994 resultados para Oligonucleotide primers
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Six hundred million people are at risk of infection by Schistosoma mansoni. MHC haplotypes have been reported to segregate with susceptibility to schistosomiasis in murine models. In humans, a major gene related to susceptibility/resistance to infection by S. mansoni (SM1) and displaying the mean fecal egg count as phenotype was detected by segregation analysis. This gene displayed a codominant mode of inheritance with an estimated frequency of 0.20-0.25 for the deleterious allele and accounted for more than 50% of the variance of infection levels. To determine if the SM1 gene segregates with the human MHC chromosomal region, we performed a linkage study by the lod score method. We typed for HLA-A, B, C, DR and DQ antigens in 11 informative families from an endemic area for schistosomiasis in Bahia, Brazil, by the microlymphocytotoxicity technique. HLA-DR typing by the polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) and HLA-DQ were confirmed by PCR-sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (PCR-SSOP). The lod scores for the different q values obtained clearly indicate that there is no physical linkage between HLA and SM1 genes. Thus, susceptibility or resistance to schistosomiasis, as defined by mean fecal egg count, is not primarily dependent on the host's HLA profile. However, if the HLA molecule plays an important role in specific immune responses to S. mansoni, this may involve the development of the different clinical aspects of the disease such as granuloma formation and development of hepatosplenomegaly.
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Group C rotaviruses are fastidious in their in vitro cell culture requirements. Recent serosurveys indicate that antibody to group C rotavirus is present in 3-45% of the human population in certain geographic locations, suggesting that rotavirus group C infection is more prevalent than previously believed and that the low rate of detection of these agents is probably due to the lack of sensitive diagnostic assays. From March to December 1994, 406 fecal specimens were collected from children under five years of age who were outpatients at the emergency services of nine public hospitals in Brasília, Federal District, Brazil. In addition to the samples from children, one public outpatient unit requested virological investigation of a stool sample from an HIV-seropositive adult male with diarrhea of sudden onset. All samples were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay for group A rotavirus and adenovirus (EIARA) and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). One hundred and seven (26%) were positive for group A rotavirus. Four samples from children and the sample from the HIV-seropositive patient, although negative by EIARA, showed a group C rotavirus profile by PAGE and were positive for rotavirus by electron microscopy. Using specific VP6 and VP7 primers for group C rotavirus, a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed and products were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. These products were confirmed to be specific for group C rotavirus by using digoxigenin-oligonucleotide probes, Southern hybridization and chemiluminescent detection. The five positive group C rotavirus samples were detected in August (3 samples) and September (2 samples). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of group C rotavirus detected in the Federal District, Brazil and in an HIV-seropositive patient with acute gastroenteritis.
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Vertebrate gap junctions are aggregates of transmembrane channels which are composed of connexin (Cx) proteins encoded by at least fourteen distinct genes in mammals. Since the same Cx type can be expressed in different tissues and more than one Cx type can be expressed by the same cell, the thorough identification of which connexin is in which cell type and how connexin expression changes after experimental manipulation has become quite laborious. Here we describe an efficient, rapid and simple method by which connexin type(s) can be identified in mammalian tissue and cultured cells using endonuclease cleavage of RT-PCR products generated from "multi primers" (sense primer, degenerate oligonucleotide corresponding to a region of the first extracellular domain; antisense primer, degenerate oligonucleotide complementary to the second extracellular domain) that amplify the cytoplasmic loop regions of all known connexins except Cx36. In addition, we provide sequence information on RT-PCR primers used in our laboratory to screen individual connexins and predictions of extension of the "multi primer" method to several human connexins.
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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of the shared epitope (SE), the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) protection model, and the occurrence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies in RA patients from a genetically diverse population. One hundred and forty Brazilian RA patients and 161 matched controls were typed for HLA-DRB1 alleles using amplified DNA hybridized with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes or primers. Patients were stratified according to the presence or absence of SE (DRB1*0401, *0404, *0405, *0101, *1001, and *1402), of the DERAA alleles (DRB1*0103, *0402, *1102, *1103, *1301, *1302, and *1304), and X (all other alleles). Anti-CCP antibodies were measured by ELISA. The combined frequency of SE-positive alleles was significantly greater (76.4 vs 23.6%, P < 0.0001) than the controls. The SE/SE and SE/X genotypes were over-represented (P < 0.0001, OR = 6.02) and DERAA/X was under-represented in RA patients (P < 0.001, OR = 0.49), whereas the frequencies of the SE/DERAA, X/X and X/DERAA genotypes were not significantly different from controls. The frequency of anti-CCP antibodies was higher in SE-positive patients than in SE-negative patients (64.6 vs 44.7%, P = 0.03; OR = 2.25). Although the Brazilian population is highly miscegenated, the results of this study support the findings observed in most genetically homogeneous populations with RA; however, they are not mutually exclusive but rather complementary. The participation of DRB1-DERAA alleles in protection against RA was also observed (OR = 0.4; 95%CI = 0.23-0.68).
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The nature and frequency of cystic fibrosis mutations in Brazil is not uniform due to the highly varied ethnic composition of the population. The average frequency of the F508del mutation has been reported to be 48.6%. Other common mutations in Brazil are G542X, R1162X, and N1303K. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of 8 mutations (F508del, G542X, R1162X, N1303K, W1282X, G85E, 3120+1G>A, and 711+1G>T) in a sample of 111 newborn patients with cystic fibrosis diagnosed by the Cystic Fibrosis Neonatal Screening Program of Minas Gerais State. The mutations were tested by allele-specific oligonucleotide PCR with specially designed primers. An allele frequency of 48.2% was observed for the F508del mutation, and allele frequencies of 5.41, 4.50, 4.05, and 3.60% were found for the R1162X, G542X, 3120+1G>A, and G85E mutations, respectively. The genotypes obtained were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These data demonstrate that the 8-mutation panel studied here has extensive coverage (68%) for the cystic fibrosis mutations in Minas Gerais. These data improve our knowledge of cystic fibrosis in Brazil, particularly in this region. In addition, this investigation contributed to the establishment of a sensitive and population-specific mutation panel, which can be helpful for molecular diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.
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En el nou marc universitari que dibuixa l’adaptació de les titulacions a l’Espai Europeu d’Educació Superior, es proposa que el titulat de grau en Psicologia acabi la carrera amb les competències bàsiques mínimes d’ajut psicològic que li permetin fer front a situacions d’emergència inesperades i reaccionar de manera professional sense empitjorar la situació o perjudicar l’estat de les víctimes, i amb un mínim de seguretat en allò què ha de fer o, al menys, en allò que no ha de fer. Es considera que hauria de tenir, com a mínim, el mateix nivell de formació que tenen altres col·lectius que habitualment es troben implicats en una emergència (personal sanitari, bombers, voluntaris, etc.) per tal que no es trobi en inferioritat de condicions pel que es refereix a la manera de proporcionar primers auxilis psicològics a víctimes. Es proposa un programa formatiu en el títol de grau en Psicologia
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El sistema universitari espanyol es troba actualment en ple procés de convergència cap a l’Espai Europeu d’Educació Superior (EEES), acomplint així el repte que emana de l’acord firmat per gran part dels ministres d’educació europeus el 1999 i que es coneix com la Declaració de Bolonya. La implantació de la reforma proposada, així com dels nous estudis de grau, impliquen una millora en la qualitat de la docència universitària. Per això es pot afirmar que el desenvolupament de mecanismes d’orientació i un adequat pla d’acció tutorial són bàsics per iniciar a l’estudiantat i al professorat en aquesta nova etapa. A la Universitat de Lleida, durant el curs 2008-09, es van implementar 4 nous graus en el marc de la convergència al nou EEES. Per als estudiants de nou ingrés que començaven aquests graus es va dur a terme un programa d’acollida en què, amb un calendari establert a nivell institucional, es van plantejar diferents tallers per a què l’estudiantat adquirís aquelles competències bàsiques que li serien d’utilitat per enfrontar-se al nou procés formatiu a la universitat. Tan important com la implementació d’aquets programes d’acollida és el seguiment i l’avaluació dels mateixos. D’aqueta manera es poden recollir dades que ajudin a una millor planificació i a tenir en compte les necessitats reals dels nous estudiants. Per això, després de la implementació del programa d’acollida, aquest es va avaluar a través de qüestionaris als estudiants i d’entrevistes semiestructurades al professorat participant. Els resultats obtinguts en l’estudi ens mostren que no existeix cultura universitària en la implementació d’activitats d’aquestes característiques i, en general, tant professorat com estudiantat es mostraven reticents en quant a la utilitat i efectivitat del programa d’acollida. L’estudiantat va participar massivament i finalment la valoració va ser positiva, tot i que es van assenyalar algunes propostes de millora. Per part del professorat, es constata que aquest accepta aquestes noves activitats dins dels paràmetres que institucionalment s’estableixen tot i que no deixen de ser crítics amb la necessitat d’implementar aquests programes. També es va observar que el professorat considera interessant fomentar la participació activa de l’alumnat de cursos superiors en diferents fases i accions a desenvolupar
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Anàlisi de les 100 primeres respostes a una enquests dirigida a estudiants de l’EPS després del seu primer any d’estada a l’Escola
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Text de la conferència pronunciada per Mariàngela Vilallonga on es fa un repàs biogràfic dels historiadors Jeroni Pau i Dionís Jeroni Jorba, així com de la seva obra, és a dir, els primers textos que tenien a Barcelona com a matèria d’estudi
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Resumen tomado de la publicación
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Resumen tomado parcialmente de la publicaci??n
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Resumen tomado del propio artículo
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Se recuerdan los orígenes del colegio de Montisión y la realidad social, política y económica de la localidad de Pollença hace un siglo. Se centra en aspectos diversos de la escuela y se incide en el papel de este colegio en la educación ambiental a través del conocimiento del medio ambiente local.
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Es un trabajo de investigación sobre la teoría de la didáctica de la ciencia. Se reflexiona sobre distintas aportaciones y se hacen propuestas didácticas que son experimentadas en el aula. Se propone un marco genral, teórico y práctico sobre una manera de enseñar ciencia que sea, al mismo tiempo, científica y que está al alcance de las capacidades cognitivas de los alumnos. Esta actividad científica se caracteriza porque proporciona al alumno de primaria y secundaria formas de orientarse en su tarea, de manera que no le pierda el sentido; se busca una actitud activa del alumnado en su aprendizaje mediante la discusión, el diálogo y el trabajo en grupo.
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Resumen basado en el del autor en catalán