Synthesis and thermal study of the barium complexes with 8-hydroxyquinolinate derivatives

In this present work, barium ion was reacted with different ligands which are 5,7-dibromo, 5,7-dichloro, 7-iodo and 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline, in acetone/ammonium hydroxide medium under constant stirring and the obtained compounds were as follows: (I) Ba[(C9H4ONBr2)(2)].1.5H(2)O; (II) Ba[(C9H4ONCl2)(OH)]. 1H(2)O; (III) Ba[(C9H5ONI)(2)]. 1H(2)O and (IV) Ba[(C9H4ONICl)(2)]. 5H(2)O, respectively. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared absorption spectrum (IR), inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP), simultaneous thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).The final residue of the thermal decomposition was characterized as orthorhombic BaBr2 from (I); the intermediate residue, as a mixture of orthorhombic BaCO3 and BaCl2 and cubic BaO and the final residue, as a mixture of cubic and tetragonal BaO and orthorhombic BaCl2 (II); the intermediate residue, as orthorhombic BaCO3 and as a final residue, a mixture of cubic and tetragonal BaO from (III); and the intermediate residue, as a mixture of orthorhombic BaCO3 and BaCl2 and as a final residue, a mixture of cubic and tetragonal BaO and orthorhombic BaCl2 from (IV).

ETHOPHARMACOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF RAT BEHAVIOR ON THE ELEVATED PLUS-MAZE

Behavioral categories were measured in rats left on an elevated plus-maze for 5 min, in addition to the traditional measures. Four independent factors emerged from a factor analysis. The variables that loaded highly and positively on Factor 1, seemingly related with anxiety, were: number of entries onto open arms, time spent on open arms, percentage of open/total arm entries, percentage of time on open arms, scanning over the edge of an open arm, and open arm end-exploring. The time spent on enclosed arms loaded highly, but negatively on the same factor. Risk-assessment from an enclosed arm also loaded negatively on Factor 1. Number of enclosed arm entries, total number of arm entries and rearing loaded highly on Factor 2, probably related to motor activity. However, the total number of entries also loaded on Factor 1, being thus a mixed index. Similarly, the number of open arm entries loaded on both Factors 1 and 2. As expected, the variables having high loads on Factor 1 were changed to one direction by administration of two anxiolytics (nitrazepam and midazolam) and to the opposite direction by two anxiogenic drugs (pentylenetetrazol and FG 7142). Such pattern of drug effects was not observed with the remaining variables.

Cytogenetics of three breeds of river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.), with evidence of a fragile site on the X chromosome

The cytogenetic study of 182 river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L., 2n=50) of Murrah, Mediterranean and Jaffarabadi breeds, from the State of São Paulo, was carried out to characterize their chromosomes and to detect possible chromosomal abnormalities. The karyotypes were indistinguishable with conventional staining as well as with C and replication R banding techniques. In about 44% of the sample (8 males and 72 females), an X marker chromosome due to a fragile site was shown. The frequency of metaphases expressing the fragility site on the X was highly variable, from 2.86 to 41.03%. In females, the fragile site, rarely appeared on both X chromosomes. Most of the metaphases showed only 1 marker chromosome. In R-banded metaphases using 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) treatment, it corresponded in general to the late replicating X chromosome. No correlation between the X fragile site and altered phenotype was found. Structural and numerical chromosome rearrangements were ruled out in the present sample of buffalo. (C) 1998 by Elsevier B.V.

Toxicological and histopathological effects of hydramethylnon on Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) workers

The leaf-cut ants are important agricultural pest, because they can cause intense defoliation in plants and destroy large areas cultivated. Although there are several works for the control of these insects by examining the toxicity of natural chemical compounds on various species of ants, few are focused on analyses of morphological changes caused in the affected organs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydramethylnon on Atta sexdens rubropilosa workers through toxicological bioassays and morphological analysis of the post-pharyngeal glands, midgut, and Malpighian tubules of these ants. Hydramethylnon dissolved either in acetone (HA) or in a mixture of acetone and soy oil (HAO) was added to the artificial diet at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. The workers fed daily with the diet containing hydramethylnon showed higher mortality than the controls, especially when HAO was used. Moreover, light and electron microscopy revealed morphological alterations in the midgut and Malpighian tubules of workers treated with HA, whereas alterations of the post-pharyngeal glands were observed in the HAO-treated group. These results indicated that the presence of soy oil provided an alternate route for the ingestion of the formicide's active ingredient and corroborated previous studies that suggested a role for the post-pharyngeal glands in lipid metabolism. Our findings suggest that the oil may carry hydramethylnon to the gland lumen, resulting in lower quantity of the active ingredient in the intestinal lumen and Malpighian tubules that explains the lower degree of morphological alterations in these structures in the workers treated with HAO. These results may provide insight into the toxicological effects of hydramethylnon on leaf-cutting ants and the use of vegetable oil as an adjuvant in baits to control ants. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

