Uma avaliação do impacto do treinamento na produtividade do trabalho.

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar o impacto que o treinamento causa na produtividade do trabalho. O arcabouço teórico fundamentou-se em Formação Profissional, Educação, Qualificação, Treinamento e Produtividade. O processo metodológico empregado, baseado no estruturalismo, buscou identificar e descrever as relações subjacentes entre treinamento e produtividade nos seus elementos essenciais. O estudo é exploratório, descritivo e explicativo. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, utilizando o critério de saturação para definir o número de entrevistas. Foram entrevistados gestores e profissionais de três grandes empresas privadas do Rio de Janeiro, procurando-se identificar a relação entre a produtividade do trabalho e o treinamento gerencial. Para análise dos dados foi construída uma matriz contendo as respostas dos entrevistados, que subsidiou a interpretação das informações. Os resultados obtidos indicam que não é possível estabelecer uma correlação direta entre treinamento e produtividade do trabalho no universo pesquisado, já que: 1) o treinamento é realizado com base em considerações diversas da área de produtividade (atualização técnica, equiparação a concorrência, maximização do desempenho); 2) a produtividade do trabalho raramente é medida, muitas vezes não é sequer controlada; 3) existe uma confusão conceitual entre desempenho (esforço realizado) e produtividade (resultado alcançado).

Componentes da produtividade total de fatores e sua influência na desigualdade de renda dos países: 1960-2000

O estudo apresenta uma abordagem nova e alternativa dentro da literatura empírica que trata do crescimento econômico e da desigualdade da distribuição de renda. Ao se filiar ao arcabouço teórico e prático da Análise de Fronteira Estocástica ¿ AFS, o estudo analisa, inicialmente, os efeitos de evolução da produtividade total de fatores, PTF, e de suas componentes (eficiência técnica, progresso tecnológico, eficiência de escala e eficiência alocativa) sobre o crescimento econômico. Em específico, avalia em que medida as diferenças de padrões de desenvolvimento tecnológico dos países condicionam o crescimento. Após tratar da evolução da desigualdade da distribuição do produto por trabalhador de dois grupos de países, denominados desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, relaciona a medida de desigualdade L de Theil com as componentes da PTF e mostra que não há convergência das rendas per capita desses grupos de países porque o hiato tecnológico entre eles aumentou ao longo do tempo. Por fim, identifica o papel do progresso tecnológico na dinâmica da distribuição de renda dentro dos países, recuperando a idéia fundamental de Kuznets de que ele (o progresso tecnológico) é o motor do desenvolvimento, e conclui que avanços tecnológicos têm efeitos mais gerais sobre as economias: além de promover o crescimento econômico, também têm reflexos diretos sobre a produtividade do trabalho, e conseqüentemente sobre os salários, com resultados mais eqüitativos da distribuição da renda.

Inflation, welfare and public expenditures

This paper studies welfare effects of monetary policy in an overlapping generations model with capital and no form of taxation other than inflation. Public expenditures have a positive effect on labor productivity. The main result of the paper is that an expansive monetary policy can be welfare improving, at least for ìsmall enoughî inflation rates, and that there is an optimal inflation rate. Growth maximization, however, is never optimal. Steady-state capital and output increase with inflation, reproducing the so-called Tobin effect. For large inflation rates, however, the government authorities cannot affect real variables and there are only nominal effects.

A relação entre produtividade do trabalho e capacitação: um estudo de caso nas organizações militares do sistema de telemática do Exército Brasileiro

Este trabalho apresenta relações entre a produtividade do trabalho e as capacitações que ocorreram nas Organizações Militares (OM) de telemática do Exército Brasileiro (EB), que representam o Sistema de Telemática do Exército (SisTEx). O período do estudo se dá entre janeiro de 2010 e julho de 2011. O SisTEx é melhor caracterizado pelo Centro Integrado de Telemática do Exército (CITEx), pelos Centros de Telemática de Área (CTA) e pelos Centros de Telemática (CT), subordinados ao Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia (DCT) e dispostos ao longo de todo o território nacional. O estudo trata do conceito de produtividade do trabalho e do processo de capacitação no SisTEx. Fala sobre as áreas do conhecimento de interesse sistêmico e das áreas estratégicas que devem ser atendidas com capacitações, mostrando os resultados que surgiram em função das capacitações realizadas. Propõe sugestões para alinhar as necessidades de capacitação com as áreas estratégicas, destacando a importância das capacitações no planejamento estratégico, passando pelos interesses individuais. Relaciona estratégias que representam um diferencial competitivo na agregação de valor aos usuários. Traz comentários sobre a utilização do ensino a distância(EAD) e presencial para realização das capacitações. Trata da interferência das capacitações na produtividade e na percepção sobre o retorno do investimento (ROI). Relaciona, ainda, as capacidades do SisTEx com os estudos de inovação tecnológica no setor de serviços. Destaca as capacitações realizadas na áreas da segurança da informação e defesa cibernética. Considera que é possível melhorar a produtividade do trabalho em função das capacitações que ocorrem no SisTEx, que contribuem como um vetor de modernidade e transformação que agem diretamente no processo produtivo, proporcionando assim uma aceleração no desenvolvimento da qualidade dos serviços de TI prestados. Traz recomendações de estudos futuros para verificar a velocidade de acumulação das capacidades tecnológicas, o uso do EAD para capacitações de maior complexidade técnica e a criação de métricas para cálculo efetivo do ROI. Para tal, foi feito um estudo bibliográfico sobre a produtividade do trabalho e o processo de capacitação do SisTEx. O método adotado foi o do estudo de caso. Foram feitos questionamentos (survey) e enquetes/votações (poll) que foram aplicados nos chefes, exchefes de CTA/CT e nos discentes do SisTEx, militares que realizaram capacitações no período considerado.

