Kriegs-Tagebuch 1914-1917

World War I diary of the physician Nathan Wolf

Schneeberger-Saenger Collection 1837-1845

Business ledger in Yiddish (1837-1845)

Vähemmistövaltiokirkon synty : Ortodoksisen kirkkokunnan ja valtion suhteiden muotoutuminen Suomessa 1917-1922

The Birth of the Minority State Church Development of the legal relationship between the state of Finland and the Finnish Orthodox Church 1917 1922 Mika Nokelainen, University of Helsinki, Finland. The present research seeks to explain how the legal relationship developed between the state of Finland and the Orthodox Church of Finland. The main focus is on three statutes: 1) the Statute of the Orthodox Church in Finland as stated by Prime Minister J. K. Paasikivi s cabinet in November 1918, 2) The Republican Constitution of July 1919 and 3) The Freedom of Religion Act of 1923. This study examines how different political goals influenced the three statutes mentioned above. Another important factor that is taken into account is the attitude of the Lutheran Church of Finland, the church of the national majority, towards the Orthodox minority and its judicial position in the country. Finland became independent in December 1917, in the aftermath of the November Revolution in Russia. The Orthodox Church already had hundreds of years of history in Finland. In the 19th century, several statutes by emperors of Russia had made the Orthodox Church an official state church of Finland. Due to the long history of the Orthodox Church in Finland, Prime Minister Paasikivi s cabinet made the decision to support the church in the spring of 1918. Furthermore, the cabinet s goal to occupy East Karelia increased its willingness to support the church. The Finnish-national Orthodox Church was needed to educate the East-Karelians. A new statute on the Orthodox Church in Finland came into force in November 1918, reorganising the administration, economy and legal relationship between the church and state in Finland. With this statue, the cabinet gained some authority over the church. Sections of this statute made possible, for example, the cabinet s interference in the internal affairs of the church. The Republican Constitution of 1919 included the principle of freedom of religion. The state, which previously had been Lutheran, now became non-denominational. However, the Republican Constitution explicitly mentioned the Lutheran as well as the Orthodox Church, which indirectly confirmed the position of the Orthodox Church as the second state church of Finland. This position was finally confirmed by the Freedom of Religion Act in 1923. In general, the Lutheran Church of Finland did not resist the judicial position of the Orthodox Church. However, some Lutherans regarded the Orthodox Church with suspicion because of its intimate connection with Russia.

Lippu, uhri, kansakunta : Ryhmäkokemukset ja -rajat Suomessa 1917 1945

This dissertation deals with the notions of sacrifice and violence in connection with the Fin¬nish flag struggles between 1917 and 1945. The study begins with the basic idea that sacrificial thinking is a key element in nationalism and the social cohesion of large groups. The method used in the study combines anthropological notions of totemism with psychoanalytical object relation theory. The aim is to explore the social and psychological elements of the Finnish national flag and the workers flags during the times of crisis and nation building. The phenomena and concepts addressed include self-sacrifice, scapegoating, remembrance of war, inclusion, and exclusion. The research is located at the intersection of nationalism studies and the cultural history of war. The analysis is based primarily on the press debates, public speeches and archival sources of the civic organizations that promoted the Finnish flag. The study is empirically divided into three sections: 1) the years of the Revolution and the Civil War (1917 1918), 2) the interwar period (1919 1938), and 3) the Second World War (1939 1945). The research demonstrates that the modern national flags and workers flags in Finland maintain certain characteristics of primitive totems. When referred to as a totem the flag means an emotionally charged symbol, a reservoir of the collective ideals of a large group. Thus the flag issue offers a path to explore the perceptions and memory of sacrifice and violence in the making of the First Republic . Any given large group, for example a nation, must conceptually pursue a consensus on its past sacrifices. Without productive interpretation sacrifice represents only meaningless violence. By looking at the passions associated with the flag the study also illuminates various group identities, boundaries and crossings of borders within the Finnish society at the same time. The study shows further that the divisive violence of the Civil War was first overcome in the late 1930s when the social democrats adopted a new perception of the Red victims of 1918 they were seen as part of the birth pains of the nation, and not only the martyrs of class struggle. At the same time the radical Right became marginalized. The study also illuminates how this development made the Spirit of the Winter War possible, a genuine albeit brief experience of horizontal brother and sisterhood, and how this spirit was reflected in the popular adoption of the Finnish flag. The experience was not based only on the external and unifying threat posed by the Soviet Union: it was grounded in a sense of unifying sacrifice which reflected a novel way of understanding the nation and its past sacrifices. Paradoxically, the newly forged consensus over the necessity and the rewards of the common sacrifices of the Winter War (1939 1940) made new sacrifices possible during the Continuation War (1941 1944). In spite of political discord and war weariness, the concept of a unified nation under the national flag survived even the absurdity of the stationary war phase. It can be said that the conflict between the idea of a national community and parliamentary party politics dissolved as a result of the collective experience of the Second World War.

