Avaliação da aptidão das variedades "Tommy Atkins e Kent" para o processamento mínimo de manga.

O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de manga (Mangifera indica L.), sendo um fruto tropical de grande aceitação pelos consumidores, devido à sua composição nutricional e suas características exóticas. Mesmo assim, seu consumo ainda é considerado pequeno, podendo ser ampliado ao utilizar formas variadas visando aumentar seu grau de conveniência. O processamento mínimo da manga facilita o seu consumo, tornando-o mais prático, com melhor aproveitamento do produto e com agregação de valor. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a aptidão de duas variedades de manga, Tommy Atkins e Kent, para o processamento mínimo, em quatro dias de armazenamento sob atmosfera modificada em embalagem PET.

Screening and breeding for genetic resistance to anthracnose in mango

Postharvest diseases remain a significant constraint to the transport, storage and marketing of mangoes. The two main ones are anthracnose and stem end rot. Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the more wide-spread of the two. Varieties within Mangifera indica are known to vary in their level of reactions to anthracnose; however, the best tolerance in current commercial cultivars is not sufficient to eliminate the need for pre- and postharvest fungicides treatments. A screening program was initiated in mango accessions in the Australian National Mango Genebank to look for any significant resistance to C. gloeosporioides in fruit as they ripened. Screening was conducted by rating reactions to natural infection of anthracnose and reactions to artificially inoculating fruit with virulent isolates of C. gloeosporioides. A range of reactions to the pathogen were identified, with strong resistance found in one accession of the species M. laurina. This accession was used as the pollen parent in a controlled crossing program with a M. indica hybrid from the Australian Mango Breeding Program (AMBP). Sixty successful hybrids between the species have been generated. The hybrid population will be screened for resistance to anthracnose and used for gene discovery investigations to identify markers for anthracnose resistance.

Fungal Planet description sheets: 371-399

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Australia: Neoseptorioides eucalypti gen. & sp. nov. from Eucalyptus radiata leaves, Phytophthora gondwanensis from soil, Diaporthe tulliensis from rotted stem ends of Theobroma cacao fruit, Diaporthe vawdreyi from fruit rot of Psidium guajava, Magnaporthiopsis agrostidis from rotted roots of Agrostis stolonifera and Semifissispora natalis from Eucalyptus leaf litter. Furthermore, Neopestalotiopsis egyptiaca is described from Mangifera indica leaves (Egypt), Roussoella mexicana from Coffea arabica leaves (Mexico), Calonectria monticola from soil (Thailand), Hygrocybe jackmanii from littoral sand dunes (Canada), Lindgomyces madisonensis from submerged decorticated wood (USA), Neofabraea brasiliensis from Malus domestica (Brazil), Geastrum diosiae from litter (Argentina), Ganoderma wiiroense on angiosperms (Ghana), Arthrinium gutiae from the gut of a grasshopper (India), Pyrenochaeta telephoni from the screen of a mobile phone (India) and Xenoleptographium phialoconidium gen. & sp. nov. on exposed xylem tissues of Gmelina arborea (Indonesia). Several novelties are introduced from Spain, namely Psathyrella complutensis on loamy soil, Chlorophyllum lusitanicum on nitrified grasslands (incl. Chlorophyllum arizonicum comb. nov.), Aspergillus citocrescens from cave sediment and Lotinia verna gen. & sp. nov. from muddy soil. Novel foliicolous taxa from South Africa include Phyllosticta carissicola from Carissa macrocarpa, Pseudopyricularia hagahagae from Cyperaceae and Zeloasperisporium searsiae from Searsia chirindensis. Furthermore, Neophaeococcomyces is introduced as a novel genus, with two new combinations, N. aloes and N. catenatus. Several foliicolous novelties are recorded from La Réunion, France, namely Ochroconis pandanicola from Pandanus utilis, Neosulcatispora agaves gen. & sp. nov. from Agave vera-cruz, Pilidium eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus robusta, Strelitziana syzygii from Syzygium jambos (incl. Strelitzianaceae fam. nov.) and Pseudobeltrania ocoteae from Ocotea obtusata (Beltraniaceae emend.). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.

