What is being taught in Religious Education classes in Northern Ireland and to what extent should states be concerned about regulation, quality and control of the subject?

This paper reports on a research project designed to discover what schools are teaching in Religious Education in Northern Ireland and what procedures are in place to maintain standards in the delivery of the subject. A search through literature shows that little research has been carried out to determine what is being taught in Religious Education in Northern Ireland. It also indicates that there are very weak systems of control to measure the effectiveness or quality of what is delivered. A survey of the websites of all Post-Primary schools in the region was used to provide some answers to the basic question of what is being taught in RE. Using content and discourse analysis of these alongside supporting documentary sources (textbooks and exam specifications), it is possible to get a clearer picture of how the Northern Ireland Core Syllabus for Religious Education and any additional curricular elements are delivered in schools. The findings show that a significant minority of schools do not publicly articulate what pupils do in religious education. In situations where the content of religious education is made clear, some definite trends are evident. Despite the existence of a statutory core syllabus, there is significant variation in what is taught in schools. The content is most divergent from the syllabus in relation to the teaching of World Religions at Key Stage 3 and at Key Stage 4 whole elements of the syllabus are neglected due to limited conformity between the syllabus and exam specifications. These results raise important questions about the systems of regulation and control of the subject in the region. In law the subject is exempt from formal inspection by the local inspection authority; instead, a form of inspection is allowed for by the Christian churches who design the syllabus, but it is a process that is either entirely neglected or entirely unreported in situations where it does occur. It is argued that these findings raise questions of more general concern for this and other regions in Europe where the teaching of religious education is largely unregulated. For example, to what extent should states take an interest in what is taught in religious education, how it is delivered, what values it promotes and how standards of teaching and learning in the subject are upheld?

Patterns of co‑occurrence and interactions between age classes of the common triplefin, Forsterygion lapillum

Many marine organisms have pelagic larval stages that settle into benthic habitats occupied by older individuals; however, a mechanistic understanding of inter cohort interactions remains elusive for most species. Patterns of spatial covariation in the densities of juvenile and adult age classes of a small temperate reef fish, the common triplefin (Forsterygion lapillum), were evaluated during the recruitment season (Feb–Mar, 2011) in Wellington, New Zealand (41°17′S, 174°46′E). The relationship between juvenile and adult density among sites was best approximated by a dome-shaped curve, with a negative correlation between densities of juveniles and adults at higher adult densities. The curve shape was temporally variable, but was unaffected by settlement habitat type (algal species). A laboratory experiment using a “multiple-predator effects”design tested the hypothesis that increased settler mortality in the presence of adults (via enhanced predation risk or cannibalism) contributed to the observed negative relationship between juveniles and adults. Settler mortality did not differ between controls and treatments that contained either one (p = 0.08) or two (p = 0.09) adults. However, post hoca analyses revealed a significant positive correlation between the mean length of juveniles used in experimental trials and survival of juveniles in these treatments, suggesting that smaller juveniles may be vulnerable to cannibalism. There was no evidence for risk enhancement or predator interference when adults were present alongside a hetero specific predator (F. varium). These results highlight the complex nature of intercohort relationships in shaping recruitment patterns and add to the growing body of literature recognizing the importance of age class interactions.

