Laskennallisen läpimenoajan lyhentäminen

Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää yrityksen käytössä olevaa läpimenoajan laskentakaavaa, sekä löytää keinoja ja toimintamalleja läpimenoajan lyhentämiseen lähinnä puolivalmisteiden osalta. Taustalla on konsernin tavoitteet lyhentää läpimenoaikoja. Työ keskittyi kahteen liiketoimintayksikköön, jotka ovat rakennuslukitus ja laitelukitus. Näillä liiketoimintayksiköillä läpimenoajat ovat selvästi konsernin keskiarvoa korkeammat. Ensin selvitettiin nykytilannetta nimikeanalyysien ja haastattelujen avulla. Läpimenoajan laskentakaavan osatekijät esiteltiin. Seuraavaksi tutkittiin vaikutusmahdollisuuksia laskentakaavan osatekijöihin. Lisäksi laadittiin eräkokojen keskinäisten valmistuserien laskentaan LIMIT-tekniikalla toteutettu laskentataulukko, jota hyödyntämällä varastoissa oleviin nimikkeisiin sitoutunutta pääomaa pystytään minimoimaan. Toimenpide-ehdotuksena esitetään vuosia varastoissa seisseiden nimikkeiden hävittämistä, sekä nimikekohtaisten asetusaikojen selvittämistä ja niiden systemaattista lyhentämistä. Lisäksi ehdotetaan siirtymistä omakustannehinnoittelusta keskivarastohinnoitteluun myös puolivalmisteiden kohdalla. Tällöin laskentakaavaan syntyvät vääristymät saadaan poistettua.

Development of finite elements for analysis of biomechanical structures using flexible multibody formulations

The absolute nodal coordinate formulation was originally developed for the analysis of structures undergoing large rotations and deformations. This dissertation proposes several enhancements to the absolute nodal coordinate formulation based finite beam and plate elements. The main scientific contribution of this thesis relies on the development of elements based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation that do not suffer from commonly known numerical locking phenomena. These elements can be used in the future in a number of practical applications, for example, analysis of biomechanical soft tissues. This study presents several higher-order Euler–Bernoulli beam elements, a simple method to alleviate Poisson’s and transverse shear locking in gradient deficient plate elements, and a nearly locking free gradient deficient plate element. The absolute nodal coordinate formulation based gradient deficient plate elements developed in this dissertation describe most of the common numerical locking phenomena encountered in the formulation of a continuum mechanics based description of elastic energy. Thus, with these fairly straightforwardly formulated elements that are comprised only of the position and transverse direction gradient degrees of freedom, the pathologies and remedies for the numerical locking phenomena are presented in a clear and understandable manner. The analysis of the Euler–Bernoulli beam elements developed in this study show that the choice of higher gradient degrees of freedom as nodal degrees of freedom leads to a smoother strain field. This improves the rate of convergence.

Decoding algorithms using side-effect machines

Bioinformatics applies computers to problems in molecular biology. Previous research has not addressed edit metric decoders. Decoders for quaternary edit metric codes are finding use in bioinformatics problems with applications to DNA. By using side effect machines we hope to be able to provide efficient decoding algorithms for this open problem. Two ideas for decoding algorithms are presented and examined. Both decoders use Side Effect Machines(SEMs) which are generalizations of finite state automata. Single Classifier Machines(SCMs) use a single side effect machine to classify all words within a code. Locking Side Effect Machines(LSEMs) use multiple side effect machines to create a tree structure of subclassification. The goal is to examine these techniques and provide new decoders for existing codes. Presented are ideas for best practices for the creation of these two types of new edit metric decoders.