Comportamiento de nopal (Opuntia ficusindica L.) en asocio con seis cultivos prehispánicos, Ecolotes Ave Maria, Las Esquinas, Carazo 2013

El nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica L.), familia de las Cactáceas, es originario de América. Es una planta que se adapta muy bien en diferentes condiciones climáticas, se desarrolla exitosamente en zonas donde llueve muy poco; también tiene una gran importancia por sus diferentes usos que se le conocen. Para conocer de su comportamiento como cultivo asociado, se estableció un ensayo en la finca Ecolote Ave María, ubicada en Las Esquinas, Carazo, en el km 37 ½ carretera Managua – San Marcos, Carazo, en la época de primera 2013. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar (BCA), con cuatro repeticiones y seis tratamientos: pipián cuarenteño (Cucúrbita angyrosperma J. C. Huber), amaranto (Amaranthus caudatus L.), chan (Hyptis suaveolens L.), frijol blanco (Phaseolus acutifolius, Gray), yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) y batata (Ipomoea batata L.), con el objetivo de conocer con cuál de estos cultivos en asocio se obtienen mejores rendimientos de cladodios de nopal. El análisis de los datos obtenidos del estudio reflejan que se obtuvo una supervivencia del 100 % en todo los tratamientos, el mejor número de brotes por planta fue de 2, el mejor ancho de cladodios (3.63 cm) y el mejor rendimiento fue de (2 386.5 kg/ha), en asocio con amaranto; el mejor largo de cladodios (7.65 cm) fue con el cultivo de Yuca, respecto al comportamiento de los cultivos prehispánicos, batata con una altura de 172.8 cm ha sido el más exitoso, seguido por el chan con 131.42 cm de largo de guía y la yuca con 111.3 cm de altura, los cultivos de amaranto, frijol blanco y pipián cuarenteño no lograron adaptarse a las condiciones climáticas del ensayo.

Manejo da fertilidade do solo na implantacao da cultura da mangueira.

2001

Análise de crescimento em amendoinzeiro (Arachis hypogaea L.) submetido à matocompetição

Foram verificados os efeitos de diferentes períodos de controle e convivência de plantas daninhas (0; 14; 28; 42; 56; 70; 84 e 98 dias) na cultura do amendoinzeiro (Arachis hypogaea L.) em Moji-Guaçu (SP). As principais espécies invasoras da área experimental foram: Acanthospermum australe (Loef.) O. Kuntz, Waltheria indica L., Borreria alata DC., Richardia scabra L., Rhynchelytrum repens (Nees) Stapf. et Hubb. e Diodia teres Walt. de maneira geral, durante quase todo o ciclo, a espécie de maior importância relativa foi A. australe, sendo suplantada por outras espécies apenas na colheita, quando já estava encerrando seu ciclo de desenvolvimento. O período inicial de controle das plantas daninhas, al��m de reduzir a densidade da comunidade infestante, diminuiu sua riqueza em espécies e alterou a importância relativa das populações. A matocompetição resultou na redução do crescimento do amendoinzeiro, principalmente a partir de 42 dias de convivência, afetando a altura das plantas, a área foliar, o índice de área foliar e o acúmulo epígeo de matéria seca. Não foram afetados os números de ramos e de fol��olos por planta, nem a qualidade dos grãos e o vigor das sementes do amendoim. A produção de frutos foi reduzida ao redor de 31,5% em decorrência da interferência das plantas daninhas. O período total de prevenção da interferência na produção foi de 14 dias e o período anterior à interferência foi de 70 dias.

Mangas minimamente processadas amadurecidas naturalmente ou com etileno e armazenadas em diferentes embalagens

