El hombre y Unamuno aportaciones pedagógicas.

Conocer la concepción que Unamuno tiene del hombre y percibir más de cerca sus ideas pedagógicas. Expone algunos hechos de la vida de Unamuno e influencias a que estuvo sometido, indaga en su carácter y explica los procedimientos pedagógicos. 1) Es al final de su vida cuando empieza para Unamuno la fama, muy deseada por él como síntoma de inmortalidad. En 1935 es nombrado ciudadano de honor y asiste en este año también a la inauguración del Colegio de España en Paris, la Universidad de Oxford le nombra Doctor Honoris Causa. 2) Unamuno nunca llegó a una integración de su persona, en él no se dio esa unión entre lo que era y lo que había adquirido, por lo tanto esta es la clave para comprender toda su problemática acerca de su falta de integración y su falta de autenticidad. 3) Para llegar el hombre a su plenitud necesita vivir su infancia, por lo tanto, para educar al individuo hay que tener en cuenta esta infancia. El proceso educativo, ha de seguir una continuidad partiendo de lo que uno es. 4) Al niño hay que dejarle y comprenderle, pero sólo sabrá moverse en esta dirección, quien además de la experiencia o sabiduría que en los años se van acumulando, tengan espíritu infantil, espíritu de niño. 5) Queda patente que la gran preocupación de Unamuno, el único tema de su filosofía es el hombre, sus problemas vitales y su educación, educación no entendida como instrucción .6) Respecto a la pedagogía, Unamuno se encuentra abierto a la época en que le tocó vivir y acepta sus mejores principios, pero nunca se puede encontrar en él ideas originales en este terreno, esto puede ser debido a que huye de todo lo que suene a lógico o científico como la colaboración con la pedagogía científica. 7) Unamuno cree en la importancia de la educación, ve su necesidad y se la plantea no sólo como medio de salvar al hombre, sino a los pueblos, pero sin embargo ridiculiza el esfuerzo pedagógico mal entendido de algunos de su tiempo, la fiebre del cientificismo que hace de la pedagogía el pensamiento sofisticado.

¿Noche de paz?

Se analiza la fiebre consumista de la Navidad. Así, la Navidad pierde el sentido de fiesta familiar y religiosa. Todo se traduce en comprar comida, juguetes, adornos, ropa o cualquier otro objeto que pueda ser empaquetado como regalo para parientes o amigos. Los niños se utilizan como 'moneda de cambio' y la economía familiar se resiente ante este consumismo.

Las toxinfecciones alimentarias en el medio escolar.

Por su frecuencia es una de las constantes epidemológicas en los comedores comunitarios. Por ello, en la medicina hay que tener presente la higiene escolar y los posibles riesgos que puede plantear este tema y tener en cuenta que en nuestro medio son las toxinfecciones alimentarías de origen bacteriano las que pueden causar un más alto riesgo. Por lo que debemos prestar mas atención, al igual que a la manipulación de los alimentos y establecer un sistema de control y reglas higiénicas. La toxicidad alimentaría se puede deber: al propio alimento (tóxico per se o por acumulación de ciertos productos), al continente (acetato de cobre, plomo, cinz, etcétera), por venenos químicos (toxinas de peces y plantas y compuestos químicos orgánicos e inorgánicos), por contaminación microbiana (síndromes no febriles, con fiebre).

Profilaxis específica de las infecciones.

Analiza la importancia de las vacunaciones y transcribe los consejos del servicio de profilaxis de la Jefatura Provincial de Madrid sobre el agente causal, fuentes y modos de contagio, medidas para evitar una serie de enfermedades como viruela, fiebre tifoidea; difteria, poliomielitis epidémica, tos ferina y tétanos.

Promoción de la lactancia materna : una propuesta de intervención educativa.

Elaborar una propuesta educativa para el fomento y promoción de la lactancia materna y un programa educativo dirigido a los padres sobre las ventajas de la lactancia materna con pautas de promoción y apoyo. El programa se basa en los resultados de un estudio previo de la situación de la lactancia materna en la Región de Murcia y conocer así sus necesidades. De los 6.122 nacimientos durante el año 1998 en el Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca de Murcia, se realizaron 487 entrevistas a mujeres elegidas al azar entre aquellas ingresadas en período puerperal (primera semana después del parto). Las edades estaban comprendidas entre los 14 y los 47 años. Las entrevistas realizadas recogen 45 variables independientes (datos de filiación, laborales, estudios, concimientos previos sobre la lactancia, parto, recien nacido, pareja, etc.). Se realizó un seguimiento a estas mujeres realizando nuevas entrevistas de 20 variables a los tres y seis meses de vida del lactante. Encuesta. Estadística descriptiva de cada variable con distribución de frecuencias. Relación entre variables mediante análisis de tablas de contingencia. Asociaciones entre variables mediante análisis de resíduos. De las 362 mujeres entrevistadas telefónicamente sólo 122, el 33,7 por ciento continuaron dando a sus hijos lactancia materna al cuarto mes de nacidos, dando suplemento de biberón 54. Sólo el 1 por ciento tenía clara su intención de seguir dando el pecho. De los 240 abandonos, 105 lo hicieron antes del primer mes y 103 casos entre el primero y el tercero. Estos datos contrastan con el hecho de que el 90,1 por ciento de las mujeres ingresadas en maternidad comienzan con la lactancia materna después del parto. El programa se organiza alrededor de tres bloques: atención durante el embarazo, durante el puerperio y durante el puerperio tardío.