The decoupling approach to quantum information theory

La théorie de l'information quantique étudie les limites fondamentales qu'imposent les lois de la physique sur les tâches de traitement de données comme la compression et la transmission de données sur un canal bruité. Cette thèse présente des techniques générales permettant de résoudre plusieurs problèmes fondamentaux de la théorie de l'information quantique dans un seul et même cadre. Le théorème central de cette thèse énonce l'existence d'un protocole permettant de transmettre des données quantiques que le receveur connaît déjà partiellement à l'aide d'une seule utilisation d'un canal quantique bruité. Ce théorème a de plus comme corollaires immédiats plusieurs théorèmes centraux de la théorie de l'information quantique. Les chapitres suivants utilisent ce théorème pour prouver l'existence de nouveaux protocoles pour deux autres types de canaux quantiques, soit les canaux de diffusion quantiques et les canaux quantiques avec information supplémentaire fournie au transmetteur. Ces protocoles traitent aussi de la transmission de données quantiques partiellement connues du receveur à l'aide d'une seule utilisation du canal, et ont comme corollaires des versions asymptotiques avec et sans intrication auxiliaire. Les versions asymptotiques avec intrication auxiliaire peuvent, dans les deux cas, être considérées comme des versions quantiques des meilleurs théorèmes de codage connus pour les versions classiques de ces problèmes. Le dernier chapitre traite d'un phénomène purement quantique appelé verrouillage: il est possible d'encoder un message classique dans un état quantique de sorte qu'en lui enlevant un sous-système de taille logarithmique par rapport à sa taille totale, on puisse s'assurer qu'aucune mesure ne puisse avoir de corrélation significative avec le message. Le message se trouve donc «verrouillé» par une clé de taille logarithmique. Cette thèse présente le premier protocole de verrouillage dont le critère de succès est que la distance trace entre la distribution jointe du message et du résultat de la mesure et le produit de leur marginales soit suffisamment petite.

Au théâtre on meurt pour rien : essai ; suivi de Le plancher sous la moquette : théâtre.

L’essai Au théâtre on meurt pour rien. Raconter la mort sans coupable, entre Maeterlinck et Chaurette, compare divers usages dramatiques du récit de mort sous l’éclairage de la généalogie nietzschéenne de l’inscription mémorielle. Pour illustrer l’hypothèse d’une fonction classique du témoin de la mort − donner sens au trépas en le situant dans une quête scénique de justice −, l’essai fait appel à des personnages-types chez Eschyle, Shakespeare et Racine. En contraste, des œuvres du dramaturge moderne Maeterlinck (Intérieur) et du dramaturge contemporain Normand Chaurette (Fragments d’une lettre d’adieu lus par des géologues, Stabat Mater II) sont interprétées comme logeant toute leur durée scénique dans un temps de la mort qui dépasserait la recherche d’un coupable absolu ; une étude approfondie les distingue toutefois par la valeur accordée à l’insolite et à la banalité, ainsi qu’à la singularité des personnages. Le plancher sous la moquette est une pièce de théâtre en trois scènes et trois registres de langue, pour deux comédiennes. Trois couples de sœurs se succèdent dans le salon d’un appartement, jadis une agence de détective qui a marqué leur imaginaire d’enfant. Thématiquement, la pièce déplace le lien propre aux films noirs entre l’enquête et la ville, en y juxtaposant le brouillage temporel qu’implique l’apparition de fantômes. Chacune des trois scènes déréalise les deux autres en redistribuant les mêmes données selon une tonalité autre, mais étrangement similaire, afin d’amener le spectateur à douter du hors-scène : le passé, l’appartement, Montréal. Son réflexe cartésien de traquer la vérité doit le mener à découvrir que les scènes ne vont pas de l’ombre à la lumière, mais qu’elles montrent plutôt que dans l’une et l’autre, la mort n’échappe pas aux trivialités de la mémoire.

Synthesis of constrained tricyclic nucleosides and the core of nagilactone B

Cette thèse décrit deux thèmes principaux: 1) la conception, la synthèse, et l'évaluation biophysique des nucléosides tricycliques, et 2) la synthèse de nagilactone B, un produit naturel norditerpenoïde dilactone de la famille de produits naturels “podolactone”. Le premier chapitre décrit la stratégie de design rationnel des nucléosides nommé “restriction conformationnelle double” basée sur les études de modélisation structurales des duplex ADN–ARN modifiés. Cette stratégie implique un blocage du cycle furanose dans une configuration de type N- ou S, et une restriction de la rotation torsionelle autour de l’angle γ. La première contrainte a été incorporée avec un pont méthylène entre l’oxygène en position 2′ et le carbone 4′ du nucléoside. Cette stratégie a été inspirée par les acides nucléiques bloqués (ou “locked nucleic acid”, LNA). La deuxième contrainte a été réalisée en ajoutant un carbocycle supplémentaire dans l'échafaud de l’acide nucléique bloqué. Les défis synthétiques de la formation des nucléotides modifiés à partir des carbohydrates sont décrits ainsi que les améliorations aux stabilités thermiques qu’ils apportent aux duplex oligonucléïques dont ils font partie. Chapitres deux et trois décrivent le développement de deux voies synthétiques complémentaires pour la formation du noyau de nagilactone B. Ce produit naturel a des implications pour le syndrome de Hutchinson–Gilford, à cause de son habilité de jouer le rôle de modulateur de l’épissage d’ARN pré-messager de lamine A. Ce produit naturel contient sept stereocentres différents, dont deux quaternaires et deux comprenant un syn-1,2-diol, ainsi que des lactones à cinq ou six membres, où le cycle à six ressemble à un groupement α-pyrone. La synthèse a débuté avec la cétone de Wieland-Miescher qui a permis d’adresser les défis structurels ainsi qu’explorer les fonctionnalisations des cycles A, B et D du noyau de nagilactone B.

