Literary Encounters of Fundamentalism: A Case Book

Literature, literary interpretation and criticism have always had an interestingly paradoxical relationship with fundamentalism: fundamentalisms are generally built on texts, which can be sacred and exclusive, and on a claim to exclusive authority for interpretation. Therefore they tend to see the cornucopian profusion of texts and interpretations so typical of Western concepts of Literature as a threat; a circumstance which has been widely exploited by writers and critics to engage with fundamentalism on its home turf. The volume addresses the cultural given that the term ‘fundamentalism’ has acquired such wide-spread currency, at least in the West. In their various approaches, the contributions examine what fundamentalism has come to signify for those who use the term so extensively and so indiscriminately; and they try to establish what this implies for reaching more productive and positive positions in negotiating fundamentalisms. In doing so, the contributors offer investigations of literary approaches to fundamentalism across a wide range of important contemporary discourses and from a number of cultural perspectives. Readers will expand their understanding of the significance of fundamentalism, and of the value of literature as a highly specialized medium for explorations in this field.

An analysis of two methods for the classification of stage of readiness to obtain repeat mammography screening

Background and purpose: Breast cancer continues to be a health problem for women, representing 28 percent of all female cancers and remaining one of the leading causes of death for women. Breast cancer incidence rates become substantial before the age of 50. After menopause, breast cancer incidence rates continue to increase with age creating a long-lasting source of concern (Harris et al., 1992). Mammography, a technique for the detection of breast tumors in their nonpalpable stage when they are most curable, has taken on considerable importance as a public health measure. The lifetime risk of breast cancer is approximately 1 in 9 and occurs over many decades. Recommendations are that screening be periodic in order to detect cancer at early stages. These recommendations, largely, are not followed. Not only are most women not getting regular mammograms, but this circumstance is particularly the case among older women where regular mammography has been proven to reduce mortality by approximately 30 percent. The purpose of this project was to increase our understanding of factors that are associated with stage of readiness to obtain subsequent mammograms. A secondary purpose of this research was to suggest further conceptual considerations toward the extension of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change to repeat screening mammography. ^ Methods. A sample (n = 1,222) of women 50 years and older in a large multi-specialty clinic in Houston, Texas was surveyed by mail questionnaire regarding their previous screening experience and stage of readiness to obtain repeat screening. A computerized database, maintained on all women who undergo mammography at the clinic, was used to identify women who are eligible for the project. The major statistical technique employed to select the significant variables and to examine the man and interaction effects of independent variables on dependent variables was polychotomous stepwise, logistic regression. A prediction model for each stage of readiness definition was estimated. The expected probabilities for stage of readiness were calculated to assess the magnitude and direction of significant predictors. ^ Results. Analysis showed that both ways of defining stage of readiness for obtaining a screening mammogram were associated with specific constructs, including decisional balance and processes of the change. ^ Conclusions. The results of the present study demonstrate that the TTM appears to translate to repeat mammography screening. Findings in the current study also support finding of previous studies that suggest that stage of readiness is associated with respondent decisional balance and the processes of change. ^

Optimal Test for Parameter Instability When the Unstable Process and the Error Distribution are Unknown

This paper proposes asymptotically optimal tests for unstable parameter process under the feasible circumstance that the researcher has little information about the unstable parameter process and the error distribution, and suggests conditions under which the knowledge of those processes does not provide asymptotic power gains. I first derive a test under known error distribution, which is asymptotically equivalent to LR tests for correctly identified unstable parameter processes under suitable conditions. The conditions are weak enough to cover a wide range of unstable processes such as various types of structural breaks and time varying parameter processes. The test is then extended to semiparametric models in which the underlying distribution in unknown but treated as unknown infinite dimensional nuisance parameter. The semiparametric test is adaptive in the sense that its asymptotic power function is equivalent to the power envelope under known error distribution.

Retrospective study of prevalence of Community Associated Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (CA-MRSA) seen in Texas MedClinics, San Antonio, TX from April 2006-August 2009