Avaliaram-se produtos minimamente processados de mangas 'Tommy Atkins' amadurecidas naturalmente ou com etileno. Os frutos amadurecidos com aplicação de etileno foram colhidos no estádio meio-maturo (de vez) e tratados com etileno (1g.L-1) e mantidos em câmaras, por 12 horas, a 23-25ºC e 85-90% UR. Os frutos foram selecionados, lavados com detergente, sanitizados (200mg.L-1 de cloro) e armazenados por 12 horas, a 10ºC. Após este período, foram processados sob condições assépticas, a 12ºC, acondicionados em embalagem PET ou bandeja de poliestireno expandido recoberta por filme de PVC e armazenados a 3ºC. Foram avaliados, a cada 3 dias, a resistência e a coloração da polpa, os teores de ácido ascórbico, sólidos sol��veis (SS), acidez titul��vel (AT), carboidratos sol��veis, redutores e amido, relação SS/AT, pH e atividade da peroxidase. Durante o período de armazenamento, os pedaços de manga tornaram-se mais firmes e mantiveram-se amarelos, porém mais escurecidos, o que foi indicado por redução na luminosidade. Os teores de ácido ascórbico nos pedaços das mangas amadurecidas com etileno apresentaram-se menores que os das amadurecidas naturalmente. A acidez apresentou tendência de redução durante o armazenamento, com as amadurecidas com etileno apresentando os maiores valores e os menores pH. Os produtos de mangas amadurecidas com etileno apresentaram os maiores valores de SS, mas menor relação SS/AT, indicando gosto mais azedo. Os teores de carboidratos sol��veis e de amido não apresentaram variação com tendência definida, mas os de carboidratos redutores apresentaram tendência de acréscimo, e a atividade da peroxidase, de decréscimo durante o armazenamento. Os produtos de mangas amadurecidas naturalmente foram superiores aos amadurecidos com etileno, mantendo boa qualidade e aparência adequada para a comercialização até o 13º dia, enquanto os das amadurecidas com etileno, por 11 dias.

Can the aqueous decoction of mango flowers be used as an antiulcer agent?

This study was designed to determine the effect of Mangifera indica flowers decoction, on the acute and subacute models of induced ulcer in mice and rats. A single oral administration of the aqueous decoction (AD) from M. indica up to a dose of 5 g/kg, p.o. did not produce any signs or symptom of toxicity in the treated animals. The oral pre-treatment with AD (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) in rats with gastric lesions induced by ethanol, decreased the gastric lesions from 89.0 +/- 6.71 (control group) to 9.25 +/- 2.75, 4.50 +/- 3.30 and 0, respectively. Pretreatment with AD (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) to mice with HCl/ethanol- or stress-induced gastric lesions resulted in a dose-dependent significant decrease of lesion index. In the piroxicam-induced gastric lesions, the gastroprotective effect of AD was reducing with the increase of the AD dose. In the pylorus-ligature, AD (p.o.) significantly decreased the acid output indicating the antisecretory property involved in the gastroprotective effect of M. indica. Treatment with AD during 14 consecutive days significantly accelerated the healing process in subacute gastric ulcer induced by acetic acid in rats. Pretreatment with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of NO-synthase, did not abolish the gastroprotective effects (99% with saline versus 80% With L-NAME) of AD against ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a blocker of endogenous sulphydryl group, significantly abolished the protective effects of AD against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers (95% with saline versus 47% with NEM). Phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroids, triterpenes, phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Estimation of the global polyphenol content in the AD was performed by Folin-Ciocalteu method and showed approximately 53% of total phenolic on this extract. These findings indicate the potential gastroprotective and ulcer-healing properties of aqueous decoction of M. indica flowers and further support its popular use in gastrointestinal disorders in Caribbean. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.

Development of Intra- and Interxylary Secondary Phloem in Coccinia indica (Cucurbitaceae)

Stern anatomy and the development of intraxylary phloem were investigated in six to eight years old Coccinia indica L. (Cucurbitaceae). Secondary growth in the stems was achieved by the normal cambial activity. In the innermost part of the thicker stems, xylem parenchyma and pith cells dedifferentiated into meristematic cells at several points. In some of the wider rays, ray cells dedifferentiate and produce secondary xylem and phloem with different orientations and sometimes a complete bicollateral vascular bundle. The inner cambial segments of the bicollateral vascular bundle (of primary growth) maintained radial arrangement even in the mature stems but in most places the cambia were either inactive or showed very few cell divisions. Concomitant with the obliteration and collapse of inner phloem (of bicollateral vascular bundles), parenchyma cells encircling the phloem became meristematic forming a circular sheath of internal cambia. These internal cambia produce only intraxylary secondary phloem centripetally and do not produce any secondary xylem. In the stem, secondary xylem consisted mainly of axial parenchyma, small strands of thick-walled xylem derivatives, i.e. vessel elements and fibres embedded in parenchymatous ground mass, wide and tall rays along with exceptionally wide vessels characteristic of lianas. In thick stems, the axial parenchyma de-differentiated into meristem, which later re-differentiated into interxylary phloem. Fibre dimorphism and pseudo-vestured pits in the vessels are also reported.

