Fate of N-15-labelled nitrate in a wet summer under different residue management regimes in young hoop pine plantations

A field study was conducted to investigate the fate of N-15-labelled nitrate applied at 20 kg N ha(-1) in a wet summer to microplots installed in areas under different residue management regimes in second-rotation hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantations aged 1-3 years in south-east Queensland, Australia. PVC microplots of 235 mm diameter and 300 mm long were driven into 250 mm soil. There were three replications of each of eight treatments. These were areas just under and between 1-year-old windrows (ca. 2-3 m in width) of harvesting residues spaced 15 m apart, and with and without incorporated foliage residues (20 t DM ha(-1)); the areas just under and between 2- or 3-year-old windrows spaced 10 m apart. Only 7-29% of the added N-15 was recovered from the top 750 mm of the soil profile with the leaching loss estimated to be 70-86% over the 34-day period. The N-15 loss via denitrification was 3.7-6.3% by directly measuring the N-15 gases emitted. The microplots with the incorporated residues at the 1-year-old site had the highest N-15 loss (6.3%) as compared with the other treatments. The N-15 mass balance method together with the use of bromide (Br) tracer applied at 100 kg Br ha(-1) failed to obtain a reliable estimate of the denitrification loss. The microplots at the 1-year-old site had higher N-15 immobilisation rate (7.5-24.7%) compared with those at 2- and 3-year-old sites (2.1-3.6%). Incorporating the residues resulted in an increase in N-15 immobilisation rate (24.5-24.7%) compared with the control without the incorporated residues (8.4-14.3%). These findings suggest that climatic conditions played important roles in controlling the N-15 transformations in the wet summer season and that the residue management regimes could also significantly influence the N-15 transformations. Most of the N-15 loss occurred through leaching, but a considerable amount of the N-15 was lost through denitrification. Bromide proved to be an unsuitable tracer for monitoring the N-15 leaching and movement under the wet summer conditions. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Implicit vector equilibrium problems with applications

Let X and Y be Hausdorff topological vector spaces, K a nonempty, closed, and convex subset of X, C: K--> 2(Y) a point-to-set mapping such that for any x is an element of K, C(x) is a pointed, closed, and convex cone in Y and int C(x) not equal 0. Given a mapping g : K --> K and a vector valued bifunction f : K x K - Y, we consider the implicit vector equilibrium problem (IVEP) of finding x* is an element of K such that f (g(x*), y) is not an element of - int C(x) for all y is an element of K. This problem generalizes the (scalar) implicit equilibrium problem and implicit variational inequality problem. We propose the dual of the implicit vector equilibrium problem (DIVEP) and establish the equivalence between (IVEP) and (DIVEP) under certain assumptions. Also, we give characterizations of the set of solutions for (IVP) in case of nonmonotonicity, weak C-pseudomonotonicity, C-pseudomonotonicity, and strict C-pseudomonotonicity, respectively. Under these assumptions, we conclude that the sets of solutions are nonempty, closed, and convex. Finally, we give some applications of (IVEP) to vector variational inequality problems and vector optimization problems. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

A yield architecture framework to explain adaptation of pearl millet to environmental stress