Síntese de derivados oligoméricos de porfirinas e ftalocianinas

A presente dissertação contempla estudos de funcionalização de 5,10,15,20- tetrafenilporfirina via grupos nitro e amino e a preparação de sistemas porfirina-ftalocianina. Este trabalho encontra-se dividido em quatro partes. Na primeira parte descrevem-se as características gerais de porfirinas e ftalocianinas bem como algumas metodologias de síntese utilizadas na sua preparação e suas potenciais aplicações. Na segunda parte desta dissertação descreve-se a funcionalização de 5,10,15,20-tetrafenilporfirina com arilaminas recorrendo a duas rotas sintéticas diferentes. A reacção de 2-nitro-5,10,15,20-tetrafenilporfirina com anilina ou aminas aromáticas substituídas com grupos dadores de electrões permitiu, através do ataque do nucleófilo ao carbono beta-pirrólico onde está ligado o grupo nitro, ataque ipso, a obtenção de derivados do tipo 2-arilaminoporfirinas e derivados porfirínicos de anéis fundidos, sendo estes últimos resultantes da ciclização oxidativa de 2-arilaminoporfirinas. A reacção entre (2-amino- 5,10,15,20-tetrafenilporfirinato)níquel(II) e brometos de arilo na presença de paládio, reacção de aminação de Buchwald-Hartwig, permitiu, após descomplexação, a preparação de novos derivados do tipo 2- arilaminoporfirinas com grupos substituintes dadores e aceitadores de electrões. Um dos derivados porfirínicos de anéis fundidos foi submetido a reacção de complexação com diferentes iões metálicos e foram estudadas as respectivas propriedades fotoquímicas e electroquímicas. Esses estudos revelaram que estes compostos são bons geradores de oxigénio singuleto e que sofrem processos de oxidação-redução electroquimicamente reversíveis. Esta metodologia foi estendida ainda a brometos de hetarilo (derivados de piridina e tiofeno). Recorrendo ao acoplamento, em condições de Buchwald-Hartwig, de complexos metálicos da 5,10,15,20-tetrafenilporfirina, funcionalizados com grupos amino e bromo, preparam-se dímeros porfirina-amino-porfirina, cujos espectros electrónicos revelam a existência de uma boa “comunicação electrónica” entre as duas subunidades. A terceira parte descreve a síntese de sistemas porfirina-ftalocianina. Recorrendo à condensação estatística entre a 5,10,15,20-tetrafenilporfirina substituída com um grupo ftalonitrilo na posição beta-pirrólica com ftalonitrilo ou ftalonitrilo substituído foram obtidas díades porfirina-ftalocianina onde as duas subunidades se encontram directamente ligadas ou fundidas. Os porfirinilftalonitrilos necessários para a síntese das diferentes díades foram preparados através da reacção de adição do fumaronitrilo à 5,10,15,20- tetrafenilporfirina funcionalizada com o grupo 1,3-butadienilo ou vinilo, seguida de oxidação do aducto resultante. O acoplamento catalisado por paládio entre (2-bromo-5,10,15,20- tetrafenilporfirinato)zinco(II) e [9(10),16(17),23(24)-tri-terc-butil-2- etinilftalocianinato]zinco(II) permitiu a síntese de uma díade porfirinaftalocianina com as duas unidades ligadas por um grupo etinilo. Uma pentíade porfirina-ftalocianina foi obtida através da ciclotetramerização de um dos porfirinilftalonitrilos. A comparação dos espectros electrónicos das diferentes classes de sistemas revela que as correspondentes propriedades electrónicas são altamente afectadas pela distância entre as subunidades e também pelo número de cromóforos presentes no sistema. Os estudos fotofísicos de alguns dos novos compostos acima referidos permitiram verificar a ocorrência eficiente de transferência de energia da subunidade porfirínica para a da ftalocianina, capacidade essa que permitirá a estes sistemas serem usados para modelar o processo fotossintético. Na última parte descrevem-se, pormenorizadamente, todas as experiências efectuadas e as caracterizações espectroscópicas, nomeadamente de espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN), espectrometria de massa e espectrofotometria de UV-vis, dos compostos sintetizados. Nalguns casos recorreu-se ainda a técnicas de RMN bidimensionais como COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY e ROESY.

