Effect of the anti-neoplastic drug doxorubicin on XPD-mutated DNA repair-deficient human cells

Doxorubicin (DOX), a member of the anthracycline group, is a widely used drug in cancer therapy. The mechanisms of DOX action include topoisomerase II-poisoning, free radical release, DNA adducts and interstrand cross-link (ICL) formation. Nucleotide excision repair(NER) is involved in the removal of helix-distorting lesions and chemical adducts, however, little is known about the response of NER-deficient cell lines to anti-tumoral drugs like DOX. Wild type and XPD-mutated cells, harbouring mutations in different regions of this gene and leading to XP-D, XP/CS or TTD diseases, were treated with this drug and analyzed for cell cycle arrest and DNA damage by comet assay. The formation of DSBs was also investigated by determination of gamma H2AX foci. Our results indicate that all three NER-deficient cell lines tested are more sensitive to DOX treatment, when compared to wild type cells or XP cells complemented by the wild type XPD cDNA, suggesting that NER is involved in the removal of DOX-induced lesions. The cell cycle analysis showed the characteristic G2 arrest in repair-proficient MRC5 cell line after DOX treatment, whereas the repair-deficient cell lines presented significant increase in sub-G1 fraction. The NER-deficient cell lines do not show different patterns of DNA damage formation as assayed by comet assay and phosphorylated H2AX foci formation. Knock-down of topoisomerase II alpha with siRNA leads to increased survival in both MRC5 and XP cells, however, XP cell line still remained significantly more sensitive to the treatment by DOX. Our study suggests that the enhanced sensitivity is due to DOX-induced DNA damage that is subject to NER, as we observed decreased unscheduled DNA synthesis in XP-deficient cells upon DOX treatment. Furthermore, the complementation of the XPD-function abolished the observed sensitivity at lower DOX concentrations, suggesting that the XPD helicase activity is involved in the repair of DOX-induced lesions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Study of DNA damage with a new system for irradiation of samples in a nuclear reactor

In this paper, we report results of a quantitative analysis of the effects of neutrons on DNA, and, specifically, the production of simple and double breaks of plasmid DNA in aqueous solutions with different concentrations of free-radical scavengers. The radiation damage to DNA was evaluated by electrophoresis through agarose gels. The neutron and gamma doses were measured separately with thermoluminescent detectors. In this work, we have also demonstrated usefulness of a new system for positioning and removing samples in channel BH#3 of the IEA-R1 reactor at the Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (Brazil) without necessity of interrupting the reactor operation. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of flavonoids on 2 `-deoxyguanosine and DNA oxidation caused by singlet molecular oxygen

Antioxidant potential is generally investigated by assaying the ability of a compound to protect biological systems from free radicals. However, non-radical reactive oxygen species can also be harmful. Singlet molecular oxygen ((1)O(2)) is generated by energy transfer to molecular oxygen. The resulting (1)O(2) is able to oxidize the nucleoside 2`-deoxyguanosine (dGuo), which leads to the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2`-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) and spiroiminodihydantoin 2`-deoxyribonucleoside diastereomers (dSp) in an aqueous solution. The main objective of the present study was to verify whether the presence of flavonoids (flavone, apigenin, quercetin, morin and catechin) at different concentrations could protect dGuo from (1)O(2) damage. Of the tested flavonoids, flavone possessed antioxidant activity, as determined by a decrease in the formation of both products. Apigenin, morin, quercetin and catechin all increased the formation of 8-oxodGuo at a concentration of 100 mu M. The quantification of plasmid strand breaks after treatment with formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase showed that flavone protected and quercetin and catechin enhanced DNA oxidation. Our results show that compounds, such as flavonoids, may affect the product distribution of (1)O(2)-mediated oxidation of dGuo, and, in particular, high concentrations of flavonoids with hydroxyl groups in their structure lead to an increase in the formation of the mutagenic lesion 8-oxodGuo. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Two New Ternary Complexes of Copper(II) with Tetracycline or Doxycycline and 1,10-Phenanthroline and Their Potential as Antitumoral: Cytotoxicity and DNA Cleavage

