Effect of variables on the thickness of an edible coating applied on frozen fish establishment of the concept of safe dipping time

Glazing is a technique used to retard fish deterioration during storage. This work focuses on the study of distinct variables (fish temperature, coating temperature, dipping time) that affect the thickness of edible coatings (water glazing and 1.5% chitosan) applied on frozen fish. Samples of frozen Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at -15, -20, and -25 °C were either glazed with water at 0.5, 1.5 or 2.5 °C or coated with 1.5% chitosan solution at 2.5, 5 or 8 °C, by dipping during 10 to 60 s. For both water and chitosan coatings, lowering the salmon and coating solution temperatures resulted in an increase of coating thickness. At the same conditions, higher thickness values were obtained when using chitosan (max. thickness of 1.41±0.05 mm) compared to water (max. thickness of 0.84±0.03 mm). Freezing temperature and crystallization heat were found to be lower for 1.5% chitosan solution than for water, thus favoring phase change. Salmon temperature profiles allowed determining, for different dipping conditions, whether the salmon temperature was within food safety standards to prevent the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. The concept of safe dipping time is proposed to define how long a frozen product can be dipped into a solution without the temperature raising to a point where it can constitute a hazard.

Comparing different methods to measure biofilm thickness: the techniques are: optical coherence tomography, confocal laser scanning microscopy and low load compression test

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Biomédica (área de especialização em Engenharia Clínica)

Importance of contact lens power and thickness in oxygen transmissibility

PURPOSE: The aim of this work was to study the central and peripheral thickness of several contact lenses (CL) with different powers and analyze how thickness variation affects CL oxygen transmissibility. METHODS: Four daily disposable and five monthly or biweekly CL were studied. The powers of each CL were: the maximum negative power of each brand; -6.00 D; -3.00 D; zero power (-0.25 D or -0.50 D), +3.00 D and +6.00 D. Central and peripheral thicknesses were measured with an electronic thickness gauge. Each lens was measured five times (central and 3mm paracentral) and the mean value was considered. Using the values of oxygen permeability given by the manufacturers and the measured thicknesses, the variation of oxygen transmissibility with lens power was determined. RESULTS: For monthly or biweekly lenses, central thickness changed between 0.061 ± 0.002 mm and 0.243 ± 0.002 mm, and peripheral thickness varied between 0.084 ± 0.002 mm and 0.231 ± 0.015 mm. Daily disposable lenses showed central values ranging between 0.056 ± 0.0016 mm and 0.205 ± 0.002 mm and peripheral values between 0.108 ± 0.05 and 0.232 ± 0.011 mm. Oxygen transmissibility (in units) of monthly or biweekly CL ranged between 39.4 ± 0.3 and 246.0 ± 14.4 and for daily disposable lenses the values range between 9.5 ± 0.5 and 178.1 ± 5.1. CONCLUSIONS: The central and peripheral thicknesses change significantly when considering the CL power and this has a significant impact on the oxygen transmissibility. Eyecare practitioners must have this fact in account when high power plus or minus lenses are fitted or when continuous wear is considered.

Influence of angiotensin II receptor subtypes of the paraventricular nucleus on the physiological responses induced by angiotensin II injection into the medial septal area

OBJECTIVE: We determined the effects of losartan and PD 123319 (antagonists of the AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptors, respectively), and [Sar¹, Ala8] ANG II (a relatively peptide antagonist of angiotensin receptors) injected into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on water and 3% NaCl intake, and the diuretic, natriuretic, and pressor effects induced by administration of angiotensin II (ANG II) into the medial septal area (MSA) of conscious rats. METHODS: Holtzman rats were used . Animals were anesthetized with tribromoethanol (20 mg) per 100 grams of body weight, ip. A stainless steel guide cannula was implanted into the MSA and PVN. All drugs were injected in 0.5-mul volumes for 10-15 seconds. Seven days after brain surgery, water and 3% NaCl intake, urine and sodium excretion, and arterial blood pressure were measured. RESULTS: Losartan (40 nmol) and [Sar¹, Ala8] ANG II (40 nmol) completely eliminated whereas PD 123319 (40 nmol) partially blocked the increase in water and sodium intake and the increase in arterial blood pressure induced by ANG II (10 nmol) injected into the MSA. The PVN administration of PD 123319 and [Sar¹, Ala8] ANG II blocked whereas losartan attenuated the diuresis and natriuresis induced by MSA administration of ANG II. CONCLUSION: MSA involvement with PVN on water and sodium homeostasis and arterial pressure modulation utilizing ANGII receptors is suggested.

