Ética de la comunicación en las relaciones sanitarias ¿derecho o privilegio?

El objeto de estudio del presente trabajo era: analizar la ética comunicativa en un hospital terciario de 1200 camas ubicado en una ciudad de la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca.Los objetivos marcados eran: - Conseguir información de cómo se realizaba esa comunicación entre pacientes-usuarios/as yfacultativos/as. - Clarificar los posibles problemas existentes en torno a la comunicación.- Conocer cuál era la percepción de los pacientes y sus familias, en relación a la comunicación médico-paciente-familia.- Conocer las circunstancias en las que sedesarrollaba la comunicación médico-pacientefamilia.

Las relaciones entre la Bioética y el Derecho

Relaciones entre bioética, filosofía y derecho.

Un camino en bioética: el Observatorio de Bioética y Derecho

A propósito de la clonación de células humanas, con la presente comunicación se pretende exponer el trabajo realizado por el Grupo de Opinión del Observatorio de Bioética y Derecho mediante la elaboración y publicación de documentos, atendiendo más al método utilizado que al contenido científico de los mismos. Pudiendo aportar una visión retrospectiva y analítica con el paso de los años.

A new estimator to minimize the error due to breathing in the measurement of respiratory impedance

This paper presents a new respiratory impedance estimator to minimize the error due to breathing. Its practical reliability was evaluated in a simulation using realistic signals. These signals were generated by superposing pressure and flow records obtained in two conditions: 1) when applying forced oscillation to a resistance- inertance- elastance (RIE) mechanical model; 2) when healthy subjects breathed through the unexcited forced oscillation generator. Impedances computed (4-32 Hz) from the simulated signals with the new estimator resulted in a mean value which was scarcely biased by the added breathing (errors less than 1 percent in the mean R, I , and E ) and had a small variability (coefficients of variation of R, I, and E of 1.3, 3.5, and 9.6 percent, respectively). Our results suggest that the proposed estimator reduces the error in measurement of respiratory impedance without appreciable extracomputational cost.

La reforma del derecho de sucesiones y de la prescripción en Alemania

Los cambios sociales, y, en particular, las nuevas formas de organización familiar, han dado lugar a una modificación del Derecho de sucesiones en Alemania, sobre todo, en la regulación de la legítima. La reforma sigue las pautas marcadas en la Sentencia del BVerfG de 19 de abril de 2005, que considera la legítima de los descendientes como un derecho constitucionalmente protegido y, por tanto, por regla general el testador no puede excluirla ni hacer depender de una situación de necesidad del legitimario. Otras modificaciones afectan a la prescripción de las pretensiones familiares y sucesorias.

Local and global error models to improve uncertainty quantification

In groundwater applications, Monte Carlo methods are employed to model the uncertainty on geological parameters. However, their brute-force application becomes computationally prohibitive for highly detailed geological descriptions, complex physical processes, and a large number of realizations. The Distance Kernel Method (DKM) overcomes this issue by clustering the realizations in a multidimensional space based on the flow responses obtained by means of an approximate (computationally cheaper) model; then, the uncertainty is estimated from the exact responses that are computed only for one representative realization per cluster (the medoid). Usually, DKM is employed to decrease the size of the sample of realizations that are considered to estimate the uncertainty. We propose to use the information from the approximate responses for uncertainty quantification. The subset of exact solutions provided by DKM is then employed to construct an error model and correct the potential bias of the approximate model. Two error models are devised that both employ the difference between approximate and exact medoid solutions, but differ in the way medoid errors are interpolated to correct the whole set of realizations. The Local Error Model rests upon the clustering defined by DKM and can be seen as a natural way to account for intra-cluster variability; the Global Error Model employs a linear interpolation of all medoid errors regardless of the cluster to which the single realization belongs. These error models are evaluated for an idealized pollution problem in which the uncertainty of the breakthrough curve needs to be estimated. For this numerical test case, we demonstrate that the error models improve the uncertainty quantification provided by the DKM algorithm and are effective in correcting the bias of the estimate computed solely from the MsFV results. The framework presented here is not specific to the methods considered and can be applied to other combinations of approximate models and techniques to select a subset of realizations

Accurate and efficient simulation of multiphase flow in a heterogeneous reservoir by using error estimate and control in the multiscale finite-volume framework