Purpose. To evaluate the presence of Community Associated–Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, CA-MRSA, in abscesses and skin and soft tissue infections presenting at 9 urgent care clinics in San Antonio, TX. ^ Methods. During the 40-month retrospective study (April 2006 to August 2009), wound cultures collected in 9 urgent care centers were evaluated for MRSA growth, antibiotics prescribed, follow up wound care, and antibiotic prescribing habits by physicians for all patients presenting with abscesses and skin/soft tissue infections. ^ Results. Across 9 urgent care centers in San Antonio, TX, 36,797 abscesses and cases of skin and soft tissue infections were treated during 40 months. Of the 36,797 cases, 9290 patients had wound cultures sent with 5,630 cultures sent to Texas MedClinic’s primary lab. Of the 5630 cultures sent to their primary lab, this reflected a prevalence of 4727 (84 %) cultures were positive for MRSA. Of the 9290 patients who had a wound culture sent (April 10th, 2006 to August 31st, 2009), a total of 4,307 antibiotics were prescribed. The top five antibiotics prescribed for CA-MRSA were Bactrim (55.5%), Clindamycin (18.4%), Bactroban (5%), Amoxicillin (3.5%), and Doxycycline (3%) representing 85.4% of the antibiotics prescribed. 8809/9290 (94.8%) of patients required no more than 3 follow up visits. Of the 33 physicians working full time during the entire study period, 29/33 (87.8%) of the physicians were family medicine physicians and represented varied prescribing rates of antibiotics between 11-76% with 26/33 (78.8%) of physicians prescribing antibiotics greater than 40% of the time.^ Conclusions. Abscesses and soft tissue infections are a common presenting complaint to urgent care centers. This study reveals that antibiotic-prescribing practices can be improved with physician education since this high prevalence was not known previously. Also, treating abscesses with limited packing has been shown to be a viable option in this particular circumstance and would be open field for additional clinical research. Due to the high prevalence of CA-MRSA skin and soft tissue infections among patients presenting to urgent care centers presumptive treatment for MRSA is indicated. Increasing levels of resistance to penicillin antibiotics is concerning and warrants alternative antibiotic management strategies.^

La misión fundante de los apodos en La Reina Isabel cantaba rancheras de Rivera Letelier

En su novela La Reina Isabel cantaba rancheras, Rivera Letelier retrata el sórdido mundo de las pampas salitreras del norte de Chile. Los personajes que habitan estas regiones carecen por completo de nombre propio. En su lugar encontramos apodos a partir de los que el autor crea y recrea la historia de los viejos y prostitutas que habitaron estas oficinas salitreras. Más allá de la evidente intención cómica que persigue el autor de la novela, creemos que el apodo es el elemento estructurante tanto de los personajes como de la novela en general. Esto se debe a que la historia de la desaparición de la "última oficina salitrera" se entrelaza con la historia de los personajes que vivieron en ella. Los protagonistas de la novela se destacan gracias a sus apodos del resto de aquellos viejos que no hicieron ningún mérito para conseguirlo y por lo tanto están condenados al anonimato. Precisamente, son las características del apodo las que permiten al autor configurar a estos personajes que al lector le costará olvidar. Como primera característica, aludiremos a la calidad referencial del apodo frente al nombre propio. Esto se debe a que el mote surge de los defectos, virtudes o de cualquier otra circunstancia vivida por alguna persona. Esto permite que se establezca una relación causal entre apodo y persona. Por su parte, el nombre propio establece una relación casual con la persona a la que designa. Por otro lado, mientras el nombre propio es otorgado de una vez y para siempre. El apodo presenta como segunda característica la validez. Es decir, el apodo, necesariamente, esta circuscripto a un tiempo, a un espacio y sólo es válido para un grupo determinado. Esto se debe a que sólo dentro de estos parámetros el apodo podrá ser interpretado. Cuando se altera alguna de estas coordenadas, indefectiblemente, el apodo cambia.

Max Aub y Triunfo (más, con la venia, alguna evocación personal)

Cuando Max Aub visita España por primera vez después de más de un cuarto de siglo de exilio, el periodista Emilio Romero publica un texto crítico y descalificador sobre el escritor. Para canalizar su respuesta, Aub se dirige a Triunfo, revista que en la época se distinguía por su posición antifranquista, que le provocó numerosos problemas con la censura. A partir de esta circunstancia, y durante el segundo y último viaje que Aub realiza a España, el director de Triunfo ofrece al escritor la posibilidad de publicar el Discurso apócrifo, escrito con motivo de su imaginario ingreso en la Academia Española. A pesar del escepticismo de Aub sobre el éxito de este proyecto, la revista consigue editar en junio de 1972 un suplemento especial con el texto íntegro del discurso aubiano, documento que se reproduce en este número de Olivar.

La Chanson de Florence de Rome y Otas de Roma : Algunas consideraciones sobre traducción en la Edad Media

El cotejo de la construcción de los personajes y de los espacios en La Chanson de Florence de Rome con su variante castellana, Otas de Roma , permite establecer lineamientos referidos a las particularidades de la traducción medieval. En esta circunstancia de traspaso, el material sufre lógicas transformaciones debido a su recontextualización.

Max Aub y Triunfo (más, con la venia, alguna evocación personal)

Cuando Max Aub visita España por primera vez después de más de un cuarto de siglo de exilio, el periodista Emilio Romero publica un texto crítico y descalificador sobre el escritor. Para canalizar su respuesta, Aub se dirige a Triunfo, revista que en la época se distinguía por su posición antifranquista, que le provocó numerosos problemas con la censura. A partir de esta circunstancia, y durante el segundo y último viaje que Aub realiza a España, el director de Triunfo ofrece al escritor la posibilidad de publicar el Discurso apócrifo, escrito con motivo de su imaginario ingreso en la Academia Española. A pesar del escepticismo de Aub sobre el éxito de este proyecto, la revista consigue editar en junio de 1972 un suplemento especial con el texto íntegro del discurso aubiano, documento que se reproduce en este número de Olivar.

La Chanson de Florence de Rome y Otas de Roma : Algunas consideraciones sobre traducción en la Edad Media

El cotejo de la construcción de los personajes y de los espacios en La Chanson de Florence de Rome con su variante castellana, Otas de Roma , permite establecer lineamientos referidos a las particularidades de la traducción medieval. En esta circunstancia de traspaso, el material sufre lógicas transformaciones debido a su recontextualización.

Max Aub y Triunfo (más, con la venia, alguna evocación personal)

Cuando Max Aub visita España por primera vez después de más de un cuarto de siglo de exilio, el periodista Emilio Romero publica un texto crítico y descalificador sobre el escritor. Para canalizar su respuesta, Aub se dirige a Triunfo, revista que en la época se distinguía por su posición antifranquista, que le provocó numerosos problemas con la censura. A partir de esta circunstancia, y durante el segundo y último viaje que Aub realiza a España, el director de Triunfo ofrece al escritor la posibilidad de publicar el Discurso apócrifo, escrito con motivo de su imaginario ingreso en la Academia Española. A pesar del escepticismo de Aub sobre el éxito de este proyecto, la revista consigue editar en junio de 1972 un suplemento especial con el texto íntegro del discurso aubiano, documento que se reproduce en este número de Olivar.

La Chanson de Florence de Rome y Otas de Roma : Algunas consideraciones sobre traducción en la Edad Media

El cotejo de la construcción de los personajes y de los espacios en La Chanson de Florence de Rome con su variante castellana, Otas de Roma , permite establecer lineamientos referidos a las particularidades de la traducción medieval. En esta circunstancia de traspaso, el material sufre lógicas transformaciones debido a su recontextualización.

Geochemistry at DSDP Leg 55 Holes

The tops of the Emperor chain guyots, which were drilled during Leg 55, lie above the carbonate compensation depth (CCD), as well as above the foraminiferal dissolution level, i.e., lysocline. They are therefore the sites of accumulation of pelagic foraminiferal nannofossil ooze, such accumulation having taken place here since the moment of the seamounts' subsidence and the termination of shallow-water carbonate accumulation which was formerly developed on their tops. But the existence of strong bottom currents over the tops and slope scarps limits, and at some places reduces to zero, sedimentation of any pelagic particles. At such areas there are formed thick iron-manganese crusts. The seamounts drilled on Leg 55 are within the northern (Boreal) belt of biogenic silica accumulation, which existed in the northern Pacific throughout the Neogene. This circumstance presupposes a possible enrichment of the relatively fine-grained sediments with biogenic silica - diatoms and radiolarians.

alpha- and gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane concentrations in brine, bulk sea-ice, water and air during a CCGS Amundsen cruise to the Canadian western Arctic

We used holes augered partially into first-year sea ice (sumps) to determine a- and g-HCH concentrations in sea-ice brine. The overwintering of the CCGS Amundsen in the Canadian western Arctic, as part of the Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) System Study, provided the circumstances to allow brine to accumulate in sumps sufficiently to test the methodology. We show, for the first time, that as much as 50% of total HCHs in seawater can become entrapped within the ice crystal matrix. On average, in the winter first-year sea ice HCH brine concentrations reached 4.013 ± 0.307 ng/L and 0.423 ± 0.013 ng/L for the a- and g-isomer, respectively. In the spring, HCHs decreased gradually with time, with increasing brine volume fraction and decreasing brine salinity. These decreasing concentrations could be accounted for by both the dilution with the ice crystal matrix and under-ice seawater. We propose that the former process plays a more significant role considering brine volume fractions calculated in this study were below 20%. Levels of HCHs in the brine exceed under-ice water concentrations by approximately a factor of 3, a circumstance suggesting that the brine ecosystem has been, and continues to be, the most exposed to HCHs.