The Home of Hearing : George Lindbeck's understanding of community

The aim of this thesis was to examine the understanding of community in George Lindbeck s The Nature of Doctrine. Intrinsic to this question was also examining how Lindbeck understands the relation between the text and the world which both meet in a Christian community. Thirdly this study also aimed at understanding what the persuasiveness of this understanding depends on. The method applied for this task was systematic analysis. The study was conducted by first providing an orientation into the nontheological substance of the ND which was assumed useful with respect to the aim of this study. The study then went on to explore Lindbeck in his own context of postliberal theology in order to see how the ND was received. It also attempted to provide a picture of how the ND relates to Lindbeck as a theologian. The third chapter was a descriptive analysis into the cultural-linguistic perspective, which is understood as being directly proportional to his understanding of community. The fourth chapter was an analysis into how the cultural-linguistic perspective sees the relation between the text and the world. When religion is understood from a cultural-linguistic perspective, it presents itself as a cultural-linguistic entity, which Lindbeck understands as a comprehensive interpretive scheme which structures human experience and understanding of oneself and the world in which one lives. When one exists in this entity, it is the entity which shapes the subjectivities of all those who are at home in this entity which makes participation in the life of a cultural linguistic entity a condition for understanding it. Religion is above all an external word that moulds and shapes our religious existence and experience. Understanding faith then as coming from hearing, is something that correlates with the cultural-linguistic depiction of reality. Religion informs us of a religious reality, it does not originate in any way from ourselves. This externality linked to the axiomatic nature of religion is also something that distinguishes Lindbeck sharply from liberalist tendencies, which understand religion as ultimately expressing the prereflective depths of the inner self. Language is the central analogy to understanding the medium in which one moves when inhabiting a cultural-linguistic system because language is the transmitting medium in which the cultural-linguistic system is embodied. The realism entailed in Lindbeck s understanding of a community is that we are fundamentally on the receiving end when it comes to our identities whether cultural or religious. We always witness to something. Its persuasiveness rests on the fact that we never exist in an unpersuaded reality. The language of Christ is a self-sustaining and irreducible cultural-linguistic entity, which is ontologically founded upon Christ. It transmits the reality of a new being. The basic relation to the world for a Christian is that of witnessing salvation in Christ: witnessing Christ as the home of hearing the message of salvation, which is the God-willed way. Following this logic, the relation of the world and the text is one of relating to the world from the text, i.e. In Christ through the word (text) for the world, because it assumes it s logic from the way Christ ontologically relates to us.

La administración en la Iglesia después del código de 1917

Sumario: Introducción. I.- La potestad de gobierno en la Iglesia. II.- La potestad administrativa (aspecto estático). III.- La administración eclesiástica (aspecto dinámico). 1. Fundamentos teológicos y jurídicos de la administración. 1.1. teológicos. 1.2. jurídicos. 2. Función administrativa en sentido amplio. 3. Función administrativa en sentido estricto: el acto administrativo. IV.- Principio de legalidad. V.- Derecho administrativo. VI.- La tutela de los derechos de los fieles. VII.- La justicia administrativa. Conclusión

Sistematización del conocimiento popular nicaragüense, validado por la Universidad Nacional Agraria 1917-2014

El objetivo del presente trabajo es recopilar y sistematizar el conocimiento agropecuario popular nicaragüense por la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA) de Nicaragua, ha realizado trabajos de tesis a lo largo de toda su historia (98 años), para validar estos conocimientos que son de utilidad para nuestros productores, mediante la utilización del método científico. Para este estudio se realizó un análisis de documentos los cuales, son considerados una fuente valiosa de información. El trabajo de campo se realizó en los meses de noviembre 2013 a noviembre 2014, la información fue obtenida en el Centro Nicaragüense de Documentación Agropecuaria (CENIDA) de la UNA, ubicada en Managua en el km 12 ½ carretera Norte, y demás instituciones que han trabajado junto con la UNA en la elaboración de estos trabajos científicos, se tomaron variables de importancia en la vida diaria del productor, como son los granos almacenados, carbón vegetal, recursos forestales, producción de leche, sanidad animal, y las aves de patio, todas estas influyentes en la economía y alimentación de las familias campesinas. Se encontró que la UNA ha realizado un total de 2 737 tesis, de las cuales solo se encontraron 21 tesis basadas en el conocimiento indígena, campesino y popular, teniendo más temas de investigación en las áreas de sanidad animal 7 tesis, granos almacenados 5 tesis, recursos forestales 4 tesis y las de menor temas de investigación producción de carbón vegetal 2 tesis, producción de leche 2 tesis, producción de aves de patio 1 tema de tesis

Aquecimento global : George Leuzinger e um alerta fotográfico

Descreve, tomando por base uma fotografia de 1865, algumas iniciativas para preservação da natureza realizadas no Brasil durante o século XIX. Resume dados biográficos do suíço George Leuzinger, dando ênfase a preocupação ecológica desse fotógrafo. Afirma a necessidade de transformar o ser humano em "parasita do Bem", extraindo do planeta Terra o seu sustento, mas retribuindo com a correção dos malefícios feitos até agora.

A experiência anarquista no Brasil : algumas anotações sobre as greves de 1917 e suas repercussões na Câmara dos Deputados

Resgata pequena parte da história do anarquismo, que praticamente desapareceu do cenário político brasileiro. Utilizando o método de análise historiográfica, e compulsando os registros de sessões ocorridas, analisa a participação da Câmara dos Deputados nas políticas relacionadas à repressão dos anarquistas nas greves ocorridas em 1917. Ao final da pesquisa, chega-se à conclusão da existência de razoáveis indícios de participação da Câmara dos Deputados nas ações de repressão ao movimento anarquista.

A experiência anarquista no Brasil : reflexos das greves de 1917 na Câmara dos Deputados

Apresenta um estudo sobre a experiência anarquista no Brasil. Investiga a repercussão na Câmara dos Deputados das greves operárias realizadas em 1917 a partir de registros de atividades do Plenário. Analisa o papel desempenhado pela Câmara dos Deputados na política de expulsão de estrangeiros adotada pelo governo brasileiro durante a segunda década do século XX.

Collecção das Leis do Imperio do Brasil de 1837

Parte 1 - Leis

Collecção das Leis da República dos Estados Unidos do Brazil de 1917

Parte 1 - Atos do Poder Legislativo.

Redeeming America's Fall from Grace between Utopian and Dystopian horizons: The case of George Lucas's Star Wars trilogy

Eterio Pajares, Raquel Merino y José Miguel Santamaría (eds.)

Synopse dos trabalhos da Camara dos Srs. Deputados : relativos ao anno de 1917 : acompanhados de differentes documentos : organizados na Secretaria da mesma Camara

Sinopse dos trabalhos da Câmara dos Deputados, em 1917.