Escuela rural : ??aqu?? no se acaba nunca!

Pertenece a un monogr??fico titulado: 40 a??os de educaci??n, 40 a??os de Cuadernos

El reto del cambio educativo : nuevos escenarios y modalidades de formaci??n

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Grandes enfermedades que asolaron a Quito y Guayaquil durante el siglo XVIII y el rol de la iglesia frente a este problema

El presente trabajo se orienta a establecer cuales fueron las enfermedades y las epidemias que afectaron a la población de las ciudades más importantes de la Audiencia de Quito durante el siglo XVIII: Quito y Guayaquil. A partir de ello, y de forma transversal al estudio, se pretende conocer de qué forma participó la Iglesia frente a los problemas de salud que aquejaron a la población urbana colonial. Esta investigación partió de la hipótesis de que enfermedades como la viruela, el sarampión y la fiebre amarilla no fueron las únicas que afectaron a la población de ambas ciudades durante el siglo XVIII, sino que hubo otras que, por sus características, pudieron tomar alcances epidemiológicos graves. Se efectúa una mirada hacia la práctica de los médicos y curanderos, la misma que se encontraba en manos de pocas personas que habían recibido sus títulos del protomedicato de Lima, así como de médicos que habían sido reconocidos como tales por ser los que ejercían purgas y sangrías y recetaban en las ciudades durante muchos años.

Morphine treatment during pregnancy modulates behavioral selection in lactating rats

Previous studies have demonstrated that treatment of postpartum female rats with morphine inhibits maternal behavior and stimulates foraging. Exposure to drugs of abuse may result in a progressive enhancement of their reinforcing effects. Puerperal treatment with morphine leads to reverse tolerance to this drug. The present study investigated whether repeated morphine treatment during late pregnancy may influence the effects of different morphine dosages on behavioral selection in lactating rats. Females were simultaneously exposed to pups and insects, and the choice between taking care of the pups and hunting insects was observed. Female Wistar rats were treated with morphine (3.5 mg/kg/day, subcutaneous [s.c.]) or saline for 5 days beginning on pregnancy day 17. On day 5 of lactation, animals were acutely challenged with morphine (0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg/kg, s.c.; MM0.5, MM1.0, and MM1.5 groups, respectively) or saline (MS group) and tested for predatory hunting and maternal behavior. Control groups were pretreated with saline and challenged with morphine (SM0.5, SM1.0, and SM1.5 groups) or saline (SS group). Animals treated with morphine during late pregnancy and acutely challenged with 1.0 mg/kg morphine (MM1.0 group) exhibited significantly decreased maternal behavior and enhanced hunting. This effect was not evident with the 0.5 mg/kg dose. The 1.5 mg/kg morphine dose decreased maternal behavior and increased hunting in both the MM1.5 group and in animals challenged with morphine after previous saline treatment (SM1.5 group). These results provide evidence of plasticity of the opioidergic role in behavioral selection during lactation. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Escutando as mães HIV+ sobre o grupo de gestantes soropositivas para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana

A feminização é uma das características atuais da epidemia da Aids e atinge principalmente mulheres em idade fértil, o que vem desencadeando um aumento de gestantes portadoras de HIV/Aids. O Serviço de Assistência Especializada em DST/Aids, que integro como enfermeira, vem desenvolvendo o Grupo de Gestantes Soropositivas para o HIV. Conhecer a opinião das mães HIV+ egressas desses grupos sobre esta atividade, tornou-se, então, o objetivo deste estudo. O interesse pelo tema surgiu da experiência de ter cuidado mulheres que vivenciaram esta trajetória no período gestacional e por entender que, ao escutá-las, têm-se subsídios para qualificar o grupo de gestantes soropositivas para o HIV. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa. As participantes do estudo, utilizando o critério de saturação, foram 10 mulheres HIV+ egressas do programa de pré-natal de um Serviço de Assistência Especializada em DST/Aids do município de Porto Alegre. A coleta de dados, realizada no terceiro trimestre de 2004, foi obtida por meio de entrevista, após a leitura e assinatura, pelas entrevistadas, do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido com aprovação do Comitê de Ética em pesquisa da Instituição. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se a Análise de Conteúdo (MORAES,1999) A complexidade dos resultados aponta várias considerações relacionadas a: perplexidade das mulheres ao conhecerem seu diagnóstico de HIV e conseqüentes desinformações relativas ao processo gravídico puerperal acompanhado de HIV, dilema quanto à clandestinidade do diagnóstico, desamparo familiar e social, impossibilidade de amamentar somado ao despreparo de profissionais de enfermagem na maternidade, à condução de outras alternativas substitutivas do aleitamento materno e a preocupação pela responsabilidade de ser ela a fonte transmissora do HIV para seu filho. Para este mundo singular vivido por estas mulheres, pode-se afirmar ser o Grupo de Gestantes Sororpositivas para o HIV, um espaço coletivo de cuidado especial e humanizado e que independente das experiências de vida pessoal, gestacional e familiar e de diferenças de cada participante, resulta num movimento capaz de imprimir grandes mudanças de atitudes, tornando-se evidente para a autora a necessidade de se oportunizarem cada vez mais, espaços de Educação para Saúde como disponibilizados neste grupo. As mães como atoras sociais trouxeram ao aprimoramento do grupo valiosas sugestões referentes à manutenção dos grupos, à ampliação dos participantes oportunizando que outros membros da família participem e à continuação do grupo após o parto. Entre as recomendações advindas desse estudo destaca-se a de construção de trabalhos interdisciplinares em espaços institucionais, familiares e sociais que contemplem o amplo conjunto de necessidades referido pelas mulheres e as apóiem na busca da qualidade de vida para si e seus bebês.

Influência do estado nutricional materno em vitamina A sobre os níveis de imunoglobulina A no colostro humano

Mothers with good vitamin A nutritional status during gestation and lactation are better able to nourish and protect their infant with maternal milk. Our hypothesis is that women with more serum retinol have more retinol and secretory immunoglobulin A in colostrum. 190 healthy puerperal women from a Brazilian public maternity were recruited and divided according to the cutoff point for serum retinol (30 μg/dL). A number of the women was supplemented with 200000 UI (60 mg) of retinyl palmitate in the immediate postpartum. Serum and colostrum were collected on the 1st day postpartum and colostrum again on the following day. Retinol (serum and colostrum) was analyzed by HPLC and SIgA (colostrum) by turbidimetry. The mothers presented with adequate biochemical indicators of nutritional status, according to serum retinol (44.6 μg/dL). There were significant differences (p= 0.0017 and p= 0.043, respectively) in retinol and SIgA levels in the colostrum of mothers with serum retinol > 30 μg/dL and < 30 μg/dL. The concentration of SIgA in the colostrum of non-supplemented mothers on the 1st day postpartum was 822.6 mg/dL, decreasing after 24 hours to 343.7 mg/dL. Supplemented mothers showed levels of SIgA in colostrum of 498.9 mg/dL on the 2nd day postpartum (p= 0.00006). The colostrum of women with good vitamin A nutritional status had more retinol and SIgA. Additionally, maternal supplementation increases the levels of SIgA in colostrum. The higher levels of SIgA on the 1st day postpartum showed the importance of early breastfeeding, given that it provides considerable immunological benefits to newborn infants

Efeito do estado nutricional bioquímico de retinol e alfatocoferol sobre seus níveis em lactantes

Vitamins A and E are essential nutrients in many biological processes, so that their adequate supply to the neonate is crucial. However, the bioavailability of vitamins may be limited by factors such as maternal nutritional status and the interaction between nutrients. This study aimed to investigate the effect of biochemical nutritional status of retinol and alpha-tocopherol levels in serum and colostrum. The study included 103 healthy puerperal women treated at the reference state maternity hospital (Natal-RN). Colostrum and serum samples were collected fasting in the immediate postpartum period and the analysis of retinol and alpha-tocopherol were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Specific cutoff points were adopted to characterize the biochemical status of vitamins A and E. For the total group of lactanting women the average concentration of retinol in serum (1.49 ± 0.4 μmol/L-1) and colostrum (2.18 ± 0.8 μmol/L-1), as well as alpha-tocopherol in serum (26.4 ± 8.0 μmol/L-1) and colostrum (26.1 ± 12.8 μmol/L-1), indicated adequate biochemical state. However, when evaluating the individual, was found a high prevalence of deficient serum (15%) and colostrum retinol (50%), and also alphatocopherol in serum (16%) and colostrum (61%). In women with serum retinol ≥ 1.05 μmol/L-1, found an inverse correlation between serum retinol and alpha-tocopherol in colostrum (p = 0.008, r = -0.28). This association was not observed in women with serum retinol <1.05 μmol/L-1. This situation demonstrates for the first time in humans that high physiological levels of serum retinol, without supplementation, can negatively influence the transfer of alpha-tocopherol in breast milk. Although the diagnosis of satisfactory nutritional status lactanting women showed high risk of subclinical deficiency of vitamins A and E from measurements made in the colostrum

