Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Pacific Southwest): Northern anchovy

Three genetically distinct groups: British Columbia to northern California, Southern California to the northern Baja peninsula, and central and southern Baja California. (PDF contains 21 pages)

Oceanographic Profiling and Spectroradiometer Observations from the MOCE-2 Cruise: 28 March to 14 April 1993

This report contains results from the second cruise of the Modis Optical Characterization Experiment (MOCE). Data presented here were obtained on the Mexican Research Vessel El Puma between 29 March and 13 April along the Pacific coast of Baja California and in the Gulf of California. Three types of data are reported: high spectral resolution radiometry at three depths for 13 stations; salinity, temperature beam attenuation and chlorophyll-a fluorescence, profiles at the same stations; and total suspended matter and suspended organic carbon and nitrogen.(PDF is 90 pages.)

Biomass and reproduction of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) off the Pacific northwestern United States, 2003–2005

The Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) is distributed along the west coast of North America from Baja California to British Columbia. This article presents estimates of biomass, spawning biomass, and related biological parameters based on four trawl-ichthyoplankton surveys conducted during July 2003 –March 2005 off Oregon and Washington. The trawl-based biomass estimates, serving as relative abundance, were 198,600 t (coefficient of variation [CV] = 0.51) in July 2003, 20,100 t (0.8) in March 2004, 77,900 t (0.34) in July 2004, and 30,100 t (0.72) in March 2005 over an area close to 200,000 km2. The biomass estimates, high in July and low in March, are a strong indication of migration in and out of this area. Sardine spawn in July off the Pacific Northwest (PNW) coast and none of the sampled fish had spawned in March. The estimated spawning biomass for July 2003 and July 2004 was 39,184 t (0.57) and 84,120 t (0.93), respectively. The average active female sardine in the PNW spawned every 20–40 days compared to every 6–8 days off California. The spawning habitat was located in the southeastern area off the PNW coast, a shift from the northwest area off the PNW coast in the 1990s. Egg production in off the PNW for 2003–04 was lower than that off California and that in the 1990s. Because the biomass of Pacific sardine off the PNW appears to be supported heavily by migratory fish from California, the sustainability of the local PNW population relies on the stability of the population off California, and on local oceanographic conditions for local residence.

Prevalence of the commensal barnacle Xenobalanus globicipitis on cetacean species in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, and a review of global occurrence

Distribution and prevalence of the phoretic barnacle Xenobalanus on cetacean species are reported for 22 cetaceans in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (21 million km2). Four cetacean species are newly reported hosts for Xenobalanus: Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni), long-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus capensis), humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), and spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris). Sightings of Xenobalanus in pelagic waters are reported for the first time, and concentrations were located within three productive zones: near the Baja California peninsula, the Costa Rica Dome and waters extending west along the 10°N Thermocline Ridge, and near Peru and the Galapagos Archipelago. Greatest prevalence was observed on blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) indicating that slow swim speeds are not necessary for effective barnacle settlement. Overall, prevalence and prevalence per sighting were generally lower than previously reported. The number of barnacles present on an individual whale was greatest for killer whales, indicating that Xenobalanus larvae may be patchily distributed. The broad geographic distribution and large number of cetacean hosts, indicate an extremely cosmopolitan distribution. A better understanding of the biology of Xenobalanus is needed before this species can be used as a biological tag.

Reproductive biology, spawning season, and growth of female rex sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus) in the Gulf of Alaska

