El ostracismo de los Carreras. Los jenerales José Miguel i Juan José i el coronel Luis Carrera. Episodio de la independencia de Sud-America, por Benjamin Vicuña Mackenna.

Mode of access: Internet.

El ostracismo de los Carreras. Los jenerales José Miguel i Juan José i el coronel Luis Carrera. Episodio de la independencia de Sud-America, por Benjamin Vicuña Mackenna.

Mode of access: Internet.

A complete indexed digest of the United States Supreme Court reports : from the organization of the court in 1789 to October term, 1894. Three volumes (4th ed., vols. I and II) 1-118, U.S. (vol. 3, complete in itself,) 119-154, U.S. Includes full index to editorial notes to the publishers' edition. Also indexed citations of all cases digested and biographical sketches of the justices /

Includes index.

Creep and Shrinkage Properties of Lightweight Concrete Used in the State of Iowa, HR-136, Phase I, 1968

In February of 1968 a cooperative research project by the Iowa State Highway Commission (Project No. HR-136) and the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa was initiated in order to determine experimentally the creep and shrinkage characteristics of lightweight-aggregate concrete used in the State of Iowa. This report is concerned with Phase 1 of the Project as described in the Prospectus for the project submitted in November of 1967: "The State Highway Commission is planning to conduct pilot studies in prestressed-lightweight structures fabricated with materials that are proposed for use in bridge structures in the near future. Thus, Phase will have as its immediate objective, investigating the materials to be used in the above mentioned pilot studies.” (1) The work described in this report was also carried out in conjunction with a second cooperative project: "Time-Dependent Camber and Deflection of Non-Composite and Composite Lightweight-Prestressed Concrete Beams" (Project No. HR-137).

Drag på parnassen. Två sextiotalsstudier. : Del I: Medelklass med mänskligt ansikte. Medelklassradikalism i fyra romaner av Christer Kihlman, Jarl Sjöblom, Marianne Alopaeus och Ulla-Lena Lundberg. Del II: Modernistdebatten. Sak, person och fält i en finlandssvensk litteraturdebatt år 1965.

The objective of my dissertation Pull (or Draught, or Moves) at the Parnassus , is to provide a deeper understanding of Nordic Middle Class radicalism of the 1960 s as featured in Finland-Swedish literature. My approach is cultural materialist in a broad sense; social class is regarded a crucial aspect of the contents and contexts of the novels and literary discussions explored. In the first volume, Middle Class With A Human Face , novels by Christer Kihlman, Jarl Sjöblom, Marianne Alopaeus, and Ulla-Lena Lundberg, respectively, are read from the points of view of place, emotion, and power. The term "cryptotope" is used to designate the hidden places found to play an important role in all of these four narratives. Also, the "chronotope of the provincial small town", described by Mikhail Bakhtin in 1938, is exemplified in Kihlman s satirical novel, as is the chronotope of of war (Algeria, Vietnam) in those of Alopaeus and Lundberg s. All the four novels signal changes in the way general "scripts of emotions", e.g. jealousy, are handled and described. The power relations in the novels are also read, with reference to Michel Foucault. As the protagonists in two of them work as journalists, a critical discussion about media and Bourgeois hegemony is found; the term "repressive legitimation" is created to grasp these patterns of manipulation. The Modernist Debate , part II of the study, concerns a literary discussion between mainly Finland-Swedish authors and critics. Essayist Johannes Salminen (40) provided much of the fuel for the debate in 1963, questioning the relevance to contemporary life of the Finland-Swedish modernist tradition of the 1910 s and 1920 s. In 1965, a group of younger authors and critics, including poet Claes Andersson (28), followed up this critique in a debate taking place mainly in the newspaper Vasabladet. Poets Rabbe Enckell (62), Bo Carpelan (39) and others defended a timeless poetry. This debate is contextualized and the changing literary field is analyzed using concepts provided by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. In the thesis, the historical moment of Middle Class radicalism with a human face is regarded a temporary luxury that new social groups could afford themselves, as long as they were knocking over the statues and symbols of the Old Bourgeoisie. This is not to say that all components of the Sixties strategy have lost their power. Some of them have survived and even grown, others remain latent in the gene bank of utopias, waiting for new moments of change.