Multiplicity results for some classes of Schrödinger-Poisson systems

In this thesis, we study the existence and multiplicity of solutions of the following class of Schr odinger-Poisson systems: u + u + l(x) u = (x; u) in R3; = l(x)u2 in R3; where l 2 L2(R3) or l 2 L1(R3). And we consider that the nonlinearity satis es the following three kinds of cases: (i) a subcritical exponent with (x; u) = k(x)jujp 2u + h(x)u (4 p < 2 ) under an inde nite case; (ii) a general inde nite nonlinearity with (x; u) = k(x)g(u) + h(x)u; (iii) a critical growth exponent with (x; u) = k(x)juj2 2u + h(x)jujq 2u (2 q < 2 ). It is worth mentioning that the thesis contains three main innovations except overcoming several di culties, which are generated by the systems themselves. First, as an unknown referee said in his report, we are the rst authors concerning the existence of multiple positive solutions for Schr odinger- Poisson systems with an inde nite nonlinearity. Second, we nd an interesting phenomenon in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 that we do not need the condition R R3 k(x)ep 1dx < 0 with an inde nite noncoercive case, where e1 is the rst eigenfunction of +id in H1(R3) with weight function h. A similar condition has been shown to be a su cient and necessary condition to the existence of positive solutions for semilinear elliptic equations with inde nite nonlinearity for a bounded domain (see e.g. Alama-Tarantello, Calc. Var. PDE 1 (1993), 439{475), or to be a su cient condition to the existence of positive solutions for semilinear elliptic equations with inde nite nonlinearity in RN (see e.g. Costa-Tehrani, Calc. Var. PDE 13 (2001), 159{189). Moreover, the process used in this case can be applied to study other aspects of the Schr odinger-Poisson systems and it gives a way to study the Kirchho system and quasilinear Schr odinger system. Finally, to get sign changing solutions in Chapter 5, we follow the spirit of Hirano-Shioji, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. A 137 (2007), 333, but the procedure is simpler than that they have proposed in their paper.

Factorização de algumas classes de funções matriciais e suas aplicações

Tese dout., Matemática, Universidade do Algarve, 2007,

Les interventions verbales et leur effet sur l'accomplissement des tâches dans les interactions de paires et de groupes dans des classes d'anglais langue seconde

Cette étude qualitative a pour objectif de comprendre comment les interventions verbales des apprenantes et apprenants contribuent à la résolution effective des tâches linguistiques orales dans une classe d'anglais langue seconde selon la théorie Vygotskienne. La recherche a montré que les apprenantes et apprenants passent un temps considérable à discuter les énoncés ainsi que de la meilleure façon de résoudre les tâches linguistiques orales. Or, la recension des écrits a révélé que peu d'études ont tenté de comprendre ce que font les apprenantes et apprenants quand ils sont appelés à résoudre des tâches orales. Dans notre étude nous avons donc essayé de jeter la lumière sur ce phénomène. Les interactions verbales de 10 apprenantes et apprenants ont été enregistrées pendant la résolution de tâches linguistiques orales dans une classe d'anglais langue seconde de l'université de Sherbrooke. Pour analyser les données, nous avons utilisé des éléments de trois méthodes d'analyse, notamment la méthode microgénétique de Vygotsky, l'analyse interactionnelle et l'analyse des conversations. Les résultats ont révélé que les apprenantes et apprenants utilisent un nombre important de stratégies afin de mieux comprendre et résoudre les tâches linguistiques orales de façon efficace. Ils recourent notamment à leur langue maternelle, la répétition et la co-construction de phrases. La discussion de ces résultats a montré que la meilleure compréhension des stratégies utilisées par les apprenantes et apprenants ainsi que comment celle-ci [i.e. celles-ci] sont utilisées pourrait contribuer positivement à l'amélioration des techniques d'enseignement par tâches des langues secondes.