This paper reports on the synthesis and characterization of two new ternary copper(II) complexes: [Cu(doxy-cycline)(1,10-phenanthroline)(H(2)O)(ClO(4))](ClO(4)) (1) and [Cu(tetracycline)(1,10-phenanthroline)(H(2)O)(ClO(4))](ClO(4)) (2). These compounds exhibit a distorted tetragonal geometry around copper, which is coordinated to two bidentate ligands, 1,10-phenanthroline and tetracycline or doxycyline, a water molecule, and a perchlorate ion weakly bonded in the axial positions. In both compounds, copper(II) binds to tetracyclines`. via the oxygen of the hydroxyl group and oxygen of the amide group at ring A and to 1,10-phenanthroline via its two heterocyclic nitrogens. We have evaluated the binding of the new complexes to DNA, their capacity to cleave it, their cytotoxic activity, and uptake in tumoral cells. The complexes bind to DNA preferentially by the major groove, and then cleave its strands by an oxidative mechanism involving the generation of ROS. The cleavage of DNA was inhibited by radical inhibitors and/or trappers such as superoxide dismutase, DMSO, and the copper(I) chelator bathocuproine. The enzyme T4 DNA ligase was not able to relegate the products of DNA cleavage, which indicates that the cleavage does not occur via a hydrolytic mechanism. Both complexes present an expressive plasmid DNA cleavage activity generating single- and double-strand breaks, under mild reaction conditions, and even in the absence of any additional oxidant or reducing agent. In the same experimental conditions, [Cu(phen)(2)](2+) is approximately 100-fold less active than our complexes. These complexes are among the most potent DNA cleavage agents reported so far. Both complexes inhibit the growth of K562 cells With the IC(50) values of 1.93 and 2.59 mu mol L(-1) for compounds I and 2, respectively. The complexes are more active than the free ligands, and their cytotoxic activity correlates with intracellular copper concentration and the number of Cu-DNA adducts formed inside cells.

Assessment of DNA damage by extracts and fractions of Strychnos pseudoquina, a Brazilian medicinal plant with antiulcerogenic activity

Strychnos pseudoquina St. Hil. is a native plant of the Brazilian Savannah, used in popular medicine to treat a number of conditions. Since it contains large quantities of alkaloids with proven antiulcer activity, we tested the genotoxic potential of crude extracts and fractions containing alkaloids and flavonoids from the leaves of this plant, on Salmonella typhimurium and performed the micronucleus test on peripheral blood cells of mice treated in vivo. The results showed that the methanol extract of the leaves of S. pseudoquina is mutagenic to the TA98 (-S9) and TA100 (+S9, -S9) strains of Salmonella. The dichloromethane extract was not mutagenic to any of the tested strains. Fractions enriched with alkaloids or flavonoids were not mutagenic. In vivo tests were done on the crude methanol extract in albino Swiss mice, which were treated, by gavage, with three different doses of the extract. The highest dose tested (1800 mg/kg b.w.) induced micronuclei after acute treatment, confirming the mutagenic potential of the methanol extract of the leaves of S. pseudoquina. In high doses, constituents of S. pseudoquina compounds act on DNA, causing breaks and giving rise to micronuclei in the blood cells of treated animals. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The natural absence of RPA1N domain did not impair Leishmania amazonensis RPA-1 participation in DNA damage response and telomere protection.

We have previously shown that the subunit 1 of Leishmania amazonensis RPA (LaRPA-1) alone binds the G-rich telomeric strand and is structurally different from other RPA-1. It is analogous to telomere end-binding proteins described in model eukaryotes whose homologues were not identified in the protozoan's genome. Here we show that LaRPA-1 is involved with damage response and telomere protection although it lacks the RPA1N domain involved with the binding with multiple checkpoint proteins. We induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in Leishmania using phleomycin. Damage was confirmed by TUNEL-positive nuclei and triggered a G1/S cell cycle arrest that was accompanied by nuclear accumulation of LaRPA-1 and RAD51 in the S phase of hydroxyurea-synchronized parasites. DSBs also increased the levels of RAD51 in non-synchronized parasites and of LaRPA-1 and RAD51 in the S phase of synchronized cells. More LaRPA-1 appeared immunoprecipitating telomeres in vivo and associated in a complex containing RAD51, although this interaction needs more investigation. RAD51 apparently co-localized with few telomeric clusters but it did not immunoprecipitate telomeric DNA. These findings suggest that LaRPA-1 and RAD51 work together in response to DNA DSBs and at telomeres, upon damage, LaRPA-1 works probably to prevent loss of single-stranded DNA and to assume a capping function.

