Systême militaire de la Prusse et principes de la tactique actuelle des troupes les plus perfectionnées : [Texto impreso] extrait de la Monarchie prussienne

Sign. : []2, A-Z4, 2A-2Z4, 3A-3G4

Something fishy about homecooked infant feeding recipes

Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the statistical team within the Division of Applied Health Sciences at the University of Aberdeen for their support in analysing the data. This work was supported by The Scottish Government’s Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services (RESAS) division (LC grant). Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; analysis, and interpretation of data for the work were conducted by Sharon Carstairs (SC) under the supervision of Dr K Kiezebrink (KK), Dr D Marais (DM) and Dr L Craig (LC). Data collection was conducted by SC and a 10% duplicate data extraction by DM. Financial Support This work was funded by The Seafish Authority and Interface Food and Drink as part of a Doctorate Scholarship undertaken at the University of Aberdeen (grant number HS053 RBZ0214).

A comparison of preprepared commercial infant feeding meals with home-cooked recipes

Sources of funding: This study was funded by the Seafish Authority and Interface Food and Drink Scotland as part of a PhD scholarship for SC.

Does recombination improve selection on codon usage? Lessons from nematode and fly complete genomes

Understanding the factors responsible for variations in mutation patterns and selection efficacy along chromosomes is a prerequisite for deciphering genome sequences. Population genetics models predict a positive correlation between the efficacy of selection at a given locus and the local rate of recombination because of Hill–Robertson effects. Codon usage is considered one of the most striking examples that support this prediction at the molecular level. In a wide range of species including Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, codon usage is essentially shaped by selection acting for translational efficiency. Codon usage bias correlates positively with recombination rate in Drosophila, apparently supporting the hypothesis that selection on codon usage is improved by recombination. Here we present an exhaustive analysis of codon usage in C. elegans and D. melanogaster complete genomes. We show that in both genomes there is a positive correlation between recombination rate and the frequency of optimal codons. However, we demonstrate that in both species, this effect is due to a mutational bias toward G and C bases in regions of high recombination rate, possibly as a direct consequence of the recombination process. The correlation between codon usage bias and recombination rate in these species appears to be essentially determined by recombination-dependent mutational patterns, rather than selective effects. This result highlights that it is necessary to take into account the mutagenic effect of recombination to understand the evolutionary role and impact of recombination.

c-Jun interacts with the corepressor TG-interacting factor (TGIF) to suppress Smad2 transcriptional activity

The Sma and Mad related (Smad) family proteins are critical mediators of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily signaling. After TGF-β-mediated phosphorylation and association with Smad4, Smad2 moves to the nucleus and activates expression of specific genes through cooperative interactions with DNA-binding proteins, including members of the winged-helix family of transcription factors, forkhead activin signal transducer (FAST)-1 and FAST2. TGF-β has also been described to activate other signaling pathways, such as the c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) pathway. Here, we show that activation of JNK cascade blocked the ability of Smad2 to mediate TGF-β-dependent activation of the FAST proteins. This inhibitory activity is mediated through the transcriptional factor c-Jun, which enhances the association of Smad2 with the nuclear transcriptional corepressor TG-interacting factor (TGIF), thereby interfering with the assembly of Smad2 and the coactivator p300 in response to TGF-β signaling. Interestingly, c-Jun directly binds to the nuclear transcriptional corepressor TGIF and is required for TGIF-mediated repression of Smad2 transcriptional activity. These studies thus reveal a mechanism for suppression of Smad2 signaling pathway by JNK cascade through transcriptional repression.

L'Espagnole /

"Tirage: cinq cents exemplaires ... 350 vélin du Marais (nos 151 à 500). no. 208."

State water plan studies.

Includes bibliographies.

Les monuments arabes de Tlemcen,

Mode of access: Internet.

Plan général d'hospices royaux : ayant pour objet de former dans la ville et fauxbourgs de Paris des établissements pour six mille pauvres malades ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Oeuvres de J. B. Poquelin de Moliere.

Contiene : T. I: Vie de Molière ; L'Etourdi. Le dépit amoureux. Les precieuses ridicules ; Sganarelle. Don Garcie Le tartuffe (393 p.) -- T. II : L'École des Marais. Les facheux. L'École des femes. La critique de l'école des femmes. L'impromptu de Versailles. La princesse d'Elide. Le mariage force ( 393 p.) -- T. IV: Le tartuffe. Amphitryon. George Dandin. Intermèdes de George Dandin. L'avare (457 p.) -- T. V: Monsieur de Pourceaugnac. Les amants magnifiques. Le bourgeois gentilhomme. Les fourberies de Scapin (433 p.) -- T. VI: Psyche. Les femmes savantes. La comtesse d'Escarbagnas. Le malade imaginaire. La glorie du val-de-grace (413 p.)