Kampen om Eros : Om kön och kärlek i Pahlensviten

The Struggle for Eros: On Love and Gender in the Pahlen Series The present dissertation examines how gender, sexuality and motherhood are constructed in the novel series Fröknarna von Pahlen (The Misses von Pahlen, I VII, 1930 1935) by the Swedish author Agnes von Krusenstjerna. The aim of the study is to analyze how the Pahlen series relates to the discourses on gender and sexuality circulating in the 1930s, and how the series opens a dialogue with the feminist thinking of the time especially with the book Lifslinjer I (Love and Marriage, 1903) by the Swedish author Ellen Key. Fröknarna von Pahlen holds a central position in the research on Agnes von Krusenstjerna partly due to the literary debate that the novel series triggered. The debate was connected to the development taking place in the Swedish society in the beginning of the 1930s, in the so-called second phase of the Modern Breakthrough. Sweden was at that time characterized by struggle over the definitions of gender, sexuality and parenthood, and this struggle is also visible in the Pahlen series. The literary debate took place in 1934 1935 and it began after an article by the modernist writer Karin Boye was published in Social-Demokraten on 28 January 1934. In her polemic article, Boye saw the Pahlen series as a sign that the family institution is on the verge of a breakdown and with it the whole moral system that has come to existence through it . Boye went on to state that Krusenstjerna only sees and describes and that she explores neither new literary forms nor new values. Boye wrote the article before the last two parts of the novel series were published, so obviously she could not discuss the utopian vision characterizing those parts. This study, however, strives to demonstrate that Krusenstjerna not only sees and describes, but that she like many of her contemporary female colleagues appears to take the request of Friedrich Nietzsche to revaluate all values seriously. Like the works of her contemporaries, Krusenstjerna s Pahlen series is marked by a double vision on the one hand a critique of the prevailing social order, and on the other hand a dream of a new world and a new human being. In this research the vision of the Pahlen series is characterized as queer in order to emphasize that the series not only criticizes the prevailing gender order and its morals, but is also open for new ways of doing gender, parenthood, and family.

Hur och värför ändras Mumin med tiden? : Adaptationer i Tove Janssons muminböcker

Tutkimuksessa olen tarkastellut Tove Janssonin muumikirjojen adaptaatioita, eli uudelleen kirjoitettuja muumikirjoja. Työn tavoitteena on ollut selvittää, miten ja miksi Tove Jansson on muokannut alkuperäisiä muumikirjojaan. Lisäksi työssä on pohdittu, onko uudelleen kirjoittamisella ollut tietty tavoite eli, ovatko muutokset samansuuntaisia kaikissa uudelleen kirjoitetuissa muumikirjoissa. Aineistona minulla on ollut neljä Tove Janssonin alkuperäistä ja neljä uudelleenkirjoitettua muumikirjaa: Kometjakten (1946) ja uudelleen kirjoitettu Kometen kommer (1968), Trollkarlens hatt (1948, 1968), Muminpappans Bravader (1950) ja uudelleen kirjoitettu Muminpappans memoarer (1968) sekä Farlig midsommar (1954, 1969). Olen tarkastellut, millaisia kielellisiä ja kuvallisia eroja alkuperäisten ja uudelleen kirjoitettujen muumikirjojen välillä on. Koska materiaali on niin laaja, olen rajannut tutkimustani. Uudelleen kirjoitetut Farlig midsommar (1969) ja Trollkarlens hatt (1968) eivät sisällä yhtä paljon adaptaatioita kuin kirjat Muminpappans memoarer (1968) ja Kometen kommer (1968). Sen vuoksi olen käyttänyt kirjojen analysoinnissa erilaista tutkimusmenetelmää. Kirjoja Farlig midsommarja Trollkarlens hatt olen tutkinut kokonaisuudessaan. Kirjojen Kometen kommer sekä Muminpappans memoarer kohdalla olen puolestaan käyttänyt kvalitatiivista metodia. Kyseisten kirjojen kohdalla olen ottanut otoksia kirjojen alusta, keskeltä ja lopusta. Kaikkien kielellisten adaptaatioden kuvaamisessa, vertailussa ja analysoimisessa olen käyttänyt apuna sanakirjoja ja aikasempaa tutkimusta. Kuvatutkimuksesa olen keskittynyt tarkastelemaan kuvien näkyvyyttä muumikirjoissa. Olen tarkastellut kuvien sijoittelua, kokoa, määrää ja osittain sisältöä alkuperäisten ja uudelleen kirjoitettujen muumikirjojen välillä. Kielelliset adaptaatiot on jaettu niiden pituuden ja rakenteen mukaan kolmeen luokkaan: parafraasit, lisäykset ja poistot. Jaottelu perustuu osittain omiin havaintoihini materiaalista ja osittain aiempaan tutkimukseen. Tutkimuksessa kävi ilmi, että Tove Jansson on tehnyt samankaltaisia muutoksia kaikissa uudelleen kirjoittamissaan muumikirjoissa. Kaikki uudelleen kirjoitetut kirjat sisältävät niin parafraaseja, lisäyksiä kuin poistojakin. Muutoksilla onmyös samankaltaisia funktioita kaikissa kirjoissa. Parafraasit tekevät kirjoista muun muassa ajanmukaisia ja helppolukuisia. Lisäyksillä on ennen kaikkea selittävä funktio. Poistojen avulla taas lastenkirjallisuuteen soveltumattomia sanoja ja tapahtumia on karsittu. Myös kuvien muutokset ovat samankaltaisia kaikissa uudelleenkirjoitetuissa muumikirjoissa. Ensinnäkin kuvien sijoittelun muutokset ovat parantaneet kuvan ja tekstin vuorovaikutusta kaikissa uudelleen kirjoitetuissa muumikirjoissa. Muokatuissa muumikirjoissa teksti ja kuvat ovat keskimäärin lähempänä toisiaan ja vastaavat tarkemmin toisiaan kuin alkuperäisissä muumikirjoissa. Toiseksi kuvien koon ja lukumäärään muutokset tekevät uudelleen kirjoitetut kirjat visuaalisesti nautittavammiksi kuin alkuperäiset kirjat. Kaiken kaikkiaan adaptaatiot uