Sociocultural and socioeconomic influences on type 2 diabetes risk in overweight/obese African-American and Latino-American children and adolescents.

PURPOSE: It is unclear whether sociocultural and socioeconomic factors are directly linked to type 2 diabetes risk in overweight/obese ethnic minority children and adolescents. This study examines the relationships between sociocultural orientation, household social position, and type 2 diabetes risk in overweight/obese African-American (n = 43) and Latino-American (n = 113) children and adolescents. METHODS: Sociocultural orientation was assessed using the Acculturation, Habits, and Interests Multicultural Scale for Adolescents (AHIMSA) questionnaire. Household social position was calculated using the Hollingshead Two-Factor Index of Social Position. Insulin sensitivity (SI), acute insulin response (AIRG) and disposition index (DI) were derived from a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT). The relationships between AHIMSA subscales (i.e., integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization), household social position and FSIGT parameters were assessed using multiple linear regression. RESULTS: For African-Americans, integration (integrating their family's culture with those of mainstream white-American culture) was positively associated with AIRG (β = 0.27 ± 0.09, r = 0.48, P < 0.01) and DI (β = 0.28 ± 0.09, r = 0.55, P < 0.01). For Latino-Americans, household social position was inversely associated with AIRG (β = -0.010 ± 0.004, r = -0.19, P = 0.02) and DI (β = -20.44 ± 7.50, r = -0.27, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Sociocultural orientation and household social position play distinct and opposing roles in shaping type 2 diabetes risk in African-American and Latino-American children and adolescents.

Cultural policy models and cultural facilities models: from national to local models. Analysis of Barcelona’s case

The development of cultural policy analysis by social science has been produced a theorization about cultural policy models from sociology and political science. This analysis shows the influence of the national model of cultural policy on the forms of governance and management of cultural facilities. However, in this paper we will defend that currently the local model of cultural policy decisively influences the model of cultural institutions. This is explained by the growing importance of culture in local development strategies. In order to demonstrate this we will analyze the case of the Barcelona Model of local development and cultural policy, that is characterized for the level of local government leadership, multilevel governance, the use of culture in urban planning processes and a tendency to use public-private partnership in public management. This Model influences the genesis and development of the cultural facilities and it produces a singular and relatively successful model.

Experiences with cultural capital in education : exploring the educational life stories of first-generation postsecondary students

This study used a life history research design to explore first-generation university students' educational life stories and experiences with cultural capital. The project sought to examine how 3 first-generation university students experience cultural capital that is privileged in Ontario's education system and how the interactions between capital acquired through experiences within the home and school and capital privileged by the education system affect these students' educational experiences and perceptions. Using Pierre Bourdieu's (1984; 1986) theory of cultural capital as a framework, 3 firstgeneration, first-year university students participated in two 1- to 2-hour interviews. A focus on each participant's experiences with culture, capital, and education revealed themes corresponding to navigating, utilizing, and confronting familial, institutional, economic, and embodied forms of cultural capital. The study highlights the importance of recognizing how cultural capital influences the education system and how firstgeneration students can recreate normative pathways and achieve academic success despite challenges posed by the cultural capital privileged within the education system. Given cultural capital's effect on academic success, understanding first-generation students' educational life stories sheds light on the complex challenges facing students who confront and deal with privileged culture in the education system.

Influences des structures familiales sur les connaissances et comportements de prévention du VIH/SIDA chez les adolescents et les jeunes au Cameroun

