Dynamics in dumbbell domains I. Continuity of the set of equilibria

We analyze the dynamics of a reaction-diffusion equation with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions in a dumbbell domain. We provide an appropriate functional setting to treat this problem and, as a first step, we show in this paper the continuity of the set of equilibria and of its linear unstable manifolds. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Spectrophotometric study of binary and ternary systems involving metal ions and benzylidenepyruvates: Equilibria in aqueous solutions

The protonation of 4-dimethylaminobenzylidenepyruvate (DMBP) and 2-chloro-4-dimethylaminobenzylidenepyruvate (2-CI-DMBP) and their complex formation with Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Al(III) have been studied by potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods at 25 °C and ionic strength 0.500 M, held with sodium perchlorate. The stability order found for 1 :1 complexes of both ligands is Al(III) > Cu(II) > Pb(II) > Ni(II) > Zn(II) > Co(II) > Cd(II) > Mn(II). The stability changes move in the same direction as the pKa of the ligands. The results are compared with literature values reported for metal ion pyruvate systems. Thermodynamic stabilities of ternary complexes formed in Cu(II)-B-L- systems, where B = 2,2′-bipyridyl (bipy), ethylenediamine or glycinate and L = DMBP or 2-CI-DMBP, were also determined. The Cu(bipy)L+ species are more stable than would be expected on purely statistical grounds. The importance of the :t system associated with bipy on the enhanced stability of its mixed ligand complexes is stressed. Analytical applications of the investigated ligands are outlined.

High pressure vapor-liquid equilibria of palm fatty acids distillates-carbon dioxide system

Equilíbrio líquido-vapor do sistema destilado ácido do óleo de palma-dióxido de carbono a alta pressão. Foi investigado experimentalmente o equilíbrio líquido-vapor para o sistema Destilado Ácido de Óleo de Palma (PFAD)/Dióxido de Carbono, nas temperaturas de 333, 353 e 373 K e pressões de 20, 23, 26 e 29 MPa, usando-se o método estático. Os dados experimentais do sistema pseudo-binário PFAD/CO₂ foram correlacionados com a equação de estado de Redlich-Kwong do pacote computacional ASPEN. O modelo reproduz bem os resultados experimentais. A seletividade obtida indica que o CO₂ supercrítico é um solvente razoável para a separação em coluna multi-estágio e contínua, do ácido graxo saturado (ácido palmítico) daqueles insaturados (ácido oleico e ácido linoleico) contidos no PFAD.

Liquid-liquid equilibria for systems composed of rice bran oil and alcohol-rich solvents: Application to extraction and deacidification of oil

The liquid-liquid equilibria of systems composed of rice bran oil, free fatty acids, ethanol and water were investigated at temperatures ranging from 10 to 60 degrees C. The results of the present study indicated that the mutual solubility of the compounds decreased with an increase in the water content of the solvent and a decrease in the temperature of the solution. The experimental data set was correlated by applying the UNIQUAC model. The average variance between the experimental and calculated compositions was 0.35%, indicating that the model can accurately predict behavior of the compounds at different temperatures and degrees of hydration. The adjustment of interaction parameters enables both the simulation of liquid-liquid extractors for deacidification of vegetable oil and the prediction of phase compositions for the oil and alcohol-rich phases that are generated during cooling of the stream exiting the extractor (when using ethanol as the solvent). (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS ON DIFFUSIVITY FOR THE EXISTENCE AND NONEXISTENCE OF STABLE EQUILIBRIA WITH NONLINEAR FLUX ON THE BOUNDARY

A reaction-diffusion equation with variable diffusivity and non-linear flux boundary condition is considered. The goal is to give sufficient conditions on the diffusivity function for nonexistence and also for existence of nonconstant stable stationary solutions. Applications are given for the main result of nonexistence.

Liquid-liquid equilibria in binary solutions formed by [Pyridinium-Derived][F4B] ionic liquids and alkanols:new experimental data and validation of a multiparametric model for correlating LLE data

[EN]Experimental solubility data are presented for a set of binary systems composed of ionic liquids (IL) derived from pyridium, with the tetrafluoroborate anion, and normal alcohols ranging from ethanol to decanol, in the temperature interval of 275 420 K, at atmospheric pressure. For each case, the miscibility curve and the upper critical solubility temperature (UCST) values are presented. The effects of the ILs on the behavior of solutions with alkanols are analyzed, paying special attention to the pyridine derivatives, and considering a series of structural characteristics of the compounds involved.

Measurements and correlations of the isobaric vapor-liquid equilibria of binary mixtures and excess properties for mixtures containing and alkyl (Methyl, Ethyl) butanoate with an alkane (Heptane, Nonane) at 101.32 kPa.

[EN]In this work, the measurements of the isobaric vapor−liquid equilibrium (VLE) data at 101.32 kPa and the excess molar volumes (vE), obtained at 10 K intervals of temperature in the range (288.15 to 328.15) K, for four binary systems comprised of methyl or ethyl butanoate with two alkanes (heptane and nonane) are presented.