Molecular characterization and clonal diversity of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in milk of cows with mastitis in Brazil

Mastitis is an important disease for the dairy industry worldwide, causing economic losses and reducing milk quality and production. Staphylococcus aureus is a worldwide agent of this intramammary infection, which also causes foodborne diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates in milk of mastitis cows in Brazil and to analyze the genetic lineages and the content of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors among these isolates. Fifty-six MSSA isolates were recovered from 1,484 milk samples (positive for the California mastitis test) of 518 cows from 11 different farms in Brazil (representing 51% of total Staph. aureus obtained), and they were further characterized. Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from 3.7% of California mastitis test-positive tested milk samples and from 6.2% of tested mastitic cows. Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates were characterized by spa typing, agr typing, and multilocus sequence typing, and resistance and virulence traits were investigated by PCR. Seven spa types were identified among MSSA (% of isolates): t127 (44.6), t605 (37.5), t002, t1784, t2066 (1.8), and 2 new ones: t10856 (10.7) and t10852 (1.8). Five distinct sequence types (ST) were detected (% of isolates): ST1 (46.4), ST126 (37.5), ST133 (10.7), ST5 (3.6), and a novel ST registered as ST2493 (1.8). Resistances were detected for streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. One strain contained the chloramphenicol resistance gene (fexA; included within transposon Tn558) and 3 strains contained the tetracycline resistance gene [tet(K)]. Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains were susceptible to most of the antibiotics studied and lacked the virulence genes of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (lukF/S-PV), toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (tst), exfoliative toxin A (eta), and exfoliative toxin B (etb), as well as the genes of the immune evasion cluster. Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates were detected in a relatively low proportion of cows with mastitis (6.2%) and recovered isolates presented high diversity of genetic lineages, with CC1 and CC126 the predominant clonal complexes, and CC133 also being detected. Larger epidemiological studies with molecular characterization of isolates are required to deepen the knowledge on the circulating genetic lineages among the cow population with mastitis. © 2013 American Dairy Science Association.

Sentimentos e percepções de mulheres no ciclo gravídico-puerperal que sobreviveram à morbidade materna grave

Pós-graduação em Enfermagem (mestrado profissional) - FMB

Diarréia viral bovina(BVD): aspectos epidemiológicos da infecção persistente, avaliação sorológica da resposta imune e caracterização molecular do virús

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The Use of Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) to Assess the Quality and Stability of Fruit Products: An Example Using Red Mombin Pulp (Spondias purpurea L.)

The present study aimed to evaluate the volatiles profile of red mombin (Spondias purpurea) pulp and its powder produced by spray-drying (SD) as an example to show utility of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) in the analysis of parameters such as the quality and stability of fruit products. Volatiles profiles of the pulp were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), quantified by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and compared to the profile of the powder stored at 0, 60 and 120 days in plastic (PP) or laminated packages (LP). The results showed that the technique was able to identify 36 compounds in the red mombin pulp, 17 out of which have been described for the first time in this fruit, showing that red mombin fresh pulp appears to be unique in terms of volatiles composition. However, only 24 compounds were detected in the powder. This decrease is highly correlated (r(2) = 0.99), at least for the majority of compounds, to the degree of volatility of compounds. Furthermore, the powder stored in PP or LP showed no statistical differences in the amounts of its components for a period of 120 days of storage. Finally, this work shows how HS-SPME analysis can be a valuable tool to assess the quality and stability of fruit products.

Dris norms and critical leaf nutrient levels for ‘Niagara rosada’ grape in Jundiaí region, São Paulo (Brasil)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo químico e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana de fungos endofíticos associados à Paepalanthus chiquitensis (eriocaulaceae) e efeitos de moduladores químicos epigenéticos no cultivo de Pochonia chlamydosporia

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Pressure Dependence of N-15 Chemical Shifts in Model Peptides Ac-Gly-Gly-X-Ala-NH2

High pressure NMR spectroscopy has developed into an important tool for studying conformational equilibria of proteins in solution. We have studied the amide proton and nitrogen chemical shifts of the 20 canonical amino acids X in the random-coil model peptide Ac-Gly-Gly-X-Ala-NH2, in a pressure range from 0.1 to 200 MPa, at a proton resonance frequency of 800 MHz. The obtained data allowed the determination of first and second order pressure coefficients with high accuracy at 283 K and pH 6.7. The mean first and second order pressure coefficients <B-1(15N)> and <B-2(15N)> for nitrogen are 2.91 ppm/GPa and -2.32 ppm/GPa(2), respectively. The corresponding values <B-1(1H)> and <B-2(1H)> for the amide protons are 0.52 ppm/GPa and -0.41 ppm/GPa(2). Residual dependent (1)J(1H15N)-coupling constants are shown.