Field Equilibrium Finite Elements for Structural Analysis

Many finite elements used in structural analysis possess deficiencies like shear locking, incompressibility locking, poor stress predictions within the element domain, violent stress oscillation, poor convergence etc. An approach that can probably overcome many of these problems would be to consider elements in which the assumed displacement functions satisfy the equations of stress field equilibrium. In this method, the finite element will not only have nodal equilibrium of forces, but also have inner stress field equilibrium. The displacement interpolation functions inside each individual element are truncated polynomial solutions of differential equations. Such elements are likely to give better solutions than the existing elements.In this thesis, a new family of finite elements in which the assumed displacement function satisfies the differential equations of stress field equilibrium is proposed. A general procedure for constructing the displacement functions and use of these functions in the generation of elemental stiffness matrices has been developed. The approach to develop field equilibrium elements is quite general and various elements to analyse different types of structures can be formulated from corresponding stress field equilibrium equations. Using this procedure, a nine node quadrilateral element SFCNQ for plane stress analysis, a sixteen node solid element SFCSS for three dimensional stress analysis and a four node quadrilateral element SFCFP for plate bending problems have been formulated.For implementing these elements, computer programs based on modular concepts have been developed. Numerical investigations on the performance of these elements have been carried out through standard test problems for validation purpose. Comparisons involving theoretical closed form solutions as well as results obtained with existing finite elements have also been made. It is found that the new elements perform well in all the situations considered. Solutions in all the cases converge correctly to the exact values. In many cases, convergence is faster when compared with other existing finite elements. The behaviour of field consistent elements would definitely generate a great deal of interest amongst the users of the finite elements.

Dynamics of the logistic map under discrete parametric perturbation

By introducing a periodic perturbation in the control parameter of the logistic map we have investigated the period locking properties of the map. The map then gets locked onto the periodicity of the perturbation for a wide range of values of the parameter and hence can lead to a control of the chaotic regime. This parametrically perturbed map exhibits many other interesting features like the presence of bubble structures, repeated reappearance of periodic cycles beyond the chaotic regime, dependence of the escape parameter on the seed value and also on the initial phase of the perturbation etc.

A User-Centric Perspective on Parallel Programming with Focus on OpenMP

The process of developing software that takes advantage of multiple processors is commonly referred to as parallel programming. For various reasons, this process is much harder than the sequential case. For decades, parallel programming has been a problem for a small niche only: engineers working on parallelizing mostly numerical applications in High Performance Computing. This has changed with the advent of multi-core processors in mainstream computer architectures. Parallel programming in our days becomes a problem for a much larger group of developers. The main objective of this thesis was to find ways to make parallel programming easier for them. Different aims were identified in order to reach the objective: research the state of the art of parallel programming today, improve the education of software developers about the topic, and provide programmers with powerful abstractions to make their work easier. To reach these aims, several key steps were taken. To start with, a survey was conducted among parallel programmers to find out about the state of the art. More than 250 people participated, yielding results about the parallel programming systems and languages in use, as well as about common problems with these systems. Furthermore, a study was conducted in university classes on parallel programming. It resulted in a list of frequently made mistakes that were analyzed and used to create a programmers' checklist to avoid them in the future. For programmers' education, an online resource was setup to collect experiences and knowledge in the field of parallel programming - called the Parawiki. Another key step in this direction was the creation of the Thinking Parallel weblog, where more than 50.000 readers to date have read essays on the topic. For the third aim (powerful abstractions), it was decided to concentrate on one parallel programming system: OpenMP. Its ease of use and high level of abstraction were the most important reasons for this decision. Two different research directions were pursued. The first one resulted in a parallel library called AthenaMP. It contains so-called generic components, derived from design patterns for parallel programming. These include functionality to enhance the locks provided by OpenMP, to perform operations on large amounts of data (data-parallel programming), and to enable the implementation of irregular algorithms using task pools. AthenaMP itself serves a triple role: the components are well-documented and can be used directly in programs, it enables developers to study the source code and learn from it, and it is possible for compiler writers to use it as a testing ground for their OpenMP compilers. The second research direction was targeted at changing the OpenMP specification to make the system more powerful. The main contributions here were a proposal to enable thread-cancellation and a proposal to avoid busy waiting. Both were implemented in a research compiler, shown to be useful in example applications, and proposed to the OpenMP Language Committee.

On-the-Fly Maintenance of Series-Parallel Relationships in Fork-Join Multithreaded Programs

A key capability of data-race detectors is to determine whether one thread executes logically in parallel with another or whether the threads must operate in series. This paper provides two algorithms, one serial and one parallel, to maintain series-parallel (SP) relationships "on the fly" for fork-join multithreaded programs. The serial SP-order algorithm runs in O(1) amortized time per operation. In contrast, the previously best algorithm requires a time per operation that is proportional to Tarjan’s functional inverse of Ackermann’s function. SP-order employs an order-maintenance data structure that allows us to implement a more efficient "English-Hebrew" labeling scheme than was used in earlier race detectors, which immediately yields an improved determinacy-race detector. In particular, any fork-join program running in T₁ time on a single processor can be checked on the fly for determinacy races in O(T₁) time. Corresponding improved bounds can also be obtained for more sophisticated data-race detectors, for example, those that use locks. By combining SP-order with Feng and Leiserson’s serial SP-bags algorithm, we obtain a parallel SP-maintenance algorithm, called SP-hybrid. Suppose that a fork-join program has n threads, T₁ work, and a critical-path length of T[subscript ∞]. When executed on P processors, we prove that SP-hybrid runs in O((T₁/P + PT[subscript ∞]) lg n) expected time. To understand this bound, consider that the original program obtains linear speed-up over a 1-processor execution when P = O(T₁/T[subscript ∞]). In contrast, SP-hybrid obtains linear speed-up when P = O(√T₁/T[subscript ∞]), but the work is increased by a factor of O(lg n).

Evolution of clinical and functional results after arthroscopic treatment of Discoid Meniscus. A case series study of 31 cases.

Purpose: To evaluate the evolution of clinical and functional outcomes of symptomatic discoid lateral meniscus treated arthroscopically over time and to investigate the relationship between associated intra-articular findings and outcomes. Methods: Of all patients treated arthroscopically between 1995 and 2010, patients treated for symptomatic discoid meniscus were identified in the hospital charts. Baseline data (demographics, previous trauma of ipsilateral knee, and associated intra-articular findings) and medium term outcome data from clinical follow-up examinations (pain, locking, snapping and instability of the operated knee) were extracted from clinical records. Telephone interviews were conducted at long term in 28 patients (31 knees). Interviews comprised clinical outcomes as well as functional outcomes as assessed by the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Evaluation Form (IKDC). Results: All patients underwent arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. The mean follow-up time for data extracted from clinical records was 11 months (SD ± 12). A significant improvement was found for pain in 77% (p<0.001), locking in 13%, (p=0.045) and snapping in 39 % (p<0.005). The mean follow-up time of the telephone interview was 60 months (SD ± 43). Improvement from baseline was generally less after five years than after one year and functional outcomes of the IKDC indicated an abnormal function after surgery (IKDC mean= 84.5, SD ± 20). In some patients, 5 year-outcomes were even worse than their preoperative condition. Nonetheless, 74% of patients perceived their knee function as improved. Furthermore, better results were seen in patients without any associated intra-articular findings. Conclusions: Arthroscopical partial meniscectomy is an effective intervention to relieve symptoms in patients with discoid meniscus in the medium-term; however, results trend to deteriorate over time. A trend towards better outcome for patients with no associated intra-articular findings was observed.

Resultados clínicos, radiológicos del manejo de fracturas diafisiarias de fémur con clavos elásticos endomedulares en población pediátrica

Introducción: Las fracturas de fémur en pediatría son una causa de discapacidad por requerir una inmovilización prolongada, convirtiendo su manejo en un reto para el ortopedista. El tratamiento depende de muchos factores, como la edad, el peso, el tipo de fractura y mecanismo de trauma. El estudio evaluará los desenlaces clínicos y radiológicos del paciente pediátrico con fracturas diafisiaria de fémur manejadas quirúrgicamente con clavos elásticos endomedulares. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo, serie de casos, recolección de información a través de revisión de historias clínicas en pacientes sometidos quirúrgicamente con clavos elásticos. Resultados: Un total de 13 casos; promedio de edad de 8,2±2,86 años; relación hombre mujer es 3: 1. Principal mecanismo de trauma baja energía (9 casos). Con un seguimiento de 12.5±2,82 meses, el postoperatorio evidenció complicaciones menores relacionadas con irritación del punto de entrada del clavo (9 casos). Solo un caso presentó no unión de la fractura. No se documentaron otras complicaciones, existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la anteversión femoral del miembro fracturado y el sano (p=0,001) relacionado con problemas rotacionales, igual que la angulación en el plano sagital (p=0,030) sin repercusión para la consolidación ni la marcha. Conclusiones: El análisis de resultados clínicos y radiológicos concuerda con lo descrito en la literatura mundial, los clavos elásticos endomedulares es una técnica reproducible con resultados excelentes y satisfactorios, bajas tasas de complicaciones. Éste estudio presenta limitaciones debido al tamaño de muestra, no podemos hacer recomendaciones definitivas.