En dépit de nombreuses interventions en santé reproductive en Afrique subsaharienne, la trilogie « IST/VIH/SIDA - grossesses précoces - avortements » persiste à des niveaux très élevés par rapport aux autres parties du monde. Cela indique que les nombreuses interventions en santé reproductive auprès des adolescents et des jeunes ont enregistré peu de succès en ce qui concerne le changement des comportements sexuels. Ces interventions se focalisent souvent sur l’individu, et négligent les environnements sociaux et culturels dans lesquels se forge le vécu de la sexualité chez les jeunes. Un de ces agents de socialisation est la famille, où les individus naissent, grandissent, et sont socialisés selon les valeurs et normes en vigueur. Fort de ce constat, l’objectif principal de la présente thèse est de resituer l’environnement familial au cœur des débats en santé reproductive chez les adolescents et les jeunes en Afrique subsaharienne. Trois questions spécifiques sont examinées dans cette thèse. Premièrement, elle aborde les associations entre les structures familiales et l’entrée en sexualité. Deuxièmement, elle analyse leurs influences sur les connaissances des modes de transmission et des moyens de prévention du VIH/SIDA. Troisièmement, elle cherche à déterminer les forces potentielles dans les familles dites « à risque » (ayant au plus un parent biologique) à partir de la théorie de résilience selon laquelle des facteurs familiaux et contextuels peuvent atténuer les comportements sexuels à risque chez les adolescents et jeunes. Cette thèse démontre substantiellement que vivre avec ses deux parents biologiques, la nature des relations entre parents/tuteurs et le jeune et un niveau élevé du contrôle parental sont significativement associés à de faibles risques des rapports sexuels prémaritaux. Par contre, les unions polygamiques, un statut socioéconomique élevé du ménage, et le fait d’être orphelin augmentent significativement le risque de rapports sexuels prémaritaux. L’étude démontre aussi que l’environnement familial et la communication sur la sexualité, aussi bien avec les parents/tuteurs qu’avec les pairs, jouent un rôle fondamental dans l’acquisition des connaissances correctes des modes de transmission et de prévention du VIH/SIDA. Néanmoins, le rôle des parents/tuteurs sur l’acquisition des connaissances sur le VIH/SIDA s’avère indirect puisqu’elle repose sur une hypothèse implicite. Seule une mesure directe des connaissances des parents sur les modes de transmission et les moyens de prévention peut mieux rendre compte de cette association. Les résultats obtenus à partir de la théorie de résilience indiquent, dans chaque type de familles, que la qualité des relations entre les parents/tuteurs et le jeune est significativement associée à une faible probabilité de comportement sexuel à risque, défini comme étant la cooccurrence de plusieurs partenaires sexuels au cours de 12 derniers mois et de non-utilisation du condom. Par contre, le contrôle parental est associé à une faible probabilité de comportement sexuel à risque seulement dans les familles à deux parents biologiques. Ce résultat suggère que l’influence du contrôle parental baisse une fois que les jeunes ont eu une expérience sexuelle. Les interventions en santé reproductive devraient promouvoir chez les parents/tuteurs les facteurs familiaux susceptibles de réduire les comportements sexuels à risque.

Economic and political influences on urban planning: a comparison of London, Paris and Berlin

This paper addressed the degree of autonomy experienced by the planning regimes of London, Paris and Berlin. What variation exists in the governance of these cities and how do national, local, political, business and community interests effect planning decisions? The discussion is placed in the context of the literature on world cities and growth coalitions and the debate over whether economic forces compel cities to follow similar strategies. The paper concludes that in the case of the three cities examined there is considerable variation of planning approach due to different historical, cultural and political factors.

Do national cultural differences affect the nature and characteristics of HRM practices? Evidence from Australian and Hong Kong construction firms on remuneration and job autonomy

Human resource management (HRM) plays a pivotal role in attracting and retaining talents. However, there is growing recognition in international HRM literature that the adoption of the widely accepted US/Harvard-inspired HRM model ignores the influences of cultural contexts on HRM practices in different countries. This notion has not been empirically investigated in the construction industry. Based on survey responses from 604 construction professionals from Australia and Hong Kong, this study examines whether: (i) national cultural differences influence individuals’ preference for types of remuneration and job autonomy, (ii) actual organizational HRM practices reflect such preferences and (iii) gaps between individuals’ preferences and actual organizational HRM practices affect job satisfaction. Results showed significant difference in HRM preferences between Australian and Hong Kong respondents and these are reflected in the distinct types of HRM practices adopted by construction firms in the two countries. Findings further indicated that the gap between individuals’ preferences and actual organizational HRM practices is associated with job satisfaction. The results support existing mainstream research and highlight the deficiency of the acultural treatment of HRM that is still apparent in construction management literature. An uncritical literature in the area not only hinders theory development but also potentially undermines the ability of construction firms to attract, recruit, and retain scarce talents.