The multiscale finite-volume (MSFV) method is designed to reduce the computational cost of elliptic and parabolic problems with highly heterogeneous anisotropic coefficients. The reduction is achieved by splitting the original global problem into a set of local problems (with approximate local boundary conditions) coupled by a coarse global problem. It has been shown recently that the numerical errors in MSFV results can be reduced systematically with an iterative procedure that provides a conservative velocity field after any iteration step. The iterative MSFV (i-MSFV) method can be obtained with an improved (smoothed) multiscale solution to enhance the localization conditions, with a Krylov subspace method [e.g., the generalized-minimal-residual (GMRES) algorithm] preconditioned by the MSFV system, or with a combination of both. In a multiphase-flow system, a balance between accuracy and computational efficiency should be achieved by finding a minimum number of i-MSFV iterations (on pressure), which is necessary to achieve the desired accuracy in the saturation solution. In this work, we extend the i-MSFV method to sequential implicit simulation of time-dependent problems. To control the error of the coupled saturation/pressure system, we analyze the transport error caused by an approximate velocity field. We then propose an error-control strategy on the basis of the residual of the pressure equation. At the beginning of simulation, the pressure solution is iterated until a specified accuracy is achieved. To minimize the number of iterations in a multiphase-flow problem, the solution at the previous timestep is used to improve the localization assumption at the current timestep. Additional iterations are used only when the residual becomes larger than a specified threshold value. Numerical results show that only a few iterations on average are necessary to improve the MSFV results significantly, even for very challenging problems. Therefore, the proposed adaptive strategy yields efficient and accurate simulation of multiphase flow in heterogeneous porous media.

Discriminant ECOC: a heuristic method for application dependent design of error correcting output codes

We present a heuristic method for learning error correcting output codes matrices based on a hierarchical partition of the class space that maximizes a discriminative criterion. To achieve this goal, the optimal codeword separation is sacrificed in favor of a maximum class discrimination in the partitions. The creation of the hierarchical partition set is performed using a binary tree. As a result, a compact matrix with high discrimination power is obtained. Our method is validated using the UCI database and applied to a real problem, the classification of traffic sign images.

Subclass problem-dependent design for error-correcting output codes

A common way to model multiclass classification problems is by means of Error-Correcting Output Codes (ECOCs). Given a multiclass problem, the ECOC technique designs a code word for each class, where each position of the code identifies the membership of the class for a given binary problem. A classification decision is obtained by assigning the label of the class with the closest code. One of the main requirements of the ECOC design is that the base classifier is capable of splitting each subgroup of classes from each binary problem. However, we cannot guarantee that a linear classifier model convex regions. Furthermore, nonlinear classifiers also fail to manage some type of surfaces. In this paper, we present a novel strategy to model multiclass classification problems using subclass information in the ECOC framework. Complex problems are solved by splitting the original set of classes into subclasses and embedding the binary problems in a problem-dependent ECOC design. Experimental results show that the proposed splitting procedure yields a better performance when the class overlap or the distribution of the training objects conceal the decision boundaries for the base classifier. The results are even more significant when one has a sufficiently large training size.

Un camino en bioética: el Observatorio de Bioética y Derecho

A propósito de la clonación de células humanas, con la presente comunicación se pretende exponer el trabajo realizado por el Grupo de Opinión del Observatorio de Bioética y Derecho mediante la elaboración y publicación de documentos, atendiendo más al método utilizado que al contenido científico de los mismos. Pudiendo aportar una visión retrospectiva y analítica con el paso de los años.

Prácticas escolares e ideas infantiles sobre el derecho a la intimidad

Este artículo presenta, en primer lugar, un recorrido por las ideas infantiles sobre el derecho a la intimidad realizado en nuestras investigaciones. En segundo lugar, muestra un rastreo bibliográfico de investigaciones que ponen de relieve el tratamiento institucional que tienen las escuelas sobre los derechos infantiles, con la finalidad de comenzar a definir, de manera general, el contexto en el que los niños construyen conocimiento. En tercer lugar, se presentan las primeras categorías surgidas del análisis de las observaciones. Las mismas poseen la riqueza, a diferencia de las elaboradas en las investigaciones de las que se pasa revista, de haberse realizado con el objetivo específico de relevar las acciones institucionales que se dirigen y tienen como objeto la intimidad de los alumnos, ya sea para considerarla o vulnerarla. Por último, se realiza un análisis que comienza a vincular, de manera provisoria, las producciones cognoscitivas infantiles con las condiciones sociales en las que se originan. Esto último se realiza triangulando la evidencia empírica surgida de ambas técnicas de obtención de datos empíricos.

Las relaciones entre la Bioética y el Derecho

Relaciones entre bioética, filosofía y derecho.

Reproducción humana asistida: los problemas que suscita desde la bioética y el derecho

El artículo trata de los problemas éticos y jurídicos que surgen a raíz de la puesta en práctica de técnicas de reproducción asistida, al querer determinar la paternidad o poder elegir el sexo de un embrión viable, entre otros.

A propósito de la simplificación impositiva en Derecho Comparado: la Contabilidad simplificada en Italia y los "Estudios de Sector" para el cálculo presuntivo de las liquidaciones tributarias

En el presente trabajo se analizan diferentes mecanismos de simplificación contable y tributaria del ordenamiento tributario italiano. En particular, se estudian regímenes como: el régimen de contabilidad simplificado, supersimplificado, forfetario, de actividades marginales u otros. También se estudia el sistema objetivo de determinación de la base imponible denominado "estudio de sectores".