The effect of social security, health, demography and technology on retirement

This article studies the determinants of the labor force participation of the elderly and investigates the factors that may account for the increase in retirement in the second half of the last century. We develop a life-cycle general equilibrium model with endogenous retirement that embeds Social Security legislation and Medicare. Individuals are ex ante heterogeneous with respect to their preferences for leisure and face uncertainty about labor productivity, health status and out-of-pocket medical expenses. The model is calibrated to the U.S. economy in 2000 and is able to reproduce very closely the retirement behavior of the American population. It reproduces the peaks in the distribution of Social Security applications at ages 62 and 65 and the observed facts that low earners and unhealthy individuals retire earlier. It also matches very closely the increase in retirement from 1950 to 2000. Changes in Social Security policy - which became much more generous - and the introduction of Medicare account for most of the expansion of retirement. In contrast, the isolated impact of the increase in longevity was a delaying of retirement.

Essays in heterogeneous agent macroeconomics

This thesis is comprised of three chapters. The first article studies the determinants of the labor force participation of elderly American males and investigates the factors that may account for the changes in retirement between 1950 and 2000. We develop a life-cycle general equilibrium model with endogenous retirement that embeds Social Security legislation and Medicare. Individuals are ex ante heterogeneous with respect to their preferences for leisure and face uncertainty about labor productivity, health status and out-of-pocket medical expenses. The model is calibrated to the U.S. economy in 2000 and is able to reproduce very closely the retirement behavior of the American population. It reproduces the peaks in the distribution of Social Security applications at ages 62 and 65 and the observed facts that low earners and unhealthy individuals retire earlier. It also matches very closely the increase in retirement from 1950 to 2000. Changes in Social Security policy - which became much more generous - and the introduction of Medicare account for most of the expansion of retirement. In contrast, the isolated impact of the increase in longevity was a delaying of retirement. In the second article, I develop an overlapping generations model of criminal behavior, which extends prior research on crime by taking into account individuals' labor supply decisions and the stigma effect that affects convicted offenders, lowering their likelihood of employment. I use the model to guide a quantitative assessment of the determinants of crime and of a counterfactual experiment in which an income redistribution policy is thought as an alternative to greater law enforcement. The model economy considered in this paper is populated by heterogeneous agents who live for a realistic number of periods, have preferences over consumption and leisure, and differ in terms of their age, their skills as well as their employment shocks. In addition, savings may be precautionary and allow partial insurance against the labor income shocks. Because of the lack of full insurance, this model generates an endogenous distribution of wealth across consumers, enabling us to assess the welfare implications of the redistribution policy experiment. I calibrated the model using the US data for 1980 and then use the model to investigate the changes in criminality between 1980 and 1996. The main results that come out of this study are: 1) Law enforcement policy was the most important factor behind the fall in criminality in the period, while the increase in inequality was the most important single factor promoting crime; 2) Stigmatization is not a free-cost crime control policy; 3) Income redistribution can be a powerful alternative policy to fight crime. Finally, the third article studies the impact of HIV/AIDS on per capita income and education. It explores two channels from HIV/AIDS to income that have not been sufficiently stressed by the literature: the reduction of the incentives to study due to shorter expected longevity and the reduction of productivity of experienced workers. In the model individuals live for three periods, may get infected in the second period and with some probability die of Aids before reaching the third period of their life. Parents care for the welfare of the future generations so that they will maximize lifetime utility of their dynasty. The simulations predict that the most affected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa will be in the future, on average, thirty percent poorer than they would be without AIDS. Schooling will decline in some cases by forty percent. These figures are dramatically reduced with widespread medical treatment, as it increases the survival probability and productivity of infected individuals.