Mejora de la interfaz del simulador de voz Vox

A partir de un simulador de vocales denominado Vox, programado en MATLAB, desarrollado originalmente en la Universidad Técnica de Aquisgrán por Malte Kob [1] y mejorado en el Departamento de ICS de la EUITT [2], se pueden generar voces sintéticas. La principal limitación del simulador es que sólo puede generar vocales sintéticas, además la simulación se realiza a partir de parámetros anatómicos y fisiológicos fijos. La estructura actual del programa dificulta la modificación rápida de cualquiera de los parámetros básicos de la misma, circunstancia que podría mejorar mediante una interfaz gráfica. El proyecto consistirá, por un lado, en completar el simulador haciendo posible también la síntesis a partir de los parámetros anatómicos de hombres, mujeres y niños; y por otro, en el diseño e implementación de una interfaz gráfica de usuario que nos permita seleccionar los diferentes parámetros físicos para la simulación y recoger los resultados de la misma de manera más sencilla. Starting from a vowels simulator called Vox, programmed in MATLAB, originally developed in the Technical college of Aquisgrán by Malte Kob [1] and improved in the ICS Department of the EUITT [2], with this programme you can generate synthetic voices. The main limitation of the simulator is that it only can generate synthetic vowels; moreover the simulation is made from anatomical and physiological fixed parameters. The current structure of the programme complicates the quick modification of any of the basic parameters of it, circumstance that could be improved through a graphic interface. On the one hand, the project consists in completing the simulator doing the synthesis possible, from the anatomical woman, men and children parameters; on the other hand, the design and implementation of a graphic user interface, that allow us to select different physical parameters to the simulation and gather the results of it in a simple way.

An integral model for natural regeneration of Pinus pinea L. in the Northern Plateau (Spain) = Modelo integral de regeneración natural para Pinus pinea L. en la Meseta Norte (España)

Natural regeneration is an ecological key-process that makes plant persistence possible and, consequently, it constitutes an essential element of sustainable forest management. In this respect, natural regeneration in even-aged stands of Pinus pinea L. located in the Spanish Northern Plateau has not always been successfully achieved despite over a century of pine nut-based management. As a result, natural regeneration has recently become a major concern for forest managers when we are living a moment of rationalization of investment in silviculture. The present dissertation is addressed to provide answers to forest managers on this topic through the development of an integral regeneration multistage model for P. pinea stands in the region. From this model, recommendations for natural regeneration-based silviculture can be derived under present and future climate scenarios. Also, the model structure makes it possible to detect the likely bottlenecks affecting the process. The integral model consists of five submodels corresponding to each of the subprocesses linking the stages involved in natural regeneration (seed production, seed dispersal, seed germination, seed predation and seedling survival). The outputs of the submodels represent the transitional probabilities between these stages as a function of climatic and stand variables, which in turn are representative of the ecological factors driving regeneration. At subprocess level, the findings of this dissertation should be interpreted as follows. The scheduling of the shelterwood system currently conducted over low density stands leads to situations of dispersal limitation since the initial stages of the regeneration period. Concerning predation, predator activity appears to be only limited by the occurrence of severe summer droughts and masting events, the summer resulting in a favourable period for seed survival. Out of this time interval, predators were found to almost totally deplete seed crops. Given that P. pinea dissemination occurs in summer (i.e. the safe period against predation), the likelihood of a seed to not be destroyed is conditional to germination occurrence prior to the intensification of predator activity. However, the optimal conditions for germination seldom take place, restraining emergence to few days during the fall. Thus, the window to reach the seedling stage is narrow. In addition, the seedling survival submodel predicts extremely high seedling mortality rates and therefore only some individuals from large cohorts will be able to persist. These facts, along with the strong climate-mediated masting habit exhibited by P. pinea, reveal that viii the overall probability of establishment is low. Given this background, current management –low final stand densities resulting from intense thinning and strict felling schedules– conditions the occurrence of enough favourable events to achieve natural regeneration during the current rotation time. Stochastic simulation and optimisation computed through the integral model confirm this circumstance, suggesting that more flexible and progressive regeneration fellings should be conducted. From an ecological standpoint, these results inform a reproductive strategy leading to uneven-aged stand structures, in full accordance with the medium shade-tolerant behaviour of the species. As a final remark, stochastic simulations performed under a climate-change scenario show that regeneration in the species will not be strongly hampered in the future. This resilient behaviour highlights the fundamental ecological role played by P. pinea in demanding areas where other tree species fail to persist.