Mechanism of improvement in oil spreadability of aluminium alloy-graphite particle composites

The spreadability of SAE-30 oil on Al-12 Si base (LM-13) alloy containing dispersed graphite particles about 50 μm average size in its matrix is found to be greater than on either LM-13 with no graphite or brass. It is also found that the spreadability on LM-13 base alloys increase with increasing volume of graphite dispersion in the matrix of these alloys. Further increases in the spreadability of oil on machined LM-13-graphite particle composite test surfaces occur if these are rubbed initially against control discs of either LM-13 or grey cast iron. The formation of a triboinduced graphite-rich layer, confirmed by esca, appears to be responsible for the improved oil spreadability on the rubbed test surfaces of LM-13 base alloys as compared to the as-machined test surfaces prior to rubbing. The triboinduced layer of graphite is apparently responsible for the observed reduction in the friction, wear and seizing tendency of triboelements made from aluminium alloy-graphite particle composites.

The mechanism of manganese electrodeposition

The mechanism of manganese electrodeposition from a sulphate bath on to a stainless-steel substrate has been studied by using current efficiency data to resolve the totali-E curves. A simple, two-step electron transfer mechanism:is proposed to explain the following experimentally obtained parameters: cathodic and anodic transfer coefficients, reaction order and stoichiometric number. The mechanism also explains the effect of pH oni o,Mn and on the corrosion currents.

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Transformation of Vaterite to Calcite

The transformation of vaterite to calcite was investigated systematically. The transition temperature and the energetics of the transformation were determined from differential thermal curves. The variations of lattice constants and crystallite size, accompanying the transformation were studied by X-ray diffractometry. The kinetics of transformation were investigated in the temperature range 460–490°C. The kinetic data were analysed with the help of three separate solid-state models.

Mechanism of adsorption effects on electrode kinetics: Part I: Selection rules in the case of low coverage by molecular surfactants

It is shown that the effect of adsorption of inert molecules on electrode reaction rates is completely accounted for, by introducing into the rate equation, adsorption-induced changes in both the effective electrode area as well as in the electrostatic potential at the reaction site with an additional term for the noncoulombic interaction between the reactant and the adsorbate. The electrostatic potential at the reaction site due to the adsorbed layer is calculated using a model of discretely-distributed molecules in parallel orientation when adsorbed on the electrode with an allowance for thermal agitation. The resulting expression, which is valid for the limiting case of low coverages, is used to predict the types of molecular surfactants that are most likely to be useful for acceleration and inhibition of electrode reactions.

Mechanism of vapour phase oxidation of anthracene over cobalt molybdate catalyst

Vapour phase oxidation of anthracene over cobalt molybdate catalyst was investigated in an isothermal flow reactor in the temperature range of 280—340°C. Fifteen different models based on redox, Langmuir—Hinshelwood and Rideal mechanisms were tested in order to elucidate the mechanism of the above reaction. These models were compared on the basis of three criteria and were finally discriminated employing the non-intrinsic parameter method. Two-stage redox mechanism was found to explain the data satisfactorily.

Studies on the Mechanism of Action of Miconazole: Effect of Miconazole on Respiration and Cell Permeability of Candida albicans

The antifungal drug, miconazole nitrate, inhibits the growth of several species of Candida. Candida albicans, one of the pathogenic species, was totally inhibited at a concentration of approximately 10 μg/ml. Endogenous respiration was unaffected by the drug at a concentration as high as 100 μg/ml, whereas exogenous respiration was markedly sensitive and inhibited to an extent of 85%. The permeability of the cell membrane was changed as evidenced by the leakage of 260-nm absorbing materials, amino acids, proteins, and inorganic cations. The results we present clearly show that the drug alters the cellular permeability, and thus the exogenous respiration becomes sensitive to the drug.

Mechanism of aminoacylation of tRNA : Influence of spermine on the kinetics of aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis by isoleucyl- and valyl-tRNA synthetases from Mycobacterium smegmatis

Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase has been purified to homogeneity from Mycobacterium smegmatis. The influence of spermine on the kinetics of valyl-tRNA and isoleucyl-tRNA formation has been investigated by Cleland's method (Cleland, W.W. (1963) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 67, 104–137, 173–187, 188–196). The results suggest that in the presence of spermine and suboptimal concentration of Mg2+, the formation of valyl-tRNA and isoleucyl-tRNA follows a sequential* mechanism. In the presence of an optimal concentration of Mg2+, both valyl-tRNA and isoleucyl-tRNA formation proceeds by a ping-pong mechanism. However, in the presence of spermine and optimal concentrations of Mg2+, valyl-tRNA formation follows the ping-pong mechanism while isoleucyl-tRNA formation follows the sequential mechanism.

Mechanism of vapour phase oxidation of anthracene over cobalt molybdate catalyst

Vapour phase oxidation of anthracene over cobalt molybdate catalyst was investigated in an isothermal flow reactor in the temperature range of 280—340°C. Fifteen different models based on redox, Langmuir—Hinshelwood and Rideal mechanisms were tested in order to elucidate the mechanism of the above reaction. These models were compared on the basis of three criteria and were finally discriminated employing the non-intrinsic parameter method. Two-stage redox mechanism was found to explain the data satisfactorily.

