risk-averse decision-making.