Functional knowledge of the physiological basis of crop adaptation to stress is a prerequisite for exploiting specific adaptation to stress environments in breeding programs. This paper presents an analysis of yield components for pearl millet, to explain the specific adaptation of local landraces to stress environments in Rajasthan, India. Six genotypes, ranging from high-tillering traditional landraces to low-tillering open-pollinated modern cultivars, were grown in 20 experiments, covering a range of nonstress and drought stress patterns. In each experiment, yield components (particle number, grain number, 100 grain mass) were measured separately for main shoots, basal tillers, and nodal tillers. Under optimum conditions, landraces had a significantly lower grain yield than the cultivars, but no significant differences were observed at yield levels around 1 ton ha(-1). This genotype x environment interaction for grain yield was due to a difference in yield strategy, where landraces aimed at minimising the risk of a crop failure under stress conditions, and modem cultivars aimed at maximising yield potential under optimum conditions. A key aspect of the adaptation of landraces was the small size of the main shoot panicle, as it minimised (1) the loss of productive tillers during stem elongation; (2) the delay in anthesis if mid-season drought occurs; and (3) the reduction in panicle productivity of the basal tillers under stress. In addition, a low investment in structural panicle weight, relative to vegetative crop growth rate, promoted the production of nodal tillers, providing a mechanism to compensate for reduced basal tiller productivity if stress occurred around anthesis. A low maximum 100 grain mass also ensured individual grain mass was little affected by environmental conditions. The strategy of the high-tillering landraces carries a yield penalty under optimum conditions, but is expected to minimise the risk of a crop failure, particularly if mid-season drought stress occurs. The yield architecture of low-tillering varieties, by contrast, will be suited to end-of-season drought stress, provided anthesis is early. Application of the above adaptation mechanisms into a breeding program could enable the identification of plant types that match the prevalent stress patterns in the target environments. (C) 2003 E.J. van Oosterom. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Multiple centroid method to evaluate the adaptability of alfalfa genotypes

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of multiple centroids to study the adaptability of alfalfa genotypes (Medicago sativa L.). In this method, the genotypes are compared with ideotypes defined by the bissegmented regression model, according to the researcher's interest. Thus, genotype classification is carried out as determined by the objective of the researcher and the proposed recommendation strategy. Despite the great potential of the method, it needs to be evaluated under the biological context (with real data). In this context, we used data on the evaluation of dry matter production of 92 alfalfa cultivars, with 20 cuttings, from an experiment in randomized blocks with two repetitions carried out from November 2004 to June 2006. The multiple centroid method proved efficient for classifying alfalfa genotypes. Moreover, it showed no unambiguous indications and provided that ideotypes were defined according to the researcher's interest, facilitating data interpretation.

A mathematical model to describe fat oxidation kinetics during graded exercise.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a mathematical model (sine model, SIN) to describe fat oxidation kinetics as a function of the relative exercise intensity [% of maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2max)] during graded exercise and to determine the exercise intensity (Fatmax) that elicits maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the intensity at which the fat oxidation becomes negligible (Fatmin). This model included three independent variables (dilatation, symmetry, and translation) that incorporated primary expected modulations of the curve because of training level or body composition. METHODS: Thirty-two healthy volunteers (17 women and 15 men) performed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer, with 3-min stages and 20-W increments. Substrate oxidation rates were determined using indirect calorimetry. SIN was compared with measured values (MV) and with other methods currently used [i.e., the RER method (MRER) and third polynomial curves (P3)]. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the fitting accuracy between SIN and P3 (P = 0.157), whereas MRER was less precise than SIN (P < 0.001). Fatmax (44 +/- 10% VO2max) and MFO (0.37 +/- 0.16 g x min(-1)) determined using SIN were significantly correlated with MV, P3, and MRER (P < 0.001). The variable of dilatation was correlated with Fatmax, Fatmin, and MFO (r = 0.79, r = 0.67, and r = 0.60, respectively, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The SIN model presents the same precision as other methods currently used in the determination of Fatmax and MFO but in addition allows calculation of Fatmin. Moreover, the three independent variables are directly related to the main expected modulations of the fat oxidation curve. SIN, therefore, seems to be an appropriate tool in analyzing fat oxidation kinetics obtained during graded exercise.

