Kiinteistön palautetiedon analysointi

Diplomityö käsittelee kiinteistön palautetiedon analysointia. Tässä diplomityössä palautetiedolla tarkoitetaan kiinteistön talotekniikkaan liittyviä teknisiä ja inhimillisiä tietoja, joiden perusteella rakennuksen ja sen tekniikan toimivuudesta voidaan tehdä päätelmiä. Tiedot kerätään järjestelmistä mittauspisteiden kautta etävalvomoon, josta niitä voidaan tarkastella ja edelleen analysoida. Valvomosta saatavan tiedon rinnalle pyritään suunnitteluvaiheessa kokoamaan valvottavasta kohteesta laskennallisia energiankulutusmalleja. Myös kiinteistön asukkaat, rakennuksen ominaisuudet ja ympäristö muodostavat osan palautetiedosta. Kiinteistön palautetieto voidaankin jakaa tekniseen ja inhimilliseen tietoon, ja edelleen analysoinnin kannalta staattiseen tai dynaamiseen tietoon. Tässä diplomityössä selvitettiin palautetiedon keruuta etävalvomolla yhdistämällä tähän rakentamisen laadunvalvonnan työkaluja ja sumeaa logiikkaa. Työn käytännön osio koostuu kiinteistön ja siihen yhdistetyn etävalvomon välillä kulkevan tiedon käsittelystä, mittauspisteiden määrittämisestä ja tietojen analysoinnista. Työssä esitellään kolme esimerkkikohdetta Helsingin seudulta. Työssä laadittiin arviointimalli, joka sisältää kaiken kiinteistön palautetietoon liittyvän aineiston ja sen analysointitavat, sekä erityisesti uutena asiana myös sumeaa logiikkaa. Tiedon analysointi etenee oletusarvojen muodostamisesta, simuloinnin laatimisesta ja sen vertaamisesta todellisiin tietoihin ja edelleen näistä tehtäviin päätelmiin. Tavanomaisten teknisten tietojen lisäksi sumean logiikan avulla tuotiin esille poikkeamia selittäviä tekijöitä mm. kiinteistön asukkaiden ominaisuuksista.

Early versus delayed application of Thomas splints in patients with isolated femur shaft fractures: The benefits quantified.

AIMS: To investigate and quantify the clinical benefits of early versus delayed application of Thomas splints in patients with isolated femur shaft fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Level IV retrospective clinical and radiological analysis of patients presenting from January to December 2012 at a Level 1 Trauma Unit. All skeletally mature patients with isolated femur shaft fractures independently of their mechanism of injury were included. Exclusion criteria were: ipsilateral fracture of the lower limb, neck and supracondylar femur fractures, periprosthetic and incomplete fractures. Their clinical records were analysed for blood transfusion requirements, pulmonary complications, surgery time, duration of hospital stay and analgesic requirements. RESULTS: A total of 106 patients met our inclusion criteria. There were 74 males and 32 females. Fifty seven (54%) patients were in the 'early splinted' group and 49 patients (46%) were in the 'delayed splinted' group (P>0.05). The need for blood transfusion was significantly reduced in the 'early splinted' group (P=0.04). There was a significantly higher rate of pulmonary complications in the 'delayed splinted' group (P=0.008). All other parameters were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The early application of Thomas splints for isolated femur fractures in non-polytraumatised patients has a clinically and statistically significant benefit of reducing the need for blood transfusions and the incidence of pulmonary complications.

Determinants of credit default swap spread, the effect of the financial crisis in the us markets

The purpose of this study is to define what determinants affect the Credit spread. There are two theoretical frameworks to study this: structural models and reduced form models. Structural models indicate that the main determinants are company leverage, volatility and risk-free interest rate, and other market and firm-specific variables. The purpose is to determine which of these theoretical determinants can explain the CDS spread and also how these theoretical determinants are affected by the financial crisis in 2007. The data is collected from 30 companies in the US Markets, mainly S&P Large Cap. The sample time-frame is 31.1.2004 – 31.12.2009. Empirical studies indicate that structural models can explain the CDS spreads well. Also, there were significant differences between bear and bull markets. The main determinants explaining CDS spreads were leverage and volatility. The other determinants were significant, depending on the sample period. However, these other variables did not explain the spread consistently.

