Rat pinealectomy: a modified direct visual approach

PURPOSE: To report a new, direct visual approach for rat pinealectomy. METHODS: Eighty adult female rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus EPM-1 strain) were weighted and anesthetized intraperitoneally with 15 mg/kg xylazine and 30 mg/kg ketamine. The animal was fastened to a dissection table, an incision was made in the skin and the subcutaneous tissue, bringing the lambda into view. The skullcap was opened with a dental drill, bringing the cerebral hemispheres and the superior sagittal sinus into view. The pineal gland, located under the venous sinus, was removed in a single piece using tweezers. Next, the bone fragment was returned to its place and the surgical layers were sutured. RESULTS: This new technique is easy to be done, avoids bleedings and removes only the pineal gland without damage to the remaining encephalon. In addition it makes possible the achievement of a sham surgery, allowing the pineal gland to remain intact. CONCLUSION: The proposed technique intends to facilitate studies aiming to better understanding the complexity and importance of the pineal gland on reproductive and other body systems.

Efeito da fotoperiodicidade na taxa de prenhez em ratos isogênicos (F344)

O uso de animais isogênicos apresenta grandes vantagens experimentais, como uniformidade fenotípica e genotípica (reduzindo o número de animais em experimentos) e histocompatibilidade, permitindo, assim, o acúmulo de informações e a repetibilidade dos experimentos. A linhagem isogênica de Rattus norvegicus Fischer 344 existe há 90 anos, entretanto pouco se sabe sobre as razões de seu baixo índice reprodutivo. O presente estudo demonstrou que ratos Fischer F344 são fotorresponsivos quanto à reprodução, tendo seus índices de prenhezes acrescidos com o aumento do fotoperíodo. Os melhores índices são obtidos quando os machos são submetidos a 14 horas de luz e fêmeas a 16 horas de luz, indicando dimorfismo sexual na fotorresponsividade.

The Role of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the Control of Hypercholesterolemia in Rats

Cardiovascular disease is a serious public health problem; it is the first cause of death in Brazil and in developed countries. Thus, it is essential to search for alternative sources such as some functional foods to prevent and control the risks of this disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the lipidemic parameters in hypercholesterolemic rats fed diets containing black rice variety IAC 600 or unrefined rice. Adult male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus var. albinos) were used, weighing about 200-220 g. The animals were divided into four groups: the first received a control casein diet, the second received hypercholesterolemic diet, and the other two groups, after induction of hypercholesterolemia, received the test diets, the first containing 20% black rice and the second 20% unrefined, for 30 days. It was observed that diet containing black rice reduced the level of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein. For high-density lipoprotein values, the diet that provided an increase in the levels was the black rice. The diet containing black rice was more effective in controlling the lipidemia in rats compared with the whole rice diet.

Influence of anabolic steroid treatment associated to physical exercise in the ultrasonic vocalization of rats

Unlike humans, who communicate in frequency bands between 250 Hz and 6 kHz, rats can communicate in frequencies above 18 kHz. Their vocalization types depend on the context and are normally associated to subjective or emotional states. It was reported significant vocal changes due to administration of replacement testosterone in a trained tenor singer with hypogonadism. Speech-Language Pathology clinical practices are being sought by singers who sporadically use anabolic steroids associated with physical exercise. They report difficulties in reaching and keeping high notes, ""breakage"" in the passage of musical notes and post singing vocal fatigue. Those abnormalities could be raised by the association of anabolic steroids and physical exercise. Thus, in order to verify if this association could promote vocal changes, maximum, minimum and fundamental frequencies and call duration in rats treated with anabolic steroids and physically trained (10 weeks duration) were evaluated. The vocalizations were obtained by handling the animals. At the end of that period, rats treated and trained showed significant decrease in call duration, but not in other parameters. The decrease in call duration could be associated to functional alterations in the vocal folds of treated and trained animals due to a synergism between anabolic steroids and physical training. (C) 2010 Acoustical Society of America. [DOI: 10.1121/1.3488350]

Strongyloides venezuelensis: The antigenic identity of eight strains for the immunodiagnosis of human strongyloidiasis