Aging and motor programming: differential effects according to the selection of action

There are controversial reports about the effect of aging on movement preparation, and it is unclear to which extent cognitive and/or motor related cerebral processes may be affected. This study examines the age effects on electro-cortical oscillatory patterns during various motor programming tasks, in order to assess potential differences according to the mode of action selection. Twenty elderly (EP, 60-84 years) and 20 young (YP, 20-29 years) participants with normal cognition underwent 3 pre-cued response tasks (S1-S2 paradigm). S1 carried either complete information on response side (Full; stimulus-driven motor preparation), no information (None; general motor alertness), or required free response side selection (Free; internally-driven motor preparation). Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded using 64 surface electrodes. Alpha (8-12 Hz) desynchronization (ERD)/synchronization (ERS) and motor-related amplitude asymmetries (MRAA) were analyzed during the S1-S2 interval. Reaction times (RTs) to S2 were slower in EP than YP, and in None than in the other 2 tasks. There was an Age x Task interaction due to increased RTs in Free compared to Full in EP only. Central bilateral and midline activation (alpha ERD) was smaller in EP than YP in None. In Full just before S2, readiness to move was reflected by posterior midline inhibition (alpha ERS) in both groups. In Free, such inhibition was present only in YP. Moreover, MRAA showed motor activity lateralization in both groups in Full, but only in YP in Free. The results indicate reduced recruitment of motor regions for motor alertness in the elderly. They further show less efficient cerebral processes subtending free selection of movement in elders, suggesting reduced capacity for internally-driven action with age.

Visualització de la interaccio entre la proteïnaG12 i la catenina p120

Els processos de senyalització a través de receptors acoplats a proteïnes G (GPCRs) estan implicats en una gran varietat de processos fisiològics i patològics. Els objectius de la meva recerca es centren en l’estudi de la funció de les proteïnes heterotrimèriques de la família G12, en particular, en el paper que aquestes proteïnes poden tenir en la inducció de la migració cel•lular. Des del seu descobriment, s’han descrit diversos efectors que s’uneixen i es regulen per aquestes proteïnes. Les proteïnes de la família de RhoGEF semblen ser els efectors més directes i que juguen un paper més important en els processos de senyalització de les proteïnes G12. Tanmateix, resultats recents semblen indicar que altres vies independent de l’activació de Rho són també necessàries perquè els efectes fisiològics de les vies de les proteïnes G12 tinguin lloc. En aquest camp, els resultats que he obtingut, juntament amb resultats previs del grup, han descrit una nova via d’activació independent de Rho. Hem trobat que la proteïna G12 s’uneix a una catenina: la catenina p120. La seva unió sembla tenir lloc a través l’extrem N-terminal de la catenina i condueix a la reducció de la fosforilació en algun dels seus residus de tirosina, ja sigui per la quinasa Src o per l’activació a través d’EGF. Per tant, aquests resultats suggereixen que una altra via d’acció de la proteïna G12 seria mitjançant la regulació de la catenina p120 i, com a conseqüència, alguns processos d’adhesió cel•lular es podrien veure afectats. A fi d’entendre millor la regulació i la interacció de la catenina p120 hem iniciat l’estudi de la seva distribució cel•lular en l’espai i temps mitjançant tècniques de microscopia. Així, vam intentar construir una sonda de G12 fluorescent amb GFP. Després de diversos intents i experiments amb proteïnes no funcionals hem aconseguit, amb la col•laboració de T. Meigs, una construcció funcional que activa Rho. Això ens permetrà acabar els experiments de seguiment in vivo.

Nonshivering thermogenesis capacity associated to mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and gender in the greater white-toothed shrew, Crocidura russula.

A selection gradient was recently suggested as one possible cause for a clinal distribution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes along an altitudinal transect in the greater white-toothed shrew, Crocidura russula (Ehinger et al. 2002). One mtDNA haplotype (H1) rare in lowland, became widespread when approaching the altitudinal margin of the distribution. As H1 differs from the main lowland haplotype by several nonsynonymous mutations (including on ATP6), and as mitochondria play a crucial role in metabolism and thermogenesis, distribution patterns might stem from differences in the thermogenic capacity of different mtDNA haplotypes. In order to test this hypothesis, we measured the nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) associated with different mtDNA haplotypes. Sixty-two shrews, half of which had the H1 haplotype, were acclimated in November at semioutdoor conditions and measured for NST throughout winter. Our results showed the crucial role of NST for winter survival in C. russula. The individuals that survived winter displayed a higher significant increase in NST during acclimation, associated with a significant gain in body mass, presumably from brown fat accumulation. The NST capacity (ratio of NST to basal metabolic rate) was exceptionally high for such a small species. NST was significantly affected by a gender x haplotype interaction after winter-acclimation: females bearing the H1 haplotype displayed a better thermogenesis at the onset of the breeding season, while the reverse was true for males. Altogether, our results suggest a sexually antagonistic cyto-nuclear selection on thermogenesis.