Resultados tratamiento de las fracturas intertrocantéricas en el Hospital Universitario Mayor MEREDÍ

Las fracturas intertrocantericas son una importante causa de la morbimortalidad en los adultos mayores. Requieren la mayoria manejo quirurgico. No se ha logrado definir si es mejor el tratamiento con osteosintesis o artoplastia de cadera. Por esta razon decidimos realizar un estudio identificando los resultados en cada uno de los tratamientos con poblacion colombiana en el Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi. Metodos: Estudio de serie de casos. Se analizó una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes mayores de 59 años con fractura intertrocantérica en el Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi. Resultados: Se reportaron un total de 179 pacientes con diagnóstico de fractura intertrocantérica. De los cuales se realizaron 100 osteosíntesis , 20 reemplazos totales de cadera y 59 hemiartroplastias. La mortalidad fueron 11 pacientes que corresponde al 6.1%, 3 fueron hombres y 8 mujeres, en cuanto al procedimiento realizado a 7 pacientes se les realizo osteosíntesis y a los 4 restantes se les realizo hemiartroplastia. En total 7 infecciones las cuales se presentaron respectivamente en 6 osteosíntesis y 1 hemiartroplastia. Discusión: La mortalidad fue mayor en la osteosíntesis con 7 pacientes que equivale al 63,6 % de la mortalidad total del estudio. Los porcentajes de infección postoperatoria fueron mayores en la osteosíntesis , encontrándose que del total de pacientes intervenidos 3,9% se infectaron y de estos el 85,7 % corresponden a osteosíntesis versus 14,3% de hemiartroplastia. El sangrado postoperatorio fue mayor a 500 cc en un 39% de las osteosíntesis y en un 44% en las hemiartroplastias. Conclusión: el tratamiento de las fracturas intertrocantéricas tuvo menor mortalidad y menor porcentaje de infección cuando los pacientes fueron tratados con hemiartroplastia y reemplazo total de cadera.

The counter-propagating Rossby-wave perspective on baroclinic instability. I: Mathematical basis

It is shown that Bretherton's view of baroclinic instability as the interaction of two counter-propagating Rossby waves (CRWs) can be extended to a general zonal flow and to a general dynamical system based on material conservation of potential vorticity (PV). The two CRWs have zero tilt with both altitude and latitude and are constructed from a pair of growing and decaying normal modes. One CRW has generally large amplitude in regions of positive meridional PV gradient and propagates westwards relative to the flow in such regions. Conversely, the other CRW has large amplitude in regions of negative PV gradient and propagates eastward relative to the zonal flow there. Two methods of construction are described. In the first, more heuristic, method a ‘home-base’ is chosen for each CRW and the other CRW is defined to have zero PV there. Consideration of the PV equation at the two home-bases gives ‘CRW equations’ quantifying the evolution of the amplitudes and phases of both CRWs. They involve only three coefficients describing the mutual interaction of the waves and their self-propagation speeds. These coefficients relate to PV anomalies formed by meridional fluid displacements and the wind induced by these anomalies at the home-bases. In the second method, the CRWs are defined by orthogonality constraints with respect to wave activity and energy growth, avoiding the subjective choice of home-bases. Using these constraints, the same form of CRW equations are obtained from global integrals of the PV equation, but the three coefficients are global integrals that are not so readily described by ‘PV-thinking’ arguments. Each CRW could not continue to exist alone, but together they can describe the time development of any flow whose initial conditions can be described by the pair of growing and decaying normal modes, including the possibility of a super-modal growth rate for a short period. A phase-locking configuration (and normal-mode growth) is possible only if the PV gradient takes opposite signs and the mean zonal wind and the PV gradient are positively correlated in the two distinct regions where the wave activity of each CRW is concentrated. These are easily interpreted local versions of the integral conditions for instability given by Charney and Stern and by Fjørtoft.