Alterações genéticas relacionadas à obesidade: danos no DNA, perfil de expressão e polimorfismos gênicos

Pós-graduação em Patologia - FMB

DNA fragmentation by gamma radiation and electron beams using atomic force microscopy

Double-stranded pBS plasmid DNA was irradiated with gamma rays at doses ranging from 1 to 12 kGy and electron beams from 1 to 10 kGy. Fragment-size distributions were determined by direct visualization, using atomic force microscopy with nanometer-resolution operating in non-tapping mode, combined with an improved methodology. The fragment distributions from irradiation with gamma rays revealed discrete-like patterns at all doses, suggesting that these patterns are modulated by the base pair composition of the plasmid. Irradiation with electron beams, at very high dose rates, generated continuous distributions of highly shattered DNA fragments, similar to results at much lower dose rates found in the literature. Altogether, these results indicate that AFM could supplement traditional methods for high-resolution measurements of radiation damage to DNA, while providing new and relevant information.

Variation in DNA repair gene XRCC3 affects susceptibility to astrocytomas and glioblastomas

The gene XRCC3 (X-ray cross complementing group 3) has the task of repairing damage that occurs when there is recombination between homologous chromosomes. Repair of recombination between homologous chromosomes plays an important role in maintaining genome integrity, although it is known that double-strand breaks are the main inducers of chromosomal aberrations. Changes in the XRCC3 protein lead to an increase in errors in chromosome segregation due to defects in centrosomes, resulting in aneuploidy and other chromosomal aberrations, such as small increases in telomeres. We examined XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism using PCR-RFLP in 80 astrocytoma and glioblastoma samples. The individuals of the control group (N = 100) were selected from the general population of the Sao Paulo State. Odds ratio and 95%CI were calculated using a logistic regression model. Patients who had the allele Met of the XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism had a significantly increased risk of tumor development (odds ratio = 3.13; 95% confidence interval = 1.50-6.50). There were no significant differences in overall survival of patients. We suggest that XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism is involved in susceptibility for developing astrocytomas and glioblastomas.

Fragmentation of extracellular DNA by long-term exposure to radiation from uranium in aquatic environments

Persistent harmful scenarios associated with disposal of radioactive waste, high-background radiation areas and severe nuclear accidents are of great concern regarding consequences to both human health and the environment. Of particular concern is the extracellular DNA in aquatic environments contaminated by radiological substances. Strand breaks induced by radiation promote decrease in the transformation efficiency for extracellular DNA. The focus of this study is the quantification of DNA damage following long-term exposure (over one year) to low doses of natural uranium (an alpha particle emitter) to simulate natural conditions, since nothing is known about alpha radiation induced damage to extracellular DNA. A high-resolution Atomic Force Microscope was used to evaluate DNA fragments. Double-stranded plasmid pBS as a model for extracellular DNA was exposed to different amounts of natural uranium. It was demonstrated that low concentrations of U in water (50 to 150 ppm) produce appreciable numbers of double strand breaks, scaling with the square of the average doses. The importance of these findings for environment monitoring of radiological pollution is addressed.

Combined low initial DNA damage and high radiation-induced apoptosis confers clinical resistance to long-term toxicity in breast cancer patients treated with high-dose radiotherapy

[EN] Background: Either higher levels of initial DNA damage or lower levels of radiation-induced apoptosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes have been associated to increased risk for develop late radiation-induced toxicity. It has been recently published that these two predictive tests are inversely related. The aim of the present study was to investigate the combined role of both tests in relation to clinical radiation-induced toxicity in a set of breast cancer patients treated with high dose hyperfractionated radical radiotherapy. Methods: Peripheral blood lymphocytes were taken from 26 consecutive patients with locally advanced breast carcinoma treated with high-dose hyperfractioned radical radiotherapy. Acute and late cutaneous and subcutaneous toxicity was evaluated using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group morbidity scoring schema. The mean follow-up of survivors (n = 13) was 197.23 months. Radiosensitivity of lymphocytes was quantified as the initial number of DNA double-strand breaks induced per Gy and per DNA unit (200 Mbp). Radiation-induced apoptosis (RIA) at 1, 2 and 8 Gy was measured by flow cytometry using annexin V/propidium iodide. Results: Mean DSB/Gy/DNA unit obtained was 1.70 ± 0.83 (range 0.63-4.08; median, 1.46). Radiation-induced apoptosis increased with radiation dose (median 12.36, 17.79 and 24.83 for 1, 2, and 8 Gy respectively). We observed that those "expected resistant patients" (DSB values lower than 1.78 DSB/Gy per 200 Mbp and RIA values over 9.58, 14.40 or 24.83 for 1, 2 and 8 Gy respectively) were at low risk of suffer severe subcutaneous late toxicity (HR 0.223, 95%CI 0.073-0.678, P = 0.008; HR 0.206, 95%CI 0.063-0.677, P = 0.009; HR 0.239, 95%CI 0.062-0.929, P = 0.039, for RIA at 1, 2 and 8 Gy respectively) in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: A radiation-resistant profile is proposed, where those patients who presented lower levels of initial DNA damage and higher levels of radiation induced apoptosis were at low risk of suffer severe subcutaneous late toxicity after clinical treatment at high radiation doses in our series. However, due to the small sample size, other prospective studies with higher number of patients are needed to validate these results.