Training in hypoxia fails to further enhance endurance performance and lactate clearance in well-trained men and impairs glucose metabolism during prolonged exercise.

The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic effects of endurance training and hypoxia on endurance performance in normoxic and hypoxic conditions (approximately 3000 m above sea level) as well as on lactate and glucose metabolism during prolonged exercise. For this purpose, 14 well-trained cyclists performed 12 training sessions in conditions of normobaric hypoxia (HYP group, n = 7) or normoxia (NOR group, n = 7) over 4 weeks. Before and after training, lactate and glucose turnover rates were measured by infusion of exogenous lactate and stable isotope tracers. Endurance performance was assessed during incremental tests performed in normoxia and hypoxia and a 40 km time trial performed in normoxia. After training, performance was similarly and significantly improved in the NOR and HYP groups (training, P < 0.001) in normoxic conditions. No further effect of hypoxic training was found on markers of endurance performance in hypoxia (training x hypoxia interaction, n.s.). In addition, training and hypoxia had no significant effect on lactate turnover rate. In contrast, there was a significant interaction of training and hypoxia (P < 0.05) on glucose metabolism, as follows: plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were significantly increased; glucose metabolic clearance rate was decreased; and the insulin to glucagon ratio was increased after training in the HYP group. In conclusion, our results show that, compared with training in normoxia, training in hypoxia has no further effect on endurance performance in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions or on lactate metabolic clearance rate. Additionally, these findings suggest that training in hypoxia impairs blood glucose regulation in endurance-trained subjects during exercise.

Training in hypoxia fails to further enhance endurance performance and lactate clearance in well-trained men and impairs glucose metabolism during prolonged exercise.

The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic effects of endurance training and hypoxia on endurance performance in normoxic and hypoxic conditions (approximately 3000 m above sea level) as well as on lactate and glucose metabolism during prolonged exercise. For this purpose, 14 well-trained cyclists performed 12 training sessions in conditions of normobaric hypoxia (HYP group, n = 7) or normoxia (NOR group, n = 7) over 4 weeks. Before and after training, lactate and glucose turnover rates were measured by infusion of exogenous lactate and stable isotope tracers. Endurance performance was assessed during incremental tests performed in normoxia and hypoxia and a 40 km time trial performed in normoxia. After training, performance was similarly and significantly improved in the NOR and HYP groups (training, P < 0.001) in normoxic conditions. No further effect of hypoxic training was found on markers of endurance performance in hypoxia (training x hypoxia interaction, n.s.). In addition, training and hypoxia had no significant effect on lactate turnover rate. In contrast, there was a significant interaction of training and hypoxia (P < 0.05) on glucose metabolism, as follows: plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were significantly increased; glucose metabolic clearance rate was decreased; and the insulin to glucagon ratio was increased after training in the HYP group. In conclusion, our results show that, compared with training in normoxia, training in hypoxia has no further effect on endurance performance in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions or on lactate metabolic clearance rate. Additionally, these findings suggest that training in hypoxia impairs blood glucose regulation in endurance-trained subjects during exercise.

Phenotypic stability and genetic gains in six-year girth growth of Hevea clones

Rubber tree [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. de Juss.) Müell. Arg.] budgrafts of seven clones were evaluated on five contrasting sites in the plateau region of the São Paulo State, Brazil. The objective of this work was to study the phenotypic stability for girth growth. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications and seven treatments. Analysis of variance of girth at six-year plant growth indicated a highly significant clone x site interaction. Only linear sites and clone x site components of clone x year interaction were significant, indicating that the performance of clones over sites for this trait could be predicted. The clones GT 1 and PB 235 showed the greatest stability in relation to girth growth, with foreseen responses to change, introduced in the sites. The clones PB 235 and IAN 873 showed significative difference in relation to regression coefficient, representing clones with specific adaptability on favorable and unfavorable sites respectively. The clone GT 1 became the most promissory one in the study of stability and adaptability even showing low girth growth. Expected genetic gains from planting sites, along with estimates of clonal variance and repeatability of clonal means are generally greatest or close to the greatest when selection is done at the same site.

The role of magma rheology during emplacement of the Listino Suite, Adamello Massif, Italy

This thesis studies individual and contextual antecedents of anti-immigrant attitudes by drawing on intergroup threat and contact, social representation, and value theories. As an alternative to previous multilevel research on the topic, it aims to articulate levels of analysis by putting forward a Person x Context Interaction approach. Moreover, rather than focussing exclusively on the impact of a large immigrant proportion, by introducing ideological climates, it develops and examines the normative societal context in which individuals are embedded. The studies largely draw on cross-sectional survey data across Swiss municipalities (Studies 1 to 3) and European countries (Study 4), but are complemented by elite discourses (Study 5) and online collected survey data (Study 6). Study 1 distinguishes between valued and devalued immigrants, thereby shedding light on the impact of immigrant proportion on intergroup contact and threat. Study 2 focuses on the link between immigrant proportion and attitudes towards the Muslim veil by examining its joint impact with conservative ideologies on the individual and municipality level. Aiming to explain threat related to immigrants, the interplay between immigrant proportion and ideological climates is studied across Swiss municipalities (Study 3) and European countries (Study 4). In addition, by adopting a Person x Context Interaction approach, it is investigated whether a context galvanizes individuals already prone to viewing immigrants as threatening, or mobilizes those generally least likely to express prejudice. Finally, to better understand the role political elites play in fuelling ideological climates, the official discourses on the 2011 England riots are analysed (Study 5). With online survey data collected during the riots, it is then shown that once endorsed, threat-eliciting climates are likely to mobilize negative ethnic diversity attitudes in the larger population (Study 6). Overall, this thesis proposes an integrative approach to studying anti-immigrant attitudes and discusses theoretical and methodological implications. - La présente thèse se penche sur les antécédents individuels et contextuels des attitudes négatives envers les immigré e s, en combinant les théories de la menace intergroupe, du contact, des représentations sociales et des valeurs. Elle a plus précisément pour but d'articuler différents niveaux d'analyse à travers une approche insistant sur les interactions entre Individu et Contexte. Ce faisant, elle propose une alternative aux recherches précédentes sur le thème, basées sur une perspective multiniveau plus « classique ». Au lieu de se pencher uniquement sur l'impact de la présence de populations immigrées dans un lieu donné, la recherche réalisée a par ailleurs développé et étudié le concept de climat idéologique, à savoir le contexte normatif au sein duquel les individus sont plongés au quotidien. Les études composant cette thèse se basent essentiellement sur des données d'enquête de grande échelle, récoltées dans diverses municipalités Suisses (Etudes 1 à 3) ou divers pays Européens (Etude 4). Elles sont complétées par l'analyse de discours politiques (Etude 5) et de données récoltées sur internet (Etude 6). Distinguant entre immigré-e'S valorisé-e s et dévalorisé-e-s, l'Etude 1 a eu pour but de mettre en lumière l'impact de la présence d'immigré e s sur le contact et la menace intergroupes. L'Etude 2 a, quant à elle, examiné si la présence d'immigré e s interagit avec les idéologies conservatrices, tant au niveau individuel que municipal, pour expliquer les attitudes envers le voile. Dans le même ordre idée, les études suivantes ont mis en exergue les effets conjoints de la présence d'immigré-e s et du climat idéologique au niveau des municipalités suisses (Etude 3) ou des pays Européens (Etude 4). En s'intéressant aux interactions entre Individu et Contexte, ces études ont en particulier cherché à observer dans quelle mesure ce dernier pouvait galvaniser les attitudes de personnes qui avaient déjà tendance à percevoir les immigré e s comme une menace ou, au contraire, mobiliser des individus desquels on n'attendrait pas de telles attitudes. Pour finir, les dernières études ont eu pour but de mettre en lumière la manière dont les élites politiques alimentent les climats idéologiques. Dans ce but, l'Etude 5 a analysé les discours officiels donnés pendant les émeutes qui ont secoué Londres en 2011, alors que l'Etude 6 a démontré comment le fait d'être en accord avec le message de menace véhiculé par ces discours avait poussé des individus égalitaires à exprimer des attitudes négatives envers la diversité ethnique. Dans l'ensemble, la présente thèse propose donc une approche intégrative d'étudier les attitudes négatives envers les immigré-e-s, et en discute les implications théoriques et méthodologiques.