Rex sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus) have a wide distribution throughout the North Pacific, ranging from central Baja California to the western Bering Sea. Although rex sole are an important species in the commercial trawl fisheries off the U.S. West Coast, knowledge of their reproductive biology is limited to one study off the Oregon coast where ovaries were analyzed with gross anatomical methods. This study was initiated to determine reproductive and growth parameters specific to rex sole in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) stock. Female rex sole (n=594) ranging in total length from 166 to 552 mm were collected opportunistically around Kodiak Island, Alaska, from February 2000 to October 2001. All ovaries were analyzed by using standard histological criteria to determine the maturity stage. Year-round sampling of rex sole ovaries confirmed that rex sole are batch spawners and have a protracted spawning season in the GOA that lasts at least eight months, from October to May; the duration of the spawning season and the months of spawning activity are different from those previously estimated. Female rex sole in the GOA had an estimated length at 50% maturity (ML50) of 352 mm, which is greater than the previously estimated ML50 at southern latitudes. The maximum age of collected female rex sole was 29 years, and the estimated age at 50% maturity (MA50) in the GOA was 5.1 years. The von Bertalanffy growth model for rex sole in the GOA was significantly different from the previously estimated model for rex sole off the Oregon coast. This study indicated that there are higher growth rates for rex sole in the GOA than off the Oregon coast and that there are differences in length at maturity and similarity in age at maturity between the two regions.

Tracking Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus orientalis) in the northeastern Pacific with an automated algorithm that estimates latitude by matching sea-surface-temperature data from satellites with temperature data from tags on fish

Data recovered from 11 popup satellite archival tags and 3 surgically implanted archival tags were used to analyze the movement patterns of juvenile northern bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus orientalis) in the eastern Pacific. The light sensors on archival and pop-up satellite transmitting archival tags (PSATs) provide data on the time of sunrise and sunset, allowing the calculation of an approximate geographic position of the animal. Light-based estimates of longitude are relatively robust but latitude estimates are prone to large degrees of error, particularly near the times of the equinoxes and when the tag is at low latitudes. Estimating latitude remains a problem for researchers using light-based geolocation algorithms and it has been suggested that sea surface temperature data from satellites may be a useful tool for refining latitude estimates. Tag data from bluefin tuna were subjected to a newly developed algorithm, called “PSAT Tracker,” which automatically matches sea surface temperature data from the tags with sea surface temperatures recorded by satellites. The results of this algorithm compared favorably to the estimates of latitude calculated with the lightbased algorithms and allowed for estimation of fish positions during times of the year when the lightbased algorithms failed. Three near one-year tracks produced by PSAT tracker showed that the fish range from the California−Oregon border to southern Baja California, Mexico, and that the majority of time is spent off the coast of central Baja Mexico. A seasonal movement pattern was evident; the fish spend winter and spring off central Baja California, and summer through fall is spent moving northward to Oregon and returning to Baja California.

Operationalizing the social-ecological systems framework to assess sustainability.

Environmental governance is more effective when the scales of ecological processes are well matched with the human institutions charged with managing human-environment interactions. The social-ecological systems (SESs) framework provides guidance on how to assess the social and ecological dimensions that contribute to sustainable resource use and management, but rarely if ever has been operationalized for multiple localities in a spatially explicit, quantitative manner. Here, we use the case of small-scale fisheries in Baja California Sur, Mexico, to identify distinct SES regions and test key aspects of coupled SESs theory. Regions that exhibit greater potential for social-ecological sustainability in one dimension do not necessarily exhibit it in others, highlighting the importance of integrative, coupled system analyses when implementing spatial planning and other ecosystem-based strategies.

Integrating simultaneous prosocial and antisocial behavior into theories of collective action.

Trust and cooperation constitute cornerstones of common-pool resource theory, showing that "prosocial" strategies among resource users can overcome collective action problems and lead to sustainable resource governance. Yet, antisocial behavior and especially the coexistence of prosocial and antisocial behaviors have received less attention. We broaden the analysis to include the effects of both "prosocial" and "antisocial" interactions. We do so in the context of marine protected areas (MPAs), the most prominent form of biodiversity conservation intervention worldwide. Our multimethod approach relied on lab-in-the-field economic experiments (n = 127) in two MPA and two non-MPA communities in Baja California, Mexico. In addition, we deployed a standardized fishers' survey (n = 544) to verify the external validity of our findings and expert informant interviews (n = 77) to develop potential explanatory mechanisms. In MPA sites, prosocial and antisocial behavior is significantly higher, and the presence of antisocial behavior does not seem to have a negative effect on prosocial behavior. We suggest that market integration, economic diversification, and strengthened group identity in MPAs are the main potential mechanisms for the simultaneity of prosocial and antisocial behavior we observed. This study constitutes a first step in better understanding the interaction between prosociality and antisociality as related to natural resources governance and conservation science, integrating literatures from social psychology, evolutionary anthropology, behavioral economics, and ecology.

Tadeus Amat, Obispo de Monterrey y Joseph s. Alemany, Arzobispo de San Francisco contra México.

UANL

Código de procedimientos civiles vigentes en el Distrito Federal y territorios con las reformas introducidas por la ley de organización de tribunales y su reglamento

UANL

Código penal para el Distrito y territorios federales sobre delitos del fuero común y para toda la República sobre delitos contra la Federación

UANL

Compendio de la geografía del Estado de Michoacán de Ocampo

UANL

Desafío educativo : la documentación virtual en educación superior.

La administración de la educación puede parecer un obstáculo para aquellos que están en una institución educativa como profesores. A propósito del proceso de evaluación y acreditación que ha emprendido la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California de su oferta educativa, la Escuela de Humanidades ha tenido que readaptarse a esta nueva idea de administrar la educación. El reto que se presente es el de documentar el proceso educativo, como parte fundamental y complementaria en el binomio integrado por la administración y la educación. No se pueden entender una sin la otra. La propuesta gira en torno a documentar el proceso educativo con el uso de Blackboard y para renovar, también la práctica docente.

Factores que influyen en la aceptabilidad del uso de la vasectomía como estrategia para la disminución de embarazos no deseados por parte de miembros de las Fuerzas Militares de Colombia

Este trabajo de tesis se realizó con el objetivo de conocer y determinar, los factores que influyen en la aceptabilidad del uso de la vasectomía, como estrategia para la disminución de embarazos no deseados por parte de miembros de las Fuerzas Armadas de Colombia, buscando una estrategia adecuada para reducir costos del sistema de sanidad militar. Se realizo un estudio de tipo exploratorio - descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo, en busca de identificar las causas de la baja participación de los hombres en la contracepción, donde se aplicó un instrumento de investigación, que fue una encuesta realizada a una población de 1.000 miembros Ejército Nacional de Colombia, de las cuales solo fueron validas 929 encuestas, puesto que las otras se encontraban incompletas, lo que indica que la muestra tiene el nivel de coherencia, pertinencia y confiabilidad, con lo cual los hallazgos que se presentan a continuación dan cuenta del objetivo propuesto Dentro de los resultados del estudio se encontró, que entre los factores más influyentes en la aceptabilidad del uso de la vasectomía, es la formación académica y el grado militar que tienen los miembros de las FFMM, se creería que es en respuesta que hay posibilidades de una mayor comprensión, sobre las consecuencias familiares, jurídicas y sociales que acarrea tener hijos que no han sido planificados o proyectados por la familia. Entre los hallazgos más importantes identificados, fue el evidenciar la disposición de los miembros de las FFMM en someterse a la vasectomía como un mecanismo de planificación familiar, situación que obedece principalmente al hecho de que un porcentaje representativo de los encuestados se mostraron de acuerdo con este tipo de intervenciones (62%), Si bien los militares encuestados reportaron un conocimiento sobre la vasectomía, vale señalar que el mismo es muy superficial, pues en aspectos fundamentales como la reversión, existe un desconocimiento en un grupo muy significativo de los encuestados. Existe un grupo significativo de encuestados que manifestaron no utilizar ningún tipo de preservativo, lo que implica un alto riesgo en el aumento de embarazos, siendo este un factor que puede influir en la aceptabilidad del uso de la vasectomía. La vasectomía como estrategia de planificación familiar, no es un mecanismo eficiente para prevenir el riesgo de contraer enfermedades de transmisión sexual.

La estructura de oportunidad política en la aparición del movimiento estudiantil mexicano de 1968

Este documento presenta un estudio de cómo los cambios en las dimensiones pertenecientes a la estructura de oportunidad política, fueron determinantes en la conformación identitaria de un movimiento, la estructuración de sus demandas y sus métodos de actuación