Social and material influences on the Kelabit dwelt environment

Relations with the environment are key to the ways in which people pursue their dwelling practices. The complex processes of globalisation challenge the isolation of rural groups, consequently affecting their perception and use of the environment. One such place where this can be seen is the Kelabit Highlands of northern Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo), where the recent arrival of commercial logging has allowed local people to make wider connections via the logging roads. Cultural and historic traditions are reconstituted in the light of new material relations with a dynamic environment, which can be seen reflected in changing customs of housebuilding.

Schizophrenic urban reality: the changing urban landscapes of the Mediterranean region and developmental influences

This chapter considers aspects of urban design and associated identity of place that shifts over time and has to identify with aspects of economic pressures to develop as well as cultural concerns about change.

Transição cultural : divergências diante da formação de uma nova identidade : estudo de caso da Companhia Siderúrgica de Tubarão - CST

The employees' partlclpation in the cultural transltIon process occurred in Companhia Siderúrgica de Tubarão (CST) was helpful in the identification of the group of measures that started to be managed in order to be established in the run of the control assumption. The company, in order to acquire proper features, had to change prior values, behaviors and identities through strategies shared by ali the organization members, thus, creating a new culture. The CST was seen as a company controlling and coordinating a group of people. It counted on vertical hierarchical leveis, departments and authority relations. It was neve r taken into account that the company could have its own personality, like each person that worked there. Before getting through this cultural transition process, that extremely changed its values, the company had a dominating culture, with a centralized administration. This way, it influenced the conduct of ali its members, in a controlling environment. When the company realized the necessity of investments in cultural changing programs, in order to eliminate the pathologies and disfunctions that were hitting its business structure, causing damage to productivity and to the quality of the results, it condensed energies in one direction implementing the participation of ali its leaderships as implementing and multiplier elements to orientate and facilitate the achievement of its goals. Trying to understand better the influences suffered by the changes brought by globalization and privatization, some theorical and operational concepts of culture and identity were developed in this study, mainly in the first chapters. In the research extension, several aspects of this complex anthropological and sociological concept of culture were managed, such as affectiveness, cognitive process, valuation process and everything that could be related to or that give elligibility to this concept and to the phenomenon this concept will consist in.

Tendência sócio-cultural da alimentação saudável no Brasil e sua re-significação a partir da publicidade: um estudo de caso da campanha Maxi-goiabinha da Bauduco