Influência da suplementação de retinol palmitato sobre os níveis de vitamina A no leite de puérperas saudáveis

The tendency towards reduction of serum retinol levels, an existing placental barrier and the increase of retinol demand, are factors that place puerperal and lactating women at risk for Vitamin A deficiency. This micronutrient is an essential component of vital processes such as differentiation, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of palmitate retinol supplementation (100.000UI) upon the milk retinollevels in puerperal women at the Januário Cicco University Maternity Hospital. This intervention has been adopted by the Ministry of Health since 2002. The longitudinal experiment was conducted with 106 puerperal women (68 comprised the supplemented group and 38 the control group). The High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method was used to dose the retinol of the milk and serum samples, and the creamtocrit method to determine the milk fat levels. The retinol means for the colostrums were 99.0 ± 64.4 ug/dL and 160.1 ± 94,4 ug/dl 6 hours afier supplementation; 68.9 ± 33.5 ug/dL for the transitional milk, and 30.6 ± 15.2 ug/dL for the mature milk of the supplemented group. Ali the difterences between means were statistically significant. The difterence between retinol means in the control group were also significant, with these being greater in the colostrum, 88.6 ± 62.1 ug/dL with 61.9 ± 30.1 ug/dl in the transition milk and 32.9 ±32.9 ± 17.6 ug/dL in the mature milk. No significant difference was observed in the retinol means of the three types ot milk in the supplemented group when compared to their respective means in the control group. The prevalence in serum (35.1 % and 81.1 % for the cutting point 20 ug/dL, respectively) and in milk (51.4%) revealed vitamin A deficiency as a public health problem. COlostrum, transition, and mature milk tats varied similarly in the supplemented group (1,92 ± 0,96; 3,25 ± 1,27 and 3,31 ± 1,36 grams) and in the control group (1,87 ± 1,14; 3,25 ± 1,31 and 3,36 ± 1,67 grams), with an observed difference between the colostrum/transition milk and the colostrum/mature milk fats. No difference was observed between the groups. The study showed that the 200.000UI supplementation was not sufficient to increase the milk retinol to the desired levels nor to meet the demands of the mothers with deprived hepatic reserves. It is suggested that another similar dose be offered within 30 days or less, and within 2 months post-partum, while continual/y monitoring for possible pregnancy

Significados e percepções de puérperas sobre as síndromes hipertensivas da gravidez e parto prematuro

Hypertensive syndromes in pregnancy (HSP) are configured as one of the major complications in the pregnancy and postpartum period and can lead premature newborn and subsequent hospitalization of the newborn to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). This study aimed to analyze the perceptions, meanings and feelings of mothers on the hypertensive syndromes in pregnancy and premature obstetric labor. The research was qualitative and has a theoretical methodological the Social Representations Theory(SRT) in the approach to the Central Nucleus Theory. The study included 70 women, mean age 29 years, predominantly school to high school, most of them married or in consensual union, primiparous and prevalence of cesarean delivery occurred between 32 and 37 weeks of pregnancy.The data were collected from may to december 2008 in the Maternity School Januário Cicco in Natal , and obtained through the following instruments for data collection: questionnaire including questions about socio-demographic status; the Free Words Association Test (FWAT) and and verbalized mental image construction used three stimuli: such as pregnancy with high blood pressure, preterm birth and NICU, and interview with the following guiding question: what it meant for you to have a pregnancy with high blood pressure and consequently the birth of a premature baby? Data analysis was performed using multi-method obtained from the data processing by EVOC (Ensemble Programmes Permettant L 'Analyze des Évocations) and ALCESTE (Analyse Lexicale par Contexte d'un Ensemble de Segment de Texte) and thematic analysis in categories. The results will be presented in four thematic units under the following representative universes: HSP, prematurity as a result of HSP, NICU and the social representations of mothers on the hypertensive disorder of pregnancy sequenced premature birth and hospitalization of the child in the NICU. The results obtained by multimethod analyses showed similar constructions and point to death as the central nucleus and negative aspects, coping strategies, need of care, knowledge about the disease, fragility and meanings of the NICU as peripheral elements. It is considered that the perceptions, meanings and feelings of puerperal women in relation to HSPs and to premature delivery are a negative social representation, with representational elements that may have influenced the adverse effects on the disease and its consequences. We suggest action on the peripheral elements of this representation, with adequate orientation, early diagnosis, effective conduct, receptive attitude on the part of the team, health promotion measures and effective public policies, in order to improve the care provided to puerperal women, making them feel welcome and minimizing their suffering