Association between coronary artery atherosclerosis and the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery measured on ultrasonography

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery of patients with coronary artery disease is greater than that of individuals without that disease. METHODS: Case-control prospective study of prevalence assessing the thickness of the intima and media layers of 29 patients with coronary artery disease and 29 individuals without that disease by using ultrasonography of the carotid arteries. Diabetic patients and those with peripheral artery and cerebral vasculopathies were excluded from the study. RESULTS: The mean age was 51±7.5 years. Fifty-five per cent of the patients were males. Acute myocardial infarction was present in 62%; cardiac catheterization in 72%; saphenous bypass in 5%; and coronary angioplasty in 24%. The intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery in case patients and in control patients was, respectively, 0.81±0.25 mm and 0.62±0.18 mm (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: Intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery was significantly greater in patients with coronary artery disease.

Análise comparativa da hiperplasia intimal após o implante de stents com e sem sirolimus em artérias coronárias de pequeno calibre

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a redução do volume de hiperplasia intimal após angioplastia com stents com sirolimus (Cypher®) comparados com os stents não-recobertos de estrutura metálica fina (Pixel®) em pacientes com vasos pequenos. MÉTODOS: Oitenta pacientes com doença arterial coronariana foram prospectivamente incluídos em duas séries consecutivas de tratamento, sendo a primeira empregando stents com sirolimus (50) e a segunda stents não-recobertos de estrutura metálica fina (30). RESULTADOS: Os resultados foram: menor porcentual de obstrução da prótese através do ultra-som intracoronário [5,0% (EP = 0,77) x 39,0% (EP = 4,72), p < 0,001], menor perda tardia intra-stent [0,25 mm (EP = 0,03) x 1,11 mm (EP = 0,13), p < 0,001] e no segmento do vaso [0,30 mm (EP = 0,04) x 0,83 mm (EP = 0,11), p < 0,001], e também menor reestenose intra-stent (0% x 33,3%, p < 0,001) e no segmento do vaso (4% x 36,7%, p < 0,001) com os stents com sirolimus. A sobrevivência livre de eventos foi de 96% com os stents com sirolimus x 86,7% com os stents não-recobertos (p = 0,190). CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes com vasos de pequeno calibre após o implante de stents com sirolimus evoluem com menor hiperplasia intimal (menor porcentual de obstrução intra-stent e menor perda tardia) do que quando são utilizados stents não-recobertos de estrutura metálica fina. Isto resultou em redução significativa da reestenose angiográfica aos oito meses de evolução.

Espessamento médio-intimal da carótida e função endotelial na doença arterial coronariana

OBJETIVO: Investigar uma correlação entre o teste de reatividade da artéria braquial (BART) e o espessamento médio-intimal (EMI) da carótida em uma população de pacientes com doença arterial coronariana, assim como avaliar uma correlação do BART e do EMI da carótida com a gravidade da doença arterial coronariana demonstrada através da coronariografia. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e dois pacientes (idade: 60,7 ± 9,2 anos, 66,7% do sexo masculino) com doença arterial coronariana por coronariografia foram estudados. A função endotelial foi avaliada de modo não-invasivo através do BART, quando foi medido o porcentual de dilatação mediada pelo fluxo (%DMF). O EMI de carótida foi avaliado por meio de ultra-som vascular. RESULTADOS: A média de %DMF foi de 4,7 ± 3,6 e a média de EMI de carótida foi de 1,08 ± 0,23 mm. As medidas do EMI de carótida e do %DMF apresentaram correlação estatisticamente significativa, com coeficiente de Spearman de -0,315, valor p = 0,042, demonstrando que valores menores de %DMF se correlacionaram a um maior EMI de carótida. Não houve correlação entre %DMF, EMI e a gravidade das lesões; CONCLUSÃO: A presença de uma correlação entre o %DMF e o EMI da carótida demonstra a concomitância de alterações vasculares funcionais e anatômicas na doença arterial coronariana, independentemente da gravidade das lesões ateroscleróticas.