Reciprocal interference between ants and stingless bees attending the honeydew-producing homopteran Aetalion reticulatum (Homoptera: Aetalionidae)

We evaluated the reciprocal effects between foragers of the ants Camponotus crassus and of the stingless bees Trigona hyalinata on aggregations of the honeydew-producing treehopper Aetalion reticulatum. The interactions were observed in Bauhinia variegata (Caesalpiniaceae) and Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) trees. We recorded the presence/absence of each attendant species in homopteran aggregations to test if the observed co-occurrence is lower than that expected by chance. An exclusion experiment was performed in which each attendant species was excluded from aggregations in order to test if an attendant species is more likely to occupy aggregations where the other attendant is not present. We also recorded the number of individuals of each attendant species in homopteran aggregations to search for any correlation between homopteran and attendant abundances. Additionally, we performed experiments using termites (Termitidae, Isoptera) as models to verify if the attendant species have the potential to defend A. reticulatum against natural enemies. The co-occurrence of attendant species was lower than that expected by chance. Homopteran aggregations without stingless bees were more visited by ants than those in which T. hyalinata was present, and vice-versa. The abundance of stingless bees was proportional to homopteran abundance, while ants abundance was not correlated to homopteran abundance. Both attendant species attacked the natural enemies models when we glued the termites ca. 1 cm away from homopteran aggregations, but only ants removed termites glued 5-7 cm away from aggregations. We suggest that the effects of non-formicid attendants should be included as another factor influencing the costs and benefits of ant-homopteran interactions, since honeydew availability for ants also depends on the presence and behavior of interspecific attendants.

The in vitro antimicrobial activity of natural infant fluoride-free toothpastes on oral micro-organisms

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of six toothpastes for infants: 3 fluoride-free experimental toothpastes - cashew-based, mango-based and without plant extract and fluoride compared with 2 commercially fluoride-free toothpastes and 1 fluoridated toothpastes. Methods: Six toothpastes for infants were evaluated in this study: (1) experimental cashew-based toothpaste; (2) experimental mango-based toothpaste; (3) experimental toothpaste without plant extract and fluoride (negative control); (4) First Teeth brand toothpaste; (5) Weleda brand toothpaste; and (6) Tandy brand toothpaste (positive control). The antimicrobial activity was recorded against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Candida albicans using the agar plate diffusion test. Results: First Teeth, Weleda, mango-based toothpaste, and toothpaste without plant extract presented no antimicrobial effect against any of the tested micro-organisms. Cashew toothpaste had antimicrobial activity against S mutans, S sobrinus, and L acidophilus, but it showed no antimicrobial activity against C albicans. There was no statistical difference between the inhibition halo of cashew and Tandy toothpastes against S mutans and L acidophilus. Conclusions: Cashew fluoride-free toothpaste had inhibitory activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and these results were similar to those obtained for fluoridated toothpaste.