Binary liquid-liquid equilibria for systems of mono or disubstituted haloakanes (Cl,Br) and pyiridinium based ionic liquids. Advances in the experimentation and interpretation of results

[EN]This work presents the measurements made to define the temperature−composition curves for a set of binary systems composed of several pyridinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) [bpy][BF4] and [bYmpy][BF4] (Y = 2,3,4) with mono- and dihaloalkanes (Cl and Br) in the temperature interval [280−473] K and at atmospheric pressure. With the exception of the short chain dichloroalkanes (1,1- and 1,2-), all the compounds present some degree of immiscibility with the ionic liquids selected.

Solutions of alkyl methanoates and alkanes: Simultaneous modeling of phase equilibria and mixing properties. Estimation of behavior by UNIFAC with recalculation of parameters.

[EN]Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibria at p = 101.32 kPa (iso-p VLE) and the mixing properties, hE and vE, are determined for a set of twelve binary solutions: HCOOCuH2u+1(1)+CnH2n+2(2) with u = (1–4) and n = (7– 9). The (iso-p VLE) present deviations from the ideal behavior, which augment as u diminishes and n increases. Systems with [u = 2,3 n = 7] and [u =4 , n = 7,8] present a minimum-boiling azeotrope. The nonideality is also reflected in high endothermic values, hE > 0, and expansive effects, vE > 0, for all the binaries, which increase regularly with n

Contribution of Non-Covalent Interactions and Electronic Effects on the Conformational Landscape and Tautomeric Equilibria of Molecules and Molecular Complexes: Structural and Dynamical Data from Rotational Spectroscopy

This thesis concerns the study of complex conformational surfaces and tautomeric equilibria of molecules and molecular complexes by quantum chemical methods and rotational spectroscopy techniques. In particular, the focus of this research is on the effects of substitution and noncovalent interactions in determining the energies and geometries of different conformers, tautomers or molecular complexes. The Free-Jet Absorption Millimeter Wave spectroscopy and the Pulsed-Jet Fourier Transform Microwave spectroscopy have been applied to perform these studies and the obtained results showcase the suitability of these techniques for the study of conformational surfaces and intermolecular interactions. The series of investigations of selected medium-size molecules and complexes have shown how different instrumental setups can be used to obtain a variety of results on molecular properties. The systems studied, include molecules of biological interest such as anethole and molecules of astrophysical interest such as N-methylaminoethanol. Moreover halogenation effects have been investigated on halogen substituted tautomeric systems (5-chlorohydroxypyridine and 6-chlorohydroxypyridine), where it has shown that the position of the inserted halogen atom affects the prototropic equilibrium. As for fluorination effects, interesting results have been achieved investigating some small complexes where a molecule of water is used as a probe to reveal the changes on the electrostatic potential of different fluorinated compounds: 2-fluoropyridine, 3-fluoropyridine and penta-fluoropyridine. While in the case of the molecular complex between water and 2-fluoropyridine and 3-fluoropyridine the geometry of the complex with one water molecule is analogous to that of pyridine with the water molecule linked to the pyridine nitrogen, the case of pentafluoropyridine reveals the effect of perfluorination and the water oxygen points towards the positive center of the pyridine ring. Additional molecular adducts with a molecule of water have been analyzed (benzylamine-water and acrylic acid-water) in order to reveal the stabilizing driving forces that characterize these complexes.

Spike-based decision learning of nash equilibria in two-player games

Humans and animals face decision tasks in an uncertain multi-agent environment where an agent's strategy may change in time due to the co-adaptation of others strategies. The neuronal substrate and the computational algorithms underlying such adaptive decision making, however, is largely unknown. We propose a population coding model of spiking neurons with a policy gradient procedure that successfully acquires optimal strategies for classical game-theoretical tasks. The suggested population reinforcement learning reproduces data from human behavioral experiments for the blackjack and the inspector game. It performs optimally according to a pure (deterministic) and mixed (stochastic) Nash equilibrium, respectively. In contrast, temporal-difference(TD)-learning, covariance-learning, and basic reinforcement learning fail to perform optimally for the stochastic strategy. Spike-based population reinforcement learning, shown to follow the stochastic reward gradient, is therefore a viable candidate to explain automated decision learning of a Nash equilibrium in two-player games.

The Choice of Expedient Regulatory Controls on Housing Market Using Short-Term Equilibria Model

Khutoretsky dealt with the problem of maximising a linear utility function (MUF) over the set of short-term equilibria in a housing market by reducing it to a linear programming problem, and suggested a combinatorial algorithm for this problem. Two approaches to the market adjustment were considered: the funding of housing construction and the granting of housing allowances. In both cases, locally optimal regulatory measures can be developed using the corresponding dual prices. The optimal effects (with the regulation expenditures restricted by an amount K) can be found using specialised models based on MUF: a model M1 for choice of the optimum structure of investment in housing construction, and a model M2 for optimum distribution of housing allowances. The linear integer optimisation problems corresponding to these models are initially difficult but can be solved after slight modifications of the parameters. In particular, the necessary modification of K does not exceed the maximum construction cost of one dwelling (for M1) or the maximum size of one housing allowance (for M2). The result is particularly useful since slight modification of K is not essential in practice.