Essays on structural transformation, growth and education

This thesis aims to study the impact of structural change on the trajectory of development of emerging economies. More speci cally, we seek to understand how the reallocation of labor from less productive sectors of the economy (e.g., agriculture) to more productive sectors (e.g., industry and services) contributed to the growth of labor productivity in these economies. The thesis is divided into three chapters, besides the introduction. The rst chapter studies the relationship between structural change and economic development in Latin American economies. While the process of reallocation of labor was important to the dynamics of productivity in the period of convergence of these economies, low productivity in some sectors of the economy explained most of the reduction in productivity in the most recent period. In the second chapter, I study the main determinants of growth of the Chinese economy between 1980 and 2005. I show that the increased ow of trade and strong productivity growth in the agricultural sector contributed signi -cantly to China s development in the period. In the third chapter, I study the apparent contradiction between increased levels of schooling and reduction of per capita income in African economies compared to the U.S. economy. The main conclusion is that reducing educational costs explain the retreat of the education di¤erential between African economies and the United States.

Sustainable miracles : protection and competition in the Brazilian oil industry

It is often suggested that competition improves productivity, however, the underlying support for this idea is surprisingly thin. This paper presents a case study examining the e ects of a change in the competitive environment on productivity at the Petrobras, Brazil's state-owned oil company. Petrobras had a legal monopoly on production, re ning, transportation and importation of oil in Brazil until it was removed in 1995. Even though Petrobras continues to have a de facto monopoly, the end of legal monopoly labor productivity growth rate more than doubled. A growth accounting of the industry shows that between 1977 and 1993 output growth rate (and productivity growth rate) is explained by the accumulation of capital, while Total Factor Productivity (TFP) decreased. Between 1994 and 2000 labor productivity growth rate is completely explained by the growth rate of TFP. The results suggest that the threat of competition alone is su cient to improve productivity. They also provide evidence that restricting competition help cause Brazil's depression of the 1980s.

Work and technological innovation in organic agriculture

Organic agriculture is a sustainable cultivation ecologically, economically and socially. Several researches in organic agriculture have been made from technical perspectives, economic traits or related to ecological aspects. There are practically no investigations into the nature of the technology used in organic agriculture, especially from an ergonomic perspective. From the activity analysis, this study aimed to map the technology used in the production of organic vegetables. Properties producing organic vegetables were selected representing the State of São Paulo. It was applied an instrument (questionnaire and semi-structured interview) with their managers and it was made visual records to identify adaptations, innovations and technological demands that simultaneously minimize the workload and the difficulties in performing the tasks and increase work productivity. For some of the technological innovations a digital scanner was used to generate a virtual solid model to facilitate its redesign and virtual prototyping. The main results show that organic farmers have little technology in product form. The main innovations that enable competitive advantage or allow higher labor productivity occur in the form of processes, organization and marketing.

Growth versus development: different patterns of industrial growth in Latin America during the 'boom' years

Includes bibliography

El debate sobre el sector agropecuario mexicano en el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte

Incluye Bibliografía

Weak expansions: a distinctive feature of the business cycle in Latin America and the Caribbean

Using two standard cycle methodologies (Classical and Deviation Cycle) and a comprehensive sample of 83 countries worldwide, including all developing regions, we show that the Latin American and Caribbean cycle exhibits two distinctive features. First, and most importantly, its expansion performance is shorter and for the most par less imtense than that of the rest of the regions considered, and in particular than that of East Asia and the Pacific, East Asia and the Pacific's expansions last five years longer than those of LAC, and its output gain is 50% greater than that of LAC. Second, LAC tends to exhibit contractions that are not significantly different in terms of duration and amplitude than t those of other regions. Both these features imply that the complete Latin American and Caribbean cycle has, overall, the shortest duration and smallest amplitude in relation to other regions. The specificities of the Latin American and Caribbean cycle are not confined to the short run. These are also reflected in variables such as productivity and investment, which are linked to long-run growth. East Asia and the Pacific's cumulative gain in labor productivity during the expansionary phase is twice that of LAC. Moreover, the evidence also shows that the effects of the contraction in public investment surpass those of the expansion leading to a declining trend over the entire cycle. In this sense we suggest that policy analysis needs to increase its focus on the expansionary phase of the cycle. Improving our knowledge of the differences in the expansionary dynamics of countries and regions, can further our understanding of the differences in their rates of growth and levels of development. We also suggest that while, the management of the cycle affects the short-run fluctuations of economic activity and hence volatility, it is not trend neutral. Hence, the effects of aggregate demand management policies may be more persistent over time and less transitory than currently thought.

México: crecimiento agropecuario, TLCAN, capital humano y gestión del riesgo: indicadores estadísticos agropecuarios

Incluye Bibliografía

Structural change in four Latin American countries: An international perspective

Incluye bibliografía.