Radiation induced apoptosis and initial DNA damage are inversely related in locally advanced breast cancer patients

[EN] Background: DNA-damage assays, quantifying the initial number of DNA double-strand breaks induced by radiation, have been proposed as a predictive test for radiation-induced toxicity. Determination of radiation-induced apoptosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes by flow cytometry analysis has also been proposed as an approach for predicting normal tissue responses following radiotherapy. The aim of the present study was to explore the association between initial DNA damage, estimated by the number of double-strand breaks induced by a given radiation dose, and the radio-induced apoptosis rates observed. Methods: Peripheral blood lymphocytes were taken from 26 consecutive patients with locally advanced breast carcinoma. Radiosensitivity of lymphocytes was quantified as the initial number of DNA double-strand breaks induced per Gy and per DNA unit (200 Mbp). Radio-induced apoptosis at 1, 2 and 8 Gy was measured by flow cytometry using annexin V/propidium iodide. Results: Radiation-induced apoptosis increased in order to radiation dose and data fitted to a semi logarithmic mathematical model. A positive correlation was found among radio-induced apoptosis values at different radiation doses: 1, 2 and 8 Gy (p < 0.0001 in all cases). Mean DSB/Gy/DNA unit obtained was 1.70 ± 0.83 (range 0.63-4.08; median, 1.46). A statistically significant inverse correlation was found between initial damage to DNA and radio-induced apoptosis at 1 Gy (p = 0.034). A trend toward 2 Gy (p = 0.057) and 8 Gy (p = 0.067) was observed after 24 hours of incubation. Conclusions: An inverse association was observed for the first time between these variables, both considered as predictive factors to radiation toxicity.

DNA-Doppelstrangbrüche als zentrales Ereignis alkylierungsinduzierter Zytotoxizität

DNA-Doppelstrangbrüche als zentrales Ereignis alkylierungsinduzierter Zytotoxizität Die vorliegende Arbeit befaßt sich mit der Entstehung von DNA-Doppelstrangbrüchen durch gentoxische Agenzien sowie den zytotoxischen Auswirkungen, die DNA-Doppelstrangbrüche für die Säuger-Zelle haben. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurden die molekularen Mechanismen untersucht, die am O6-Methylguanin (O6-MeG)-DNA-Schaden, hervorgerufen durch alkylierende Agenzien, ablaufen. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, das O6-Methylguanin DNA-Methyltransferase (MGMT) O6-MeG/C und O6-MeG/T in vitro mit gleicher Effizienz repariert und daß die Reparatur von O6-MeG nach dem ersten Zellzyklus protektive Auswirkung auf das zelluläre Überleben hat. Im zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit stand die Induktion von DNA-Doppelstrangbrüchen durch gentoxische Agenzien in Mausfibroblasten und CHO-Zellen im Mittelpunkt. Mit Hilfe der Einzelzellgelelektrophorese (SCGE, Comet Assay) wurde gezeigt, daß alkylierende Substanzen und die durch Elektroporation in Zellen hineingebrachten Restriktionsenzyme PvuII und EcoRI DNA-Doppelstrangbrüche zu induzieren vermögen. Die Induktion und Reparatur von DNA-Doppelstrangbrüchen nach Elektroporation von PvuII war vom p53-Status der Zellen abhängig, da p53-defiziente Zellen im Gegensatz zu p53-profizienten Zellen höhere DNA-Doppelstrangbruchraten über einen längeren Zeitraum aufwiesen. Im dritten Teil wurden die physiologischen Auswirkungen einer Behandlung von Zellen mit Induktoren von DNA-Doppelstrangbrüchen untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, daß Alkylanzien in Abhängigkeit vom Vorhandensein von MGMT Apoptose induzieren. Mit PvuII elektroporierte p53-knockout Mausfibroblasten zeigten infolgedessen und im Gegensatz zu p53-wildtyp Zellen hohe Apoptoseraten. Die Induktion der Apoptose nach Behandlung mit PvuII wie auch nach g-Bestrahlung ging einher mit einem Abfall der Proteinmenge des antiapoptotischen Bcl-2. Zusammengenommen weisen die Versuchsergebnisse dieser Arbeit darauf hin, daß nach Behandlung von Zellen mit O6-MeG-generierenden Agenzien wie auch nach g-Bestrahlung DNA-Doppelstrangbrüche das ultimative Signal darstellen können.