Espessamento médio-intimal na origem da artéria subclávia direita como marcador precoce de risco cardiovascular

OBJETIVO: O espessamento médio-intimal (EMI) na artéria carótida comum é considerado fator de risco cardiovascular e marcador de doença arterial coronariana precoce. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a existência de correlação entre o EMI nas artérias carótidas e na origem da artéria subclávia direita, e avaliar o EMI na artéria subclávia como um marcador mais precoce para avaliação de risco cardiovascular. MÉTODOS: Cento e seis pacientes consecutivos, 52 homens e 54 mulheres, com média de idade de 51 anos, foram submetidos à avaliação das artérias carótidas e subclávia direita pela ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido. Para avaliar a associação entre EMI das artérias carótidas e subclávia direita calcularam-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e o intervalo de 95% de confiança para esse coeficiente. A qualidade da medida do EMI da artéria subclávia direita para diagnóstico de espessamento precoce, considerando-se o espessamento da carótida como padrão de referência (> 0,8 mm), foi descrita por valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acurácia. Pontos de corte para o EMI da artéria subclávia foram sugeridos pela Curva ROC. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. RESULTADOS: Na associação entre 41 artérias carótidas sem EMI, 30 (73%) artérias subclávias direitas apresentavam EMI > 0,8 mm. O valor médio de EMI obtido na artéria carótida foi de 0,87 mm (DP = 0,23) e na artéria subclávia direita foi de 1,17 mm (DP = 0,46), com coeficiente de correlação de 0,31 (95% IC: 0,12 ; 0,47). A avaliação pela curva ROC demonstrou um valor de corte de 0,7 mm para EMI da artéria subclávia direita, tendo como padrão de referência o valor de corte de EMI da artéria carótida de 0,8 mm (sensibilidade 91%, especificidade 27%, VPP 66%, VPN 65% e acurácia 66%). CONCLUSÃO: Existe boa correlação entre o EMI das artérias carótidas e da artéria subclávia direita. O EMI pode ser detectado mais precocemente na artéria subclávia do que nas carótidas, com valor de corte de 0,7 mm. O EMI na origem da artéria subclávia direita pode ser considerado um marcador mais precoce para avaliação de risco cardiovascular.

Rosiglitazona e lesão vascular em coelhos hipercolesterolêmicos: avaliação da formação neointimal

FUNDAMENTO: O uso da rosiglitazona tem sido o objeto de extensas discussões. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da rosiglitazona nas artérias ilíacas, no local da injúria e na artéria contralateral, de coelhos hipercolesterolêmicos submetidos à lesão por cateter-balão. MÉTODOS: Coelhos brancos machos receberam uma dieta hipercolesterolêmica através de gavagem oral por 6 semanas e foram divididos em 2 grupos: grupo rosiglitazona (GR - 14 coelhos tratados com rosiglitazona por 6 semanas) e grupo controle (GC - 18 coelhos sem rosiglitazona). Os animais foram submetidos a lesão por cateter-balão na artéria ilíaca direita no 14º dia. RESULTADOS: Na artéria ilíaca contralateral, não houve diferença significante na razão entre as áreas intimal e medial (RIM) entre os grupos GR e GC. A rosiglitazona não reduziu a probabilidade de lesões tipo I, II ou III (72,73% vs 92,31%; p=0,30) e lesões tipo IV ou V (27,27% vs 7,69%; p=0,30). Na artéria ilíaca homolateral, a área intimal era significantemente menor no GR quando comparado ao GC (p = 0,024). A área luminal era maior no GR quando comparado ao GC (p < 0,0001). Houve uma redução significante de 65% na IMR no GR quando comparado ao GC (p = 0,021). Nenhum dos critérios histológicos para lesões ateroscleróticas tipos I a V (American Heart Association) foram encontrados na artéria ilíaca homolateral. CONCLUSÃO: Esses achados demonstram que a administração de rosiglitazona por 6 semanas impede a aterogênese no local da lesão, mas não em um vaso distante do sítio da lesão.