Portuguese ecotypes of Opuntia ficus-indica differ in biomass production

The Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller is a species from the Cactaceae family with the center of origin and domestication in central Mexico. This species introduction in the Iberia Peninsula occurred, probably, by the end of the 15th century, after the discovery of America, spreading later throughout the Mediterranean basin. In Portugal, O. ficus-indica is located, usually, with a typical ruderal behavior, at the edge of roads and paths. In Portugal, as in other Mediterranean regions, inlands areas are under severe draught during extensive summers, in particular, and global warming is expected to affect them deeply in the near future. O. ficus-indica, by its morpho-physiological characteristics and multiple economic uses, represent an alternative crop for those regions. Sixteen Portuguese O. ficus indica ecotypes and two ‘Italian’ cultivars ("Gialla" and "Bianca") were evaluated for plant vigor and biomass production, by nondestructive methods, in the two years following planting. Biomass production and plant vigor were measured by estimating cladode number, cladode area and fresh weight per plant. Linear models to predict the area of cladodes and fresh weight per plant were previously established using a biometric analysis of 180 cladodes. It was not possible to establish an accurate linear model for dry matter using non-destructive estimation. Significant differences were found among populations in the studied biomass-related parameters, and different groups were unfolded. A group of four Portuguese ecotypes outperformed in terms of biomass production, comparable with the “Gialla” cultivar. This group could be used to start a breeding program with the objective of deploy material for animal feeding, biomass and fruit production. Nevertheless, the ‘Gialla’ cultivar showed the best performance, achieving the highest biomass related parameters, not surprisingly for it is an improved plant material.

Aplicação pré-colheita de leveduras para o controle de podridões pós-colheita de manga Kent.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da aplicação de leveduras pulverizadas durante o desenvolvimento dos frutos no campo, seguido de reaplicações pós-colheita, em comparação com produto comercial registrado para a cultura. O experimento foi conduzido no Campo Experimental de Bebedouro, da Embrapa Semiárido (Petrolina, PE) com quatro tratamentos: com fungicida pré e pós-colheita; Sacharomyces sp. LF; Pichia kudriavzevii L9; controle sem aplicação de fungicida pré ou pós-colheita, apenas com imersão em solução de CMC. Houve efeito significativo dos agentes de controle biol��gico sobre a incidência e a severidade das podridões com aplicação de tratamentos pré e pós-colheita, resultado este estatisticamente similar ao tratamento com fungicida. Os tratamentos com Sacharomyces sp. LF e P. kudriavzevii L9 apresentaram risco de desenvolvimento de podridão 3,2 e 3,5 vezes menor que o controle, respectivamente. Esses valores são similares a 3,7, alcançado com a aplicação de fungicida.

Making mangoes move

A landscape of mangoes most likely brings to mind a place in a tropical location. By the end of the nineteenth century that place could have been located on any continent in the world. Mangoes were found in geographic locations; in scientific institutions; as crop plants; and as a backyard trees. Here I trace the movement of mangoes Mangifera indica Linn., focusing on the transnational links formed through colonial botanic gardens in Australia. Botanic gardens were largely understood through their work in establishing economically successful plantation crops, such as sugar and tea. Mangoes were not a success crop of the age of botanic imperialism. Instead, mangoes were simply one species among the millions of plants that botanic gardens moved in addition to these well known commercial crops. Colonial science moved plants for a myriad of other types of reasons, for ornament, for curiosity, for lesser commercial purposes and for pure science. In each site the mango emerged, the discourses and technologies that traveled with it changed according to local needs. Indeed, rather than finding mangoes located in one place, tracing their movement demonstrates that this was an extended landscape connecting these things across time and space...

(Z)-11-Hexadecenal and (3Z,6Z,9Z)-Tricosatriene: Sex Pheromone Components of the Red Banded Mango Caterpillar Deanolis sublimbalis

The sex pheromone of the red banded mango caterpillar, Deanolis sublimbalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a serious pest of the mango Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) in India and Southeast Asia and a recent invader into northern Australia, has been identified. Three candidate compounds were identified from pheromone gland extracts of female moths, using gas chromatography (GC), GC-electroantennographic detection and GC-mass spectrometric analyses, in conjunction with dimethyldisulfide derivatization. Field bioassays established that both (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald) and (3Z,6Z,9Z)-tricosatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-23:Hy) were required for attraction of male D. sublimbalis moths, and 1,000 μg of a 1:1 mix of Z11-16:Ald and 3Z,6Z,9Z-23:Hy was more attractive to male moths than caged virgin females. However, the binary blend was only attractive when the isomeric purity of the monounsaturated aldehyde was >99%, suggesting that the (E)-isomer was inhibitory. Although (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol (Z11-16:OH) was tentatively identified in gland extracts, the addition of this compound to the binary blend did not increase the numbers of moths captured. The pheromone can now be used in integrated pest management strategies.