Einfluss von Stickstoffmonoxid, Hydroxylradikalen und Peroxynitrit auf DNA-Schäden, DNA-Reparatur und Mutationen

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht über welche Mechanismen und unter welchen Bedingungen Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) und verwandte reaktive Spezies wie Peroxynitrit und Hydroxylradikale zur Krebsentstehung beitragen können. NO führte an zellfreier DNA kaum zu oxidativen DNA-Schäden. Peroxynitrit, generiert aus 3-Morpholinosydnonimin (SIN-1), induzierte neben Einzel-strangbrüchen und AP-Läsionen vor allem oxidierte Purinmodifikationen (50 % 8-Hydroxyguanin (8-oxoG)). Hydroxylradikale, freigesetzt aus 4-Hydroxypyridinthion, induzierten neben Einzelstrangbrüchen und AP-Läsionen oxidierte Pyrimidinmodifikationen in der DNA. Nach Transformation und Replikation der geschädigten DNA in E. coli DT-2 wurden überwiegend GC nach AT Transitionen (Hydroxylradikalschädigung), wahrscheinlich verursacht durch das in der DNA induzierte 5-Hydroxycytidin, bzw. GC nach TA Transversionen (Peroxynitrit), verursacht durch das induzierte 8-oxoG, detektiert. In Zellkulturexperimenten führte endogenes NO, freigesetzt von B6-INOS-Zellen (8µM) nicht zu einem Anstieg der Gleichgewichtsspiegel oxidativer DNA-Schäden, hatte keinen Einfluss auf deren Induzierbarkeit und Reparatur, die Zellpro-liferation und den Glutathionspiegel, schützte jedoch vor der Induktion von Einzelstrangbrüchen und Mikrokernen durch Wasserstoffperoxid. Exogenes NO, freigesetzt durch den Zerfall von Dipropylentriamin-NONOat, hemmte in Konzentrationen ab 0,5 mM spezifisch die Reparatur oxidativer DNA-Schäden, nicht jedoch die von Pyrimidindimeren, AP-Läsionen und Einzelstrangbrüchen,und führte in Konzentrationen > 1 mM zu einer Induktion von DNA-Schäden in den B6-Mausfibroblasten. Dabei ähnelte das induzierte Schadensprofil sehr dem von SIN-1.

Untersuchungen zur Beeinflussung der Reparatur oxidativer DNA-Schäden durch Poly(ADP-Ribose)-Polymerase, AP-Endonuklease 1 und das Xeroderma pigmentosum A Protein

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung der Bedeutung der Poly(ADP-Ribose)-Polymerase 1 (PARP 1), der AP Endonuklease 1 (Ape 1) und des Xeroderma pigmentosum A (XPA) Proteins für die DNA-Reparatur in Säugerzellen.Zunächst wurde der Einfluss der PARP 1-Aktivität auf die Reparatur verschiedener DNA-Modifikationen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen erstmalig, dass eine Hemmung der PARP-Aktivität nicht nur eine deutliche Verlangsamung der Reparatur von Einzelstrangbrüchen, sondern auch von oxidativen Purinmodifikationen und Pyrimidindimeren zur Folge hat. Interessanterweise erfolgte diese Verlangsamung der DNA-Reparatur nicht in Csb-defizienten Zellen. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Aktivierung der PARP 1 und das Csb-Protein zusammen an einem neuartigen Mechanismus beteiligt sind, der die globale Reparatur verschiedener DNA-Modifikationen beschleunigt.Weiterhin wurde die Bedeutung der Nukleotidexcisionsreparatur als back-up Reparatur von 8 Hydroxyguanin untersucht. Dazu wurden normale und XPA-defiziente Fibroblasten des Menschen mit einem hOgg1-anitsense Konstrukt transfiziert und dann in diesen Zellen die Reparaturkinetiken oxidativer Basenmodifikationen bestimmt. Dadurch konnte eine Beteiligung des XPA-Proteins an diesem Reparaturweg ausgeschlossen werden.Außerdem wurden die Auswirkungen einer AP Endonuklease-1-Überexpression in XRCC1-defizienten Zellen auf die Reparatur von Einzelstrangbrüchen untersucht. Die Reparatur der induzierten Einzelstrangbrüche war in XRCC1-defizienten Zellen erwartungsgemäß deutlich langsamer als in XRCC1-profizienten Zellen. Die Überexpression der AP Endonuklease 1 in XRCC1-defizienten Zellen führte zu einer teilweisen Beschleunigung der Einzelstrangbruchreparatur.