Studies on the mechanism of follitropin action at the cellular level

With a view toward understanding better the mechanism of action of follitropin, an attempt was made using granulosa cells obtained from intact immature estrogenized rats to study in short-term incubations the effect of highly purified ovine follitropin on the binding of the hormone to the cells and the associated aromatase response. A modified radioimmunoassay procedure has been used to monitor unlabeled physiologically fully active follitropin bound to the cell. A linear relationship between the actual amount of hormone bound to the cells and the estradiol produced in vitro has been established. The amount of ovine follitropin bound that can elicit a half-maximal response in estrogen production was calculated to be 400 pg. The number of follitropin binding sites per cell was 375 and the Kd of binding was 3.03 × 10−10 Image . By the addition of ovine follitropin antiserum at different time points of a 4-h incubation period, a continual need for follitropin support for estradiol production has been established.

Studies on the Mechanism of Action of Miconazole: Effect of Miconazole on Respiration and Cell Permeability of Candida albicans

The antifungal drug, miconazole nitrate, inhibits the growth of several species of Candida. Candida albicans, one of the pathogenic species, was totally inhibited at a concentration of approximately 10 µg/ml. Endogenous respiration was unaffected by the drug at a concentration as high as 100 µg/ml, whereas exogenous respiration was markedly sensitive and inhibited to an extent of 85%. The permeability of the cell membrane was changed as evidenced by the leakage of 260-nm absorbing materials, amino acids, proteins, and inorganic cations. The results we present clearly show that the drug alters the cellular permeability, and thus the exogenous respiration becomes sensitive to the drug.

Mechanism of glycine uptake by the silk glands of the silkworm Bombyx mori L

The transport of glycine in vitro into the silk glands of the silkworm has been studied. Glycine accumulates inside the tissue to a concentration higher than that present outside, indicating an active transport mechanism. The kinetics of uptake show a biphasic curve and two apparent Km values for accumulation, 0.33 mM and 5.00 mM. The effect of inhibitors on the energy metabolism of glycine transport is inconclusive. Exchange studies indicate the existence of two pools inside the gland, one that is easily removed by exchange and osmotic shock, and the other which is not. The results obtained conform with the carrier model of Britten and McClure concerning the amino-acid pool in E. coli.

Purification and kinetic mechanism of 5,10-metliyienetetrahydrofolate reductase from sheep liver

5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (EC 1.1.1.68) was purified from the cytosolic fraction of sheep liver by (NH4)2 SO4 fractionation, acid precipitation, DEAE-Sephacel chromatography and Blue Sepharose affinity chromatography. The homogeneity of the enzyme was established by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation and Ouchterlony immunodiffusion test. The enzyme was a dimer of molecular weight 1,66,000 ± 5,000 with a subunit molecular weight of 87,000 ±5,000. The enzyme showed hyperbolic saturation pattern with 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.K 0.5 values for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate menadione and NADPH were determined to be 132 ΜM, 2.45 ΜM and 16 ΜM. The parallel set of lines in the Lineweaver-Burk plot, when either NADPH or menadione was varied at different fixed concentrations of the other substrate; non-competitive inhibition, when NADPH was varied at different fixed concentrations of NADP; competitive inhibition, when menadione was varied at different fixed concentrations of NADP and the absence of inhibition by NADP at saturating concentration of menadione, clearly established that the kinetic mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by this enzyme was ping-pong.

The mechanism of intestinal absorption of phosphatidylcholine in rats

1. The mechanism of absorption of phosphatidylcholine was studied in rats by injecting into the intestine phosphatidylcholine specifically labelled either in the fatty acid or in the glycerol moiety or with 32P, when considerable amounts of 1-acyl-lysophosphatidylcholine were found in the intestinal lumen. 2-([14C]Acyl)phosphatidylcholine gave markedly more radioactive unesterified fatty acids in the lumen, compared with the 1-([14C]acyl) derivative. Some of the radioactivity from either the fatty acid or the glycerol moiety of the injected phosphatidylcholine appeared in the mucosal triacylglycerols. 2. Injection of 32P-labelled phosphatidylcholine or 32P-labelled lysophosphatidylcholine led to the appearance of radioactive glycerylphosphorylcholine, glycerophosphate and Pi in the mucosa. 3. Rat mucosa was found to contain a highly active glycerylphosphorylcholine diesterase. 4. It was concluded that the dietary phosphatidylcholine is hydrolysed in the intestinal lumen by the pancreatic phospholipase A to 1-acylglycerylphosphorylcholine, which on entering the mucosal cell is partly reacylated to phosphatidylcholine, and the rest is further hydrolysed to glycerylphosphorylcholine, glycerophosphate, glycerol and Pi. The fatty acids and glycerophosphate are then reassembled to give triacylglycerols via the Kennedy (1961) pathway.