Glia going emotional : the impact of acute and repeated neonatal separations on astrocytes in the medial prefrontal cortex

Astrocytes, GFAP, glia, neonatal separation, medial prefrontal cortex, S100ß

Evaluation of Electrocardiographic T-peak to T-end Interval in Subjects with Increased Epicardial Fat Tissue Thickness

Abstract Background: The association between periatrial adiposity and atrial arrhythmias has been shown in previous studies. However, there are not enough available data on the association between epicardial fat tissue (EFT) thickness and parameters of ventricular repolarization. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the association of EFT thickness with indices of ventricular repolarization by using T-peak to T-end (Tp-e) interval and Tp-e/QT ratio. Methods: The present study included 50 patients whose EFT thickness ≥ 9 mm (group 1) and 40 control subjects with EFT thickness < 9 mm (group 2). Transthoracic echocardiographic examination was performed in all participants. QT parameters, Tp-e intervals and Tp-e/QT ratio were measured from the 12-lead electrocardiogram. Results: QTd (41.1 ± 2.5 vs 38.6 ± 3.2, p < 0.001) and corrected QTd (46.7 ± 4.7 vs 43.7 ± 4, p = 0.002) were significantly higher in group 1 when compared to group 2. The Tp-e interval (76.5 ± 6.3, 70.3 ± 6.8, p < 0.001), cTp-e interval (83.1 ± 4.3 vs. 76±4.9, p < 0.001), Tp-e/QT (0.20 ± 0.02 vs. 0.2 ± 0.02, p < 0.001) and Tp-e/QTc ratios (0.2 ± 0.01 vs. 0.18 ± 0.01, p < 0.001) were increased in group 1 in comparison to group 2. Significant positive correlations were found between EFT thickness and Tp-e interval (r = 0.548, p < 0.001), cTp-e interval (r = 0.259, p = 0.01), and Tp-e/QT (r = 0.662, p < 0.001) and Tp-e/QTc ratios (r = 0.560, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The present study shows that Tp-e and cTp-e interval, Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios were increased in subjects with increased EFT, which may suggest an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmia.

The Relationship between GRACE Score and Epicardial Fat Thickness in non-STEMI Patients

Abstract Background: GRACE risk score (GS) is a scoring system which has a prognostic significance in patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI). Objective: The present study aimed to determine whether end-systolic or end-diastolic epicardial fat thickness (EFT) is more closely associated with high-risk non-STEMI patients according to the GS. Methods: We evaluated 207 patients who had non-STEMI beginning from October 2012 to February 2013, and 162 of them were included in the study (115 males, mean age: 66.6 ± 12.8 years). End-systolic and end-diastolic EFTs were measured with echocardiographic methods. Patients with high in-hospital GS were categorized as the H-GS group (in hospital GS > 140), while other patients were categorized as the low-to-moderate risk group (LM-GS). Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures of H-GS patients were lower than those of LM-GS patients, and the average heart rate was higher in this group. End-systolic EFT and end-diastolic EFT were significantly higher in the H-GS group. The echocardiographic assessment of right and left ventricles showed significantly decreased ejection fraction in both ventricles in the H-GS group. The highest correlation was found between GS and end-diastolic EFT (r = 0.438). Conclusion: End-systolic and end-diastolic EFTs were found to be increased in the H-GS group. However, end-diastolic EFT and GS had better correlation than end-systolic EFT and GS.