Spectroscopic and Catalytic Characterization of a Functional (FeFeII)-Fe-III Biomimetic for the Active Site of Uteroferrin and Protein Cleavage

A mixed-valence complex, [Fe(III)Fe(II)L1(mu-OAc)(2)]BF4 center dot H2O, where the ligand H(2)L1 = 2-{[[3-[((bis-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)methyl)-2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl](pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino]methyl]phenol}, has been studied with a range of techniques, and, where possible, its properties have been compared to those of the corresponding enzyme system purple acid phosphatase. The (FeFeII)-Fe-III and Fe-2(III) oxidized species were studied spectroelectrochemically. The temperature-dependent population of the S = 3/2 spin states of the heterovalent system, observed using magnetic circular dichroism, confirmed that the dinuclear center is weakly antiferromagnetically coupled (H = -2JS(1).S-2, where J = -5.6 cm(-1)) in a frozen solution. The ligand-to-metal charge-transfer transitions are correlated with density functional theory calculations. The (FeFeII)-Fe-III complex is electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-silent, except at very low temperatures (<2 K), because of the broadening caused by the exchange coupling and zero-field-splitting parameters being of comparable magnitude and rapid spin-lattice relaxation. However, a phosphate-bound Fe-2(III) complex showed an EPR spectrum due to population of the S-tot = 3 state (J= -3.5 cm(-1)). The phosphatase activity of the (FeFeII)-Fe-III complex in hydrolysis of bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)phosphate (k(cat.) = 1.88 x 10(-3) s(-1); K-m = 4.63 x 10(-3) mol L-1) is similar to that of other bimetallic heterovalent complexes with the same ligand. Analysis of the kinetic data supports a mechanism where the initiating nucleophile in the phosphatase reaction is a hydroxide, terminally bound to Fe-III. It is interesting to note that aqueous solutions of [Fe(III)Fe(II)L1(mu-OAc)(2)](+) are also capable of protein cleavage, at mild temperature and pH conditions, thus further expanding the scope of this complex's catalytic promiscuity.

delta-Lactam derivative from thermophilic soil fungus exhibits in vitro anti-allergic activity

From cultures of thermophilic soil fungus Humicola grisea var thermoidea, a delta-lactam derivative (3-(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2( 1H)-one) that displayed anti-allergic activity was isolated, which was predicted by in silico computational chemistry approaches. The in vitro anti-allergic activity was investigated by beta-hexosaminidase release assay in rat basophilic leukaemia RBL-2H3 cells. The delta-lactam derivative exhibited similar anti-allergic activity (IC50 = 18.7 +/- 6.7 mu M) in comparison with ketotifen fumarate (IC50 = 15.0 +/- 1.3 mu M) and stronger anti-allergic activity than azelastine (IC50 = 32.0 mu M). Also, the MTT cytotoxicity assay with RBL-2H3 cells showed that delta-lactam does not display cytotoxicity at concentrations lower than 50 mu M. This study suggests that the delta-lactam derivative has the potential to be used as a lead compound in the development of anti-allergic drugs for clinical use in humans.

Synthese hochsubstituierter Pyrrolidine aus alpha-Aminonitrilen und alpha-(Alkylidenamino)-nitrilen

Viele substituierte Pyrrolidine zeigen eine hohe Affinität zu biologischen Makromolekülen wie zu G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptoren, Ionenkanälen oder Enzymen. Eine synthetische Route zur Darstellung von Pyrrolidinen mit der Möglichkeit, alle fünf Ringatome variabel zu substituieren, ist daher von Interesse für die pharmazeutische Forschung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zwei neue Synthesestrategien zur Darstellung hochsubstituierter Pyrrolidine vorgestellt: Die 1,4-Addition von -Aminonitrilen an ,-ungesättigte Carbonylverbindungen liefert cyclische Zwischenprodukte, die in einer Eintopfreaktion zu Pyrrolidinen reduziert werden können. Die Cyanogruppe wird dabei im Reduktionsschritt aus dem Molekül entfernt, so dass keine unerwünschten Funktionalitäten im Zielmolekül zurückbleiben. In analoger Weise reagieren -(Alkylidenamino)-nitrile mit ,-ungesättigten Carbonylverbindungen. Nach Reduktion der Intermediate können polysubstituierte Pyrrolidine erhalten werden. Im Gegensatz zu -Aminonitrilen lassen sich -(Alkylidenamino)-nitrile allerdings auch mit CH-aciden ,-ungesättigten Carbonylverbindungen umsetzten, und erlauben so die Darstellung von substituierten Pyrrolidinen, die mit der zuerst genannten Methode nicht zugänglich sind. Die Übertragung beider Synthesestrategien auf die Darstellung von polycyclischen Pyrrolidinen wie dem Alkaloid Crispin A wird ebenfalls in dieser Arbeit beschrieben.