DEVELOPMENT OF LOGIC IN INDIA: SIGNIFICANCE OF 'THE DUOLOGUE BETWEEN PĀYĀSI AND KASSAPA' ("LONG DISCOURSES")

ABSTRACT 'The Duologue of King/Governor Pāyāsi' ("Long Discourses") has long been recognised as a source for the proto-materialism current at the time of the Buddha. What needs to be stressed is the significance of the text as a pointer to the development of Logic in India. Perception (observation and experiment employing the joint method of agreement and difference), which is an accepted method of experimental enquiry, and reasoning from analogy, which can lead at best to a probable conclusion - these two are the only means employed to settle the dispute concerning the existence of the other-world. The Jain version of the same duologue-cum-parable, though varying in minor details regarding the name and identity of the monk refuting the king/governor, contains the same contrast, namely, perception versus analogical reasoning. There can be little doubt that the original parable was conceived with a view to asserting the existence of the other-world. In the Kaṭha Upaniṣad (sixth century BCE), an earlier Brahmanical text, however, instead of argument by analogy, verbal testimony (śabda) was invoked to settle the same point. Naciketas is assailed by doubt about the existence of a person after his or her death. The authority of Yama, the Pluto of Indian mythology, is invoked to convince him that the other-world does exist. Thus, the three parables taken together exhibit three means of knowledge in operation: verbal testimony and argument by analogy pitted against perception.

Remarks on an algebraic semantics for paraconsistent Nelson's logic

In the paper Busaniche and Cignoli (2009) we presented a quasivariety of commutative residuated lattices, called NPc-lattices, that serves as an algebraic semantics for paraconsistent Nelson's logic. In the present paper we show that NPc-lattices form a subvariety of the variety of commutative residuated lattices, we study congruences of NPc-lattices and some subvarieties of NPc-lattices.

Matrix- based logic for avoiding paradoxes and its paraconsistent alternative

The present article shows that there are consistent and decidable many- valued systems of propositional logic which satisfy two or all the three criteria for non- trivial inconsistent theories by da Costa (1974). The weaker one of these paraconsistent system is also able to avoid a series of paradoxes which come up when classical logic is applied to empirical sciences. These paraconsistent systems are based on a 6- valued system of propositional logic for avoiding difficulties in several domains of empirical science (Weingartner (2009)).

Automation Concept for Electrically Excited LV Synchronous Motor: Implementation into AC500 Programmable Logic Environment

This bachelor’s thesis is a part of the research project realized in the summer 2011 in Lappeenranta University of Technology. The goal of the project was to develop an automation concept for controlling the electrically excited synchronous motor. Thesis concentrates on the implementation of the automation concept into the ABB’s AC500 programmable logic enviroment. The automation program was developed as a state machine with the ABB’s PS501 Control Builder software. For controlling the automation program is developed a fieldbus control and with CodeSys Visualization Tool a local control with control panel. The fieldbus control is done to correspond the ABB drives communication profile and the local control is implemented with a function block which feeds right control words into the statemachine. A field current control of the synchronous motor is realized as a method presented in doctoral thesis of Olli Pyrhönen (Pyrhönen 1998). The Method combines stator flux and torque based openloop control and power factor based feedback control.

Application of fuzzy logic for the evaluation of livestock slaughtering

The fuzzy logic admits infinite intermediate logical values between false and true. With this principle, it developed in this study a system based on fuzzy rules, which indicates the body mass index of ruminant animals in order to obtain the best time to slaughter. The controller developed has as input the variables weight and height, and as output a new body mass index, called Fuzzy Body Mass Index (Fuzzy BMI), which may serve as a detection system at the time of livestock slaughtering, comparing one another by the linguistic variables "Very Low", "Low", "Average ", "High" and "Very High". For demonstrating the use application of this fuzzy system, an analysis was made with 147 Nellore beeves to determine Fuzzy BMI values for each animal and indicate the location of body mass of any herd. The performance validation of the system was based on a statistical analysis using the Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.923, representing a high positive correlation, indicating that the proposed method is appropriate. Thus, this method allows the evaluation of the herd comparing each animal within the group, thus providing a quantitative method of farmer decision. It was concluded that this study established a computational method based on fuzzy logic that mimics part of human reasoning and interprets the body mass index of any bovine species and in any region of the country.