Assessment of Intima-Media Thickness in Healthy Children Aged 1 to 15 Years

Abstract Background: Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been shown to be increased in children and adolescents with traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease, compared with those of healthy children. Objective: To assess the influence of sex, age and body mass index (BMI) on the CIMT in healthy children and adolescents aged 1 to 15 years. Methods: A total of 280 healthy children and adolescents (males, n=175; mean age, 7.49±3.57 years; mean BMI, 17.94±4.1 kg/m2) were screened for CIMT assessment. They were divided into 3 groups according to age: GI, 1 to 5 years [n=93 (33.2%); males, 57; mean BMI, 16±3 kg/m2]; GII, 6 to 10 years [n=127 (45.4%); males, 78; mean BMI, 17.9±3.7 kg/m2], and GIII, 11 to 15 years [n=60 (21.4%); males, 40; mean BMI, 20.9±4.5 kg/m2]. Results: There was no significant difference in CIMT values between male and female children and adolescents (0.43±0.06 mm vs. 0.42±0.05 mm, respectively; p=0.243). CIMT correlated with BMI neither in the total population nor in the 3 age groups according to Pearson correlation coefficient. Subjects aged 11 to 15 years had the highest CIMT values (GI vs. GII, p=0.615; GI vs. GIII, p=0.02; GII vs. GIII, p=0.004). Conclusions: CIMT is constant in healthy children younger than 10 years, regardless of sex or BMI. CIMT increases after the age of 10 years.

The relation of the concentration of macronutrients in the substrate and in the foliage to cell wall thickness and cellulose concentration in the xylem of slash pine (Pinus elliotti)

Sand culture experiments, using a sub-irrigation technique, were installed in order to find out the effects of the macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S on growth, aspect, mineral composition, length of fibers, thickness of cell wall and cellulose concentration in slash pine. The aim was to obtain, under controlled conditions, basic information which could eventually lead to practical means designed to increase the rate of growth and to make of slash pine a richer source of cellulose. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium Experiment A 3 x 3 x 3 factorial design with two replicates was used. Nitrogen was supplied initially at the levels of 25, 50 and 100 ppm; phosphorus was given at the rates of 5, 10 and 20 ppm; potassium was supplied at the rates of 25, 50 and 100 ppm; six months after the experiment was started the first level for each element was dropped to zero. Others macro and all micronutrients were supplied at uniform rates. Fifteen hours of illumination per day were provided. The experimental technique for growing the slash pine seedlings proved quite satisfactory. Symptoms of deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were observed, described and recorded in photographs and water colors. These informations will help to identify abnormalities which may appear under field conditions. Chemical analysis of the several plant parts, on the other hand, give a valuable means to assess the nutritional status of slash pine, thus confirming when needed, the visual diagnosis. The correctness of manurial pratices, on the other hand, can be judged with the help of the analytical data tabulated. Under the experimental conditions nitrogen caused the highest increases on growth, as measured by increments in height and dry weights, whereas the effects of phosphorus and potassium were less marked. Cellulose concentration was not significantly affected by the treatments used. Higher levels of N seemed to decrease both length of fiber elements and the thickness of cell wall. The effects of P and K were not well defined. Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur Experiment A 3 x 3 x 3 factorial design with two replicates was used. Calcium was supplied initially at the levels of 12.5, 25 and 50 ppm; magnesium and sulfur were given at the rates of 6, 12.5 and 25 ppm. Other macro and micronutrients were supplied at uniform rates, common to all treatments. Three months after starting the experiment the first level for each element was dropped to zero. Symptoms of deficiency of calcium, magnesium and sulfur were observed, described and recorded as in the case of the previous experiment. Chemical analysis were made, both for mineral content and cellulose concentration. Length of fibers and thickness of cell wall were measured. Both calcium and magnesium increase height, sulfur failing to give significant response. Dry weight was beneficially affected by calcium and sulfur. The levels of calcium, magnesium and sulfur in the needles associated with deficiency and maximum growth are comparable with those found in the literature. Cellulose concentration increased when the level of sulfur in the substrate was raised. The thickness of cell wall was negatively affected by the treatments; no effect was observed with regards to length of fibers.