The antigens of eight strains of Strongyloides venezuelensis were identified by means of the indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblot (IB) tests. Infective larvae (L3) from these strains were obtained from Rattus norvegicus feces cultures. For IFAT, sections of U were used while the ELISA and IB, tests were conducted with alkaline extract. Ninety serum samples were tested: 30 from patients with S. stercoralis, 30 from patients with other parasitic diseases, and 30 from healthy subjects (free of parasites). Average sensitivity and specificity among all eight strains, both for IFAT and ELISA, were, respectively, 93% and 100%. In the IB, anti-S. stercoralis IgG recognized a single antigenic fraction with 45 kDa. Serum samples from patients with S. stercoralis revealed antigens from different strains of S. venezuelensis, indicating antigenic identity for possible use in the synthesis of recombinant antigen that could be useful in immunodiagnosis and vaccine against this parasite. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The effects of predator odors in mammalian prey species: A review of field and laboratory studies

wPrey species show specific adaptations that allow recognition, avoidance and defense against predators. For many mammalian species this includes sensitivity towards predator-derived odors. The typical sources of such odors include predator skin and fur, urine, feces and anal gland secretions. Avoidance of predator odors has been observed in many mammalian prey species including rats, mice, voles, deer, rabbits, gophers, hedgehogs, possums and sheep. Field and laboratory studies show that predator odors have distinctive behavioral effects which include (1) inhibition of activity, (2) suppression of non-defensive behaviors such as foraging, feeding and grooming, and (3) shifts to habitats or secure locations where such odors are not present. The repellent effect of predator odors in the field may sometimes be of practical use in the protection of crops and natural resources, although not all attempts at this have been successful. The failure of some studies to obtain repellent effects with predator odors may relate to (1) mismatches between the predator odors and prey species employed, (2) strain and individual differences in sensitivity to predator odors, and (3) the use of predator odors that have low efficacy. In this regard, a small number of recent studies have suggested that skin and fur-derived predator odors may have a more profound lasting effect on prey species than those derived from urine or feces. Predator odors can have powerful effects on the endocrine system including a suppression of testosterone and increased levels of stress hormones such as corticosterone and ACTH. Inhibitory effects of predator odors on reproductive behavior have been demonstrated, and these are particularly prevalent in female rodent species. Pregnant female rodents exposed to predator odors may give birth to smaller litters while exposure to predator odors during early life can hinder normal development. Recent research is starting to uncover the neural circuitry activated by predator odors, leading to hypotheses about how such activation leads to observable effects on reproduction, foraging and feeding. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The response of native Australian rodents to predator odours varies seasonally: a by-product of life history variation?

Small mammals are subject to predation from mammalian, avian and reptilian predators. There is an obvious advantage for prey species to detect the presence of predators in their environment, enabling them to make decisions about movement and foraging behaviour based on perceived risk of predation. We examined the effect of faecal odours from marsupial and eutherian predators, and a native reptilian predator, on the behaviour of three endemic Australian rodent species (the fawn-footed melomys, Melomys cervinipes, the bush rat, Rattus fuscipes, and the giant white-tailed rat, Uromys caudimaculatus) in rainforest remnants on the Atherton Tableland, North Queensland, Australia. Infrared camera traps were used to assess visit rates of rodents to odour stations containing faecal and control odours. Rodents avoided odour stations containing predator faeces, but did not avoid herbivore or control odours. The responses of the three prey species differed: in the late wet season U. caudimaculatus avoided predator odours, whereas R. fuscipes and M. cervinipes did not. In contrast, in the late dry season all three species avoided odour stations containing predator odours. We speculate that these different responses may result from variation in life history traits between the species. (c) 2006 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Life cycle of Ixodes luciae (Acari: Ixodidae) in the laboratory

The life cycle of Ixodes luciae was evaluated for five consecutive generations in the laboratory. Wild mice Calomys callosus and laboratory rats Rattus norvegicus were used as hosts for larvae and nymphs. For adult ticks, opossums Didelphis aurita were used as hosts. Off-host developmental periods were observed in an incubator at 27A degrees C and 95% RH. The life cycle of I. luciae lasted 95-97 days, excluding prefeeding periods. C. callosus, one of the natural host species for I. luciae immature stages, was shown to be much more suitable than the artificial host R. norvegicus. Significantly (P < 0.05), more larvae and nymphs successfully fed on C. callosus than on R. norvegicus. When tick-na < ve C. callosus were exposed to three consecutive larval infestations at 24-day intervals, recovery of engorged larvae were greater in the second and third infestations, indicating that previous infestations did not induce acquired resistance to ticks. Larval feeding period typically varied from 5 to 10 days on R. norvegicus, but was significantly (P < 0.05), longer on C. callosus (range, 7-34 days). The majority (71.7%) of I. luciae adult females successfully fed and oviposited after exposed to D. aurita. Mean engorged weight (581.9 mg; range, 237.1-796.0 mg) of these females were much higher than those previously reported for other New World Ixodes species. Our results are in accordance to the current literature that appoints opossums Didelphidae and small rodents (e.g., C. callosus) natural hosts for I. luciae immature and adult stages, respectively.