Synthese, 18 F-Markierung, 11 C-Markierung und Evaluierung Hydantoin-substituierter Indolcarbonsäuren zur Visualisierung des NMDA-Rezeptorstatus mittels der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET)

Der N-methyl-D-aspartat-Rezeptor (NMDA), als Vertreter ionotroper Glutamat-Rezeptoren, ist essentiell für physiologische Lern- und Gedächtnisvorgänge und eine krankhafte Überaktivierung wird als potentielle Ursache für eine Reihe von akuten und chronischen neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen angesehen. Hierbei sind für die akuten Erkrankungen vor allem der Schlaganfall und für die chronischen Erkrankungen Morbus Parkinson sowie die Alzheimer´sche Demenz zu nennen. Durch seine einzigartige spannungsabhängige Mg2+-Blockade und der Notwendigkeit der gleichzeitigen Anwesenheit der endogenen Liganden Glutamat und Glycin zur Rezeptoraktivierung, stellt dieser Rezeptorkomplex daher ein sehr interessantes molekulares Target dar. NMDA-Rezeptor-Antagonisten der Glycin-Bindungsstelle und der verschiedenen allosterischen Bindungsstellen könnten als Neuroprotektiva bei den verschiedenen Krankheiten eine symptomatische Verbesserung bewirken und zur Therapie eingesetzt werden. Eine visuelle Darstellung des Rezeptors im Rahmen von Vorsorgeuntersuchungen ist jedoch derzeit nicht möglich. Zur Visualisierung dieser Prozesse mittels der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) wurden basierend auf einer Hydantoin-substituierten Indol-2-carbonsäure als Leitstruktur, im Rahmen dieser Arbeit Fluorethoxy- und Methoxy-substituierte Derivate dargestellt und in pharmazeutischen und radiopharmazeutischen Studien evaluiert. Dazu wurde die Affinität und Spezifität zum Rezeptor in einem [3H]MDL-105,519 Rezeptorbindungsassay und die Lipophilie als Parameter für die Hirngängigkeit ermittelt. Anhand dieser Resultate wurden geeignete Markierungsvorläufer synthetisiert, welche eine phenolische Hydroxylfunktion besitzen und eine radioaktive Markierung mit den sekundären Markierungsvorläufern 2-[18F]Fluorethyltosylat ([18F]FETos) und [11C]Methyliodid ([11C]CH3I) ermöglichen. Unter Verwendung von 4,6-Dichlor-3-((3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)methyl)-indol-2-carbonsäure wurde in einer Einstufenreaktion mit [18F]FETos die Zielverbindung 4,6-Dichlor-3-((3-(4-(2-[18F]fluorethoxy)phenyl)-2,4-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)methyl)-indol-2-carbonsäure in radiochemischen Ausbeuten von 6 % erhalten. Daher wurde eine alternative Markierung des Ethylester-geschützten Derivates 4,6-Dichlor-3-((3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)methyl)-indol-2-carbonsäureethylester in einer Zweistufensynthese mit [18F]FETos und [11C]CH3I untersucht. Unter Verwendung dieser Strategie wurden unter optimierten Bedingungen 4,6-Dichlor-3-((3-4-(2-[18F]fluorethoxy)phenyl)-2,4-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)methyl)-indol-2-carbonsäureethylester und 4,6-Dichlor-3-((3-(4-[11C]methoxy-phenyl)-2,4-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-methyl)-indol-2-carbonsäureethylester in radiochemischen Ausbeuten von 27 – 38 % erhalten. Die anschließende Entfernung der Schutzgruppe führte unter Bildung von Neben- und Zersetzungsreaktionen zu 4,6-Dichlor-3-((3-(4-(2-[18F]fluorethoxy)-phenyl)-2,4-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)methyl)-indol-2-carbonsäure und 4,6-Dichlor-3-((3-(4-[11C]methoxyphenyl)-2,4-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)methyl)-indol-2-carbonsäure in radiochemischen Gesamtausbeuten von 5 – 7 %. Die Überprüfung des biochemischen Konzepts in vivo durch µ-PET-Studien und durch autoradiographische Experimente an Rattenhirnschnitten, deuten auf eine niedrige in vivo-Aktivität hin, welche sich auf eine nicht ausreichende Passage der Blut-Hirn-Schranke zurückführen lässt.