Pour une intégration citoyenne actualisée dans les classes de français langue seconde

Le gouvernement québécois souhaite intégrer ses immigrants afin d'en faire une tranche active de la population. Cette intégration passe à la fois par l'apprentissage de la langue et par la connaissance et l'appartenance à notre culture. Les classes de français langue seconde, où transitent chaque année un bon nombre d'immigrants, sont un vecteur de choix pour la transmission des valeurs québécoises et des éléments qui fondent la culture du Québec. Or, pour permettre aux enseignants de transmettre des éléments culturels en classe, il faut un consensus, relayé sous forme de programme pédagogique ou de guides d'enseignement. Au milieu des années 1990, le ministère de l'Immigration et des Communautés culturelles du Québec a justement élaboré une vaste collection, Québec Atout, qui vise à la fois l'apprentissage du français et l'apprentissage de diverses composantes culturelles. Quinze ans plus tard, cette collection est délaissée par les intervenants en francisation, faute de mises à jour de son contenu et de son approche pédagogique. La pertinence de ce matériel n'est pas à remettre en cause. Pour actualiser Québec Atout, il faudrait cependant revoir certaines dimensions, dont les valeurs et les codes communicationnels et y intégrer une approche actionnelle. Il faudrait surtout tirer profit des technologies émergentes, qui se doivent d'être intégrées en salle de classe et qui peuvent, lorsqu'elles sont bien utilisées, devenir un puissant véhicule d'intégration.

Estudo de caso: Análise e caracterização de classes de escolas de sucesso

Dissertação apresentada para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ensino da Matemática pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia

Sound levels and risk perceptions of music students during classes

It is well recognized that professional musicians are at risk of hearing damage due to the exposure to high sound pressure levels during music playing. However, it is important to recognize that the musicians’ exposure may start early in the course of their training as students in the classroom and at home. Studies regarding sound exposure of music students and their hearing disorders are scarce and do not take into account important influencing variables. Therefore, this study aimed to describe sound level exposures of music students at different music styles, classes, and according to the instrument played. Further, this investigation attempted to analyze the perceptions of students in relation to exposure to loud music and consequent health risks, as well as to characterize preventive behaviors. The results showed that music students are exposed to high sound levels in the course of their academic activity. This exposure is potentiated by practice outside the school and other external activities. Differences were found between music style, instruments, and classes. Tinnitus, hyperacusis, diplacusis, and sound distortion were reported by the students. However, students were not entirely aware of the health risks related to exposure to high sound pressure levels. These findings reflect the importance of starting intervention in relation to noise risk reduction at an early stage, when musicians are commencing their activity as students.

The importance of physical education classes in pre-school children

The purpose of this study was to analyse differences between total physical activity (TPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) of pre-school children during daily school hours when they attended the physical education class (PED) and school days without PE class (NPED) and to assess the contribution of PE classes to TPA in school hours. The sample was composed of 193 pre-school healthy children (96 girls) aged from three to five years old and was conducted between February and December of 2008. Children wore accelerometers for at least four consecutive days during school hours. Data were analysed with specific software, age-specific counts-per-minute cut-off points and a 5 s epoch were used. Independent and general linear model repeated measures were used to assess differences between gender and differences between different days within each gender, respectively. Boys engaged more MVPA than girls (P < 0.05). During PED, pre-school children engaged significantly more in TPA and MVPA than during NPED (P < 0.05). PE class contributed, on average, 27.7% for the TPA and 32.8% of daily MVPA during PED in both gender. The results of this study suggest that structured PA such as a PE class increased the daily TPA and MVPA level of pre-school children.

Da Lexicologia e lexicografia de aprendizagem ao ensino da língua portuguesa: no II Ciclo do Ensino Secundário: 10ª,11ª,12ª e 13ª CLASSES NA E.F.P. – Escola de Formação de Professores “COR MARIAE” DO UÍJE”

Tese a apresentar para o cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Linguística – Especialidade de Lexicologia, Lexicografia e Terminologia

Application of different heuristic classes in memory-based and stimulus-based decisions

This paper studies the drivers of heuristic application in different decision types. The study compares differences in frequencies of heuristic classes' such as recognition, one-reason choice and trade-off applied in, respectively, memory-based and stimulus-based choices as well as in high and low involvement decisions. The study has been conducted online among 205 participants from 28 countries.