Prenatal Lipopolysaccharide Reduces Social Behavior in Male Offspring

Objective: This study investigated the relationship between maternal sickness behavior during pregnancy and offspring development and behavior. Methods: Pregnant Wistar rats were administered with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 mu g/kg, i.p.) on gestation day (GD) 9.5. Dams` sickness behavior was analyzed, and at birth, offspring number and weight were evaluated. Male offspring was evaluated through physical development, play behavior, adult social interaction, plus maze studies and morphological analysis of the brain. Results: Results, with respect to the control group, showed that: (1) LPS decreased general activity, food intake, and weight gain in dams, but no pyrexia was observed following treatment; (2) LPS reduced litter size, but no alterations in physical development were observed; (3) LPS reduced play behavior parameters in baby rats; (4) LPS decreased adult social interaction; (5) no alterations were observed between groups on plus maze studies; (6) no differences were observed between groups on morphological analyses of the brain. Conclusion: These data reveal that LPS administered on GD 9.5 impaired male offspring`s social behavior in infancy and adulthood. These results may be related to an alteration in motivational states or/and increased anxiety. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel

Morphometric evaluation of the repair of critical-size defects using demineralized bovine bone and autogenous bone grafts in rat calvaria

Objective: To evaluate the repair of critical-size bone defects in rats treated with demineralized bovine bone (DBB) compared with autogenous bone (AB). Material and method: A bone defect of 8 mm in diameter was created in the calvaria of 50 Rattus norvegicus, treated either with DBB or AB. Sub-groups of five rats of each group were killed at 7, 14, 21, 30 and 90 days post-operatively, and the skulls were removed and processed histologically. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Result: Histological analysis showed complete closure of the defects with new bone at 90 days in group AB, and substitution of the biomaterial by fibrotic connective tissue in the DBB group at 21 days. Morphometric analysis showed that DBB was rapidly absorbed at 14 days, with its volume density decreasing from 47%+/- 0.8% at 7 days to 1.2%+/- 0.41% at 14 days. Subsequently, volume densities of the connective tissue and neoformed bone increased from 51.1%+/- 11.17% to 86.8%+/- 7.92% and from 1.9%+/- 1.13% to 12%+/- 8.02%, respectively, for the same time interval. The volume density of AB particles did not change throughout the experimental periods, but the amount of new bone increased markedly between 7 and 90 days, from 4.5%+/- 1.57% to 53.5%+/- 6.42% (P < 0.05). Conclusion: DBB did not provide complete repair of the defects, with significantly less new bone formation than in the AB group.

Assessment of the biocompatibility of Epiphany root canal sealer in rat subcutaneous tissues

Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of the root canal sealer Epiphany in rat subcutaneous tissues. Study design. Polyethylene tubes were filled with the sealer (I: Epiphany; II: photoactivated Epiphany; III: Epiphany associated with self-etch primer; IV: photoactivated Epiphany associated with primer; and V: control group) and later implanted into 4 different regions of the dorsum of 15 adult male rats (Rattus novergicus, Albinus Wistar). After 7, 21, and 42 days, 5 animals were killed, obtaining 4 samples per group, in addition to the control group, at each analyzed time. Results. In all periods, Epiphany induced a mild inflammatory reaction. However, in group II, in which the primer was not used, extensive necrosis and a moderate to intense inflammatory reaction were observed, mainly after 7 and 21 days. Conclusion. Epiphany sealer appears biocompatible when tested on rat subcutaneous tissues.

Pequenos mamíferos não voadores em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica e áreas agrícolas em Viana, Espírito Santo, Brasil

Nós inventariamos os pequenos mamíferos não-voadores em Viana, Espírito Santo, sudeste do Brasil, em 1981-1982 e 2006-2007. Foram capturados 439 pequenos mamíferos não-voadores pertencentes a três ordens (Didelphimorphia, Rodentia e Lagomorpha) e seis famílias (Didelphidae, Sciuridade, Cricetidae, Muridae, Echimyidae e Leporidae). As espécies mais abundantes foram os roedores Akodon cursor e Nectomys squamipes e o marsupial Metachirus nudicaudatus. Registramos pela primeira vez a ocorrência do roedor equimídeo Euryzygomatomys spinosus no estado do Espírito Santo. A riqueza específica (S = 21) e o índice de diversidade de Shannon (H = 2,23) estão entre os maiores registrados para pequenos mamíferos da Mata Atlântica no estado, mesmo quando comparados aos valores obtidos para unidades de conservação. Esses maiores valores de riqueza e diversidade encontrados estão provavelmente associados à heterogeneidade de hábitat e evidenciam a necessidade de conservação dos fragmentos florestais de Viana, os quais são importantes depositários da biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica.