Electrically driven fertilizer applicator controlled by fuzzy logic

The present study shows the development, simulation and actual implementation of a closed-loop controller based on fuzzy logic that is able to regulate and standardize the mass flow of a helical fertilizer applicator. The control algorithm was developed using MATLAB's Fuzzy Logic Toolbox. Both open and closed-loop simulations of the controller were performed in MATLAB's Simulink environment. The instantaneous deviation of the mass flow from the set point (SP), its derivative, the equipment´s translation velocity and acceleration were all used as input signals for the controller, whereas the voltage of the applicator's DC electric motor (DCEM) was driven by the controller as output signal. Calibration and validation of the rules and membership functions of the fuzzy logic were accomplished in the computer simulation phase, taking into account the system's response to SP changes. The mass flow variation coefficient, measured in experimental tests, ranged from 6.32 to 13.18%. The steady state error fell between -0.72 and 0.13g s-1 and the recorded average rise time of the system was 0.38 s. The implemented controller was able to both damp the oscillations in mass flow that are characteristic of helical fertilizer applicators, and to effectively respond to SP variations.

Dynamic Hedging with Credit Default Swaps: Empirical Evidence from the European Monetary Union

This thesis investigates the effectiveness of time-varying hedging during the financial crisis of 2007 and the European Debt Crisis of 2010. In addition, the seven test economies are part of the European Monetary Union and these countries are in different economical states. Time-varying hedge ratio was constructed using conditional variances and correlations, which were created by using multivariate GARCH models. Here we have used three different underlying portfolios: national equity markets, government bond markets and the combination of these two. These underlying portfolios were hedged by using credit default swaps. Empirical part includes the in-sample and out-of-sample analysis, which are constructed by using constant and dynamic models. Moreover, almost in every case dynamic models outperform the constant ones in the determination of the hedge ratio. We could not find any statistically significant evidence to support the use of asymmetric dynamic conditional correlation model. In addition, our findings are in line with prior literature and support the use of time-varying hedge ratio. Finally, we found that in some cases credit default swaps are not suitable instruments for hedging and they act more as a speculative instrument.

Speed Control of an Autonomous Mobile Robot: Comparison between a PID Control and a Control Using Fuzzy Logic

An Autonomous Mobile Robot battery driven, with two traction wheels and a steering wheel is being developed. This Robot central control is regulated by an IPC, which controls every function of security, steering, positioning localization and driving. Each traction wheel is operated by a DC motor with independent control system. This system is made up of a chopper, an encoder and a microcomputer. The IPC transmits the velocity values and acceleration ramp references to the PIC microcontrollers. As each traction wheel control is independent, it's possible to obtain different speed values for each wheel. This process facilities the direction and drive changes. Two different strategies for speed velocity control were implemented; one works with PID, and the other with fuzzy logic. There were no changes in circuits and feedback control, except for the PIC microcontroller software. Comparing the two different speed control strategies the results were equivalent. However, in relation to the development and implementation of these strategies, the difficulties were bigger to implement the PID control.