Effects of erythropoietin on muscle O2 transport during exercise in patients with chronic renal failure.

Erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has proven to be effective in the treatment of anemia of chronic renal failure (CRF). Despite improving the quality of life, peak oxygen uptake after rHuEPO therapy is not improved as much as the increase in hemoglobin concentration ([Hb)] would predict. We hypothesized that this discrepancy is due to failure of O2 transport rates to rise in a manner proportional to [Hb]. To test this, eight patients with CRF undergoing regular hemodialysis were studied pre- and post-rHuEPO ([Hb] = 7.5 +/- 1.0 vs. 12.5 +/- 1.0 g x dl-1) using a standard incremental cycle exercise protocol. A group of 12 healthy sedentary subjects of similar age and anthropometric characteristics served as controls. Arterial and femoral venous blood gas data were obtained and coupled with simultaneous measurements of femoral venous blood flow (Qleg) by thermodilution to obtain O2 delivery and oxygen uptake (VO2). Despite a 68% increase in [Hb], peak VO2 increased by only 33%. This could be explained largely by reduced peak leg blood flow, limiting the gain in O2 delivery to 37%. At peak VO2, after rHuEPO, O2 supply limitation of maximal VO2 was found to occur, permitting the calculation of a value for muscle O2 conductance from capillary to mitochondria (DO2). While DO2 was slightly improved after rHuEPO, it was only 67% of that of sedentary control subjects. This kept maximal oxygen extraction at only 70%. Two important conclusions can be reached from this study. First, the increase in [Hb] produced by rHuEPO is accompanied by a significant reduction in peak blood flow to exercising muscle, which limits the gain in oxygen transport. Second, even after restoration of [Hb], O2 conductance from the muscle capillary to the mitochondria remains considerably below normal.

Key locations for soybean genotype assessment in Central Brazil

The objective of this work was to identify key locations for the establishment of soybean (Glycine max) genetic breeding programs, in the Central Region of Brazil. Grain yield data of three maturity groups of soybean genotypes, from regional trials conducted over three years, at 18 locations in Brazilian Cerrado were used. A key location for the early phases of the breeding program was defined as the site that best classifies the winning genotypes in the region. Key locations for the final phases were defined as those sites that best represent each environmental stratum, in relation to the adaptability of the respective winning genotype. This adaptability was estimated by additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model analysis, using the distance between the score of each location in a stratum and the score of the winning genotype, which characterizes such stratum in an AMMI biplot. The locations that best classified the winning genotypes over space and time were Mineiros, Placas and Rio Verde. For the final phases of genotype selection, with data from the three maturity group, the recommended locations were: Buritis, Chapadão do Céu, Iraí, Pamplona, Placas, Planaltina, Rio Verde, Sacramento, Senador Canedo, Uberaba, and Uberlândia.