Efeitos da inalação passiva da fumaça de cigarro sobre as pregas vocais de ratos

Poucos estudos demonstram as reações patológicas devidas à inalação de fumaça pelas vias aéreas de ratos. OBJETIVO: Estudar e analisar os possíveis efeitos histopatologicos produzidos pela inalação crônica de fumaça de cigarro nas pregas vocais de ratos. DESENHO DE ESTUDO: Experimental. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: 36 ratos masculinos (Rattus norvergicus Wistar), de 60 dias de idade, foram mantidos em gaiolas e expostos à inalação da fumaça produzida por 10 cigarros, 3 vezes ao dia, 7 dias por semana, para períodos de 25, 50 e 75 dias, e os controles respectivos. Os animais foram sacrificados e as suas laringes dissecadas e submetidas a análise histológica com coloração de Hematoxilina e Eosina e analisados através de microscopia simples. RESULTADOS: Os ratos expostos ao cigarro exibiram menor (p <0,05) massa corporal que o grupo controle. Havia hiperplasia e metaplasia escamosa na extremidade livre da prega vocal e hiperplasia escamosa na porção mediana da prega vocal em todos os 3 períodos de estudo. Além disso, o grupo de 50 dias revelou metaplasia com queratinização nesta área. Não foram observadas alterações morfológicas em outras áreas da laringe e reação inflamatória da lâmina propria. CONCLUSÃO: Foi concluído que a inalação passiva de fumaça de cigarro rende mudanças morfológicas importantes no epitélio da prega vocal que podem, eventualmente, progredir para neoplasia.

Influência do consumo de diferentes níveis de Spirulina no desenvolvimento e perfil lipídico de ratos

Spirulina é uma cianobactéria que vem sendo produzida e estudada por suas propriedades nutricionais e por seus benefícios à saúde. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a influência de dietas acrescidas de diferentes concentrações de Spirulina sobre o desenvolvimento corporal e o perfil lipídico de ratos. Foram utilizados 24 ratos Wistar, alimentados, durante 40 dias, com quatro dietas isoproteicas (10%) distintas, sendo seis animais por grupo: 1) Dieta controle (AIN93G adaptada); 2) Dieta S1 (8,8% de Spirulina); 3) Dieta S2 (17,6% de Spirulina); 4) Dieta S3 (26,4% de Spirulina). Foram avaliados parâmetros nutricionais e o perfil lipídico dos animais, cujos dados foram analisados estatisticamente por Análise de Variância, seguida do teste de Tukey, a 5% de significância (p ≤ 0,05). O tratamento com 8,8% de Spirulina mostrou-se equivalente ao controle, apresentando respostas mais adequadas de CEA, medidas de crescimento e lipídios séricos. Já o S2 não foi capaz de promover um bom desenvolvimento corporal, comparado com o do controle, além de elevar os níveis de colesterol total e LDL-c. O tratamento S3 apresentou somente valores estatisticamente diferentes de HDL-c, quando comparado com os do controle (p ≤ 0,05). Conclui-se que, no tempo e condições do estudo, o tratamento S3, único com Spirulina como fonte exclusiva de proteína, foi capaz de substituir a fonte proteica padrão (caseína) na dieta para roedores, promovendo o adequado desenvolvimento corporal e lipídico dos animais.

Aspectos ecológicos da tripanossomose americana: I - observações sôbre o Panstrongylus megistus e suas relações com focos naturais da infecção, em área urbana da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil

São relatadas as investigações que levaram a efeito o encontro de foco natural da Tripanossomose Americana, na área ocupada pelo bairro denominado Chácara Flora, na cidade de São Paulo. Esse foco conta com o concurso do triatomíneo Panstrongylus megistus, de gambás Didelphis marsupialis e de ratos domésticos da espécie Rattus norvegicus. A presença destes últimos permite admitir maior aproximação da infecção no sentido do ambiente humano. O encontro de um espécimen adulto fêmea de P. megistus sugando ativamente o homem dentro da habitação, aliado à revisão da literatura, permite supor que não se trata de subespécie ecológica. A presença de diferenças essenciais de comportamento no norte e sul do Brasil, no estado atual dos conhecimentos, seria resultante, preponderantemente, da ação de fatôres ambientais, entre os quais, as condições climáticas.