Simulation of Active Control Using Fuzzy Logic Applied to a Pulse Combustor

This work analyzes an active fuzzy logic control system in a Rijke type pulse combustor. During the system development, a study of the existing types of control for pulse combustion was carried out and a simulation model was implemented to be used with the package Matlab and Simulink. Blocks which were not available in the simulator library were developed. A fuzzy controller was developed and its membership functions and inference rules were established. The obtained simulation showed that fuzzy logic is viable in the control of combustion instabilities. The obtained results indicated that the control system responded to pulses in an efficient and desirable way. It was verified that the system needed approximately 0.2 s to increase the tube internal pressure from 30 to 90 mbar, with an assumed total delay of 2 ms. The effects of delay variation were studied. Convergence was always obtained and general performance was not affected by the delay. The controller sends a pressure signal in phase with the Rijke tube internal pressure signal, through the speakers, when an increase the oscillations pressure amplitude is desired. On the other hand, when a decrease of the tube internal pressure amplitude is desired, the controller sends a signal 180º out of phase.

Optimizing counterparty credit risk portfolio by reducing exposure at default variance

Rahoitusyhtiöt pitävät omaa pääomaa taseessa harvinaisen suuria markkinamuutoksia varten ja tämän pääoman määrä on ohjattu valvontaviranomaisten toimesta. Euroopassa Basel akordi antaa suuntaviivat näille säädöksille. 2007 vuoden finanssikriisin jälkeen rahoitusyhtiöt sekä valvojat ovat olleet entistä kiinnostuneempia pääoman riittävyydestä. Tutkimuksia riskistä, säädöksistä ja pääomavaateen madaltamisesta on tehty aikaisemmin, mutta tässä tutkimuksessa keskitytään vaateen jatkuvan muutoksen suuruuteen. Tutkimus sisältää hypoteettisen vastapuoliriski portfolion, jossa on mukana valuuttajohdannaisia. Tätä portfoliota simuloidaan eri tavoin, jotta nähtäisiin kuinka suuri vaikutus portfolion koostumuksella voi olla pääomavaateen varianssiin. Jos tämä muuttuja on merkittävä, pitäisikö rahoitusyhtiöiden yrittää pienentää muutosta, jotta yhtiöiden varapääoman määrää voitaisiin alentaa? Tutkimuksessa on myös haastateltu Suomen johtavia vastapuoliriski asiantuntijoita, jotta nähtäisiin rahoitusalan oma näkemys asian merkittävyydestä. Tutkimusmenetelminä toimivat haastattelut sekä numeerinen analyysi hypoteettisella portfoliolla. Kaupat tähän vastapuoliriski portfolioon on luotu 14 vuoden ajalle ja se sisältää ainoastaan valuuttajohdannaisia viidessä eri valuutassa. Riski lasketaan markkina-arvo menetelmällä, joista lasketaan VaR-mallilla tulevaisuuden riski nettoutuksen kera. Portfolion rakennetta muutetaan simuloinneissa, jotta nähtäisiin vaikutus tulevaisuuden riskeille, joita käytetään edustamaan pääomavaateen määrää ja sen vaihtelua yli ajan. Portfolioiden riskejä lasketaan myös rasituskokeiden avulla, jotta tuloksista saataisiin mahdollisimman todenmukaisia. Analyyttinen osuus tutkimuksesta näyttää sen, että tämän kaltainen optimointi on suuresti riippuvainen alkuperäisestä portfoliosta, jonka määrittää yleisesti rahoitusyhtiön myyntistrategia. Yleisesti ottaen pääomavaateen varianssin muutos voi simuloinneissa olla melko suurta, varsinkin jos mukaan huomioidaan rasitus testit, puuttuvat tuotteet sekä muut pääomavaateen laskentaan huomioitavat seikat. Haastatteluissa saatiin selville millainen optimointi voisi olla mahdollista todellisuudessa. Huomattiin myös että tämän kaltainen ajattelumalli on jo huomattu alalla ennestään. Jon Gregory jopa mainitsi, että jotkin rahoitusyhtiöt ovat enemmän kiinnostuneita muutosten pienentämisestä kuin itse pääomavaateen suuruudesta. Näyttääkin siltä, että tämän aihepiiri vaatisi entistä enemmän tutkimusta, sillä sitä ei ennestään vielä ole, ja rahoitusyhtiöt ovat jo alkaneet etsimään uusia keinoja selvitäkseen rahoitusalalla, joka on yhä entisestään kilpailullisempi.