Tendências sócio-culturais costumam ser incorporadas no mercado de consumo na forma de produtos e campanhas publicitárias. Para isto, as empresas tendem a resignificar as tendências para que se tornem argumentos de venda de seus novos produtos. Este estudo toma como objeto um produto lançado no mercado, no caso a Maxi-Goiabinha da Bauducco, e discute através de referências bibliográficas e outros exemplos de mercado como se dá a re-significação deste produto em específico. O objetivo desta dissertação é identificar de que maneira as tendências de alimentação saudável foram simplificadas, transformadas em ícones e exemplificadas através de um estilo de vida pela publicidade do produto Maxi-Goiabinha. O estudo busca os elementos que serviram como influência da campanha, a razão da utilização destes elementos e quais os potenciais impactos do produto no mercado em que está inserido. A escolha do produto Maxi-Goiabinha é interessante por ser um produto de uma marca notoriamente indulgente, a Bauducco, que procura se inserir num mercado com argumentos saudáveis que não faz parte do posicionamento original da marca. A relação mostra a fragilidade da marca para manter a sua identidade ao ser confrontada com a oportunidade de maior faturamento ao se aproveitar de uma tendência de mercado. Conclui-se que a publicidade provê os consumidores de informação e a partir desta, eles passam a procurar por características mais saudáveis no mercado de consumo, o que gera uma transformação potencialmente positiva no mercado. No entanto, ao se utilizar como ícones de seus comerciais pessoas que mostram um balanço perfeito entre saúde, vida pessoal e vida profissional, pode-se gerar um aumento da ansiedade no consumidor médio para se tornarem tão bem sucedidos quanto este homem ou mulher ideal. Discute-se se as escolhas disponibilizadas pela indústria no atual contexto de consumo oprimem ou libertam o consumidor, pois ao mesmo tempo em que lhe é dado o poder de escolha, também lhe é cobrado, através dos ícones das publicidades, ser feliz e bem sucedido em dezenas de facetas e papéis que acompanham a multiplicidade da vida contemporânea.

Pompidou & Pompeia: a parallel between the management strategies of two cultural institutions in the French and Brazilian contexts

A presente pesquisa foi conduzida na forma de um estudo de caso de duas instituições culturais no contexto francês e brasileiro. O Centro Pompidou é um projeto presidencial de museu financiado pelo Estado, com a missão de tornar a arte moderna em todas as suas expressões acessíveis ao público em geral. O Sesc Pompeia é um centro multidisciplinar de cultura e esporte - financiado pelo dinheiro dos impostos e administrado pela Federação do Comércio . O Sesc Pompéia é dedicado à oferta de educação informal através do cultivo da mente e do corpo. O estudo examina se as teorias de dependência de recursos e de poder podem ser utilizadas para conceituar a relação que o Centro Pompidou e do Sesc Pompéia tem com seus stakeholders financeiros. Mais especificamente, será discutido em que medida o grau de dependência influencia a estratégia de gestão das instituições. O objetivo é de responder a pergunta seguinte: quais são as estratégias que as instituições adotam para reduzir sua dependência com relação a seus principais stakeholders financeiros? Finalmente algumas implicações práticas de gestão serão elaboradas a partir do paralelo entre as estratégias das duas instituições.

Percepção ambiental do patrimônio cultural: estudo de caso na Cidade Alta e Ribeira em Natal-RN

Contemporary studies have shown that the evolution of the heritage concepts is accompanied by an affirmation of the importance of social participation in recognizing heritage values and in managing cultural assets. We used the Brazilian context to emphasize the challenges for democratizing this process. This problematic is discussed based on the cases of Cidade Altaand Ribeira, neighborhoods that date from the formation of Natal-RNand have cultural assets recognized by levels of government. The study builds elements to answer the research question: what meanings and representations does the culturalheritage in the case study have for its users? The research method analyzes the representations and the meanings of the neighborhoods, firstly is based on historiographical studies, memories records of the city and on the process of heritage management. Secondly, it isbased on the field research, it is structured in environmental perception studies (areas of Environmental Psychology, Architecture and Urbanism) and has been applied with users with different bonds with the studied environment (residents, workers and visitors). The data were obtained with the multi-method which included direct observation, questionnaire survey and mentalmaps (that replicate Kevin Lynch). The analysis of result verified the research hypothesis, emphasizing aspects of the relationship between users and cultural heritage relevant to strengthening collective memory, local identity, contributing to heritage management. Among the results, the socio-environmental image obtained which emphasized a "cultural axis" linkingboth studied neighborhoods and confirms the influences of elements rein the memories records of the city and in the area s management. Identified aspects to strengthen the relationship between the users and cultural assets, such as the presence of placeswith affective ties to certain groups, as well as the need to fight off negative images (of degradation and insecurity) associated to the site and also expand the participation of the population, including residents, in policies and cultural activities. After all, recognition of value and the involvement of societycultural assets have the potential of contribute to integrate city development with heritage conservation

Indústria cultural e infância: uma análise da relação entre as propagandas midiáticas, o consumo e o processo formativo das crianças

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A indústria cultural e a estética da crueldade em Rubem Fonseca: uma análise dos contos o Cobrador, Pierrô da Caverna e Onze de maio

Na literatura, a chamada fase do pós-modernismo mostra os processos de desumanização e de coisificação dos indivíduos. Estes se tornaram o foco de debates graças ao desenvolvimento intensivo da sociedade de massa, diretamente vinculada às influências dos meios de comunicação e ao desenvolvimento da indústria cultural. Rubem Fonseca é um dos grandes nomes da literatura desta época e compôs muitos textos que manifestam as angústias do homem imerso no contexto do consumismo exacerbado, mola propulsora do capitalismo tardio. O cobrador, coletânea de contos publicada em 1979, possui narrativas que permitem o diálogo entre as teorias sociológicas que exaltam os conceitos dos meios de comunicação de massa, sociedade do consumo e indústria cultural, objetivo primordial desta pesquisa. A pretensão do presente estudo é compreender as expressões desse período nos contos "O Cobrador", "Pirrô da Caverna" e "Onze de Maio" desta obra, focalizando as interferências que a sociedade de massa e a indústria cultural operaram para que as criações literárias passassem a apresentar novas características. O método empregado consiste na análise dos contos, dando especial foco aos conceitos de indústria cultural, sociedade de massa e sociedade de consumo. Para análise dos contos, foi de fundamental importância o aparato teórico de Antônio Cândido, Lucien Goldmann, e Luiz Costa Lima, como teóricos que defendem a relação entre áreas como sociologia e literatura, além dos postulados de estudiosos como Theodor Adorno, David Lyon, Steven Connor, Jean-François Lyotard, Frederic Jameson, Jean Baudrillard, Marshall Berman, entre outro sociólogos que provem debates sobre as mudanças culturais que o contexto pós-moderno suscita.Concomitantemente, a pesquisa está direcionada para o campo das teorias da Comunicação de caráterneo-marxista e suas relações com a literatura, evidenciando o tema da ascensão da sociedade de massa e a interferência dos meios de comunicação de massa para configuração das artes e de outras manifestações humanas. É possível estabelecer um diálogo entre os contos e as teorias que explicam os processos de massificação da sociedade, reconhecendo a preponderância das leis do consumo nos procedimentos dos indivíduos submetidos a essa condição, seja na violência de alguns, seja superficialidade de outros, fundamentados na chamada estética da crueldade para as obras fictícias.

Juventude do campo e quilombola: educação e identidade cultural na Comunidade Quilombola de Itaboca - Inhangapi - PA

Esta pesquisa problematizou a educação no contexto da uma comunidade quilombola, sobre a qual procurou saber como a educação influencia a identidade cultural de jovens quilombolas. A investigação teve por finalidade analisar a relação entre educação e identidade cultural de jovens na comunidade quilombola de Itaboca no Município de Inhangapi–PA, que para atingi-la adotou-se como percurso metodológico a pesquisa participante e a análise de conteúdo para examinar as narrativas de sujeitos e jovens da referida comunidade. Os resultados mostraram que a comunidade ainda está em processo de apropriação do processo de reconhecimento de seu território, tendo a educação um valor indelével, especialmente para os jovens que veem nela chance de continuidade de estudos e profissionalização sem modificar sua identidade. No entanto, a relação do quilombo com a cidade revelada na narrativa dos jovens, por um lado, mostra a assimilação das identidades urbanas que propiciam sociabilidades diversas. Por outro lado, essa sociabilização também traz o contato danoso com a violência e as drogas. A finalização da pesquisa aponta para a necessidade de maior mobilização em torno da educação com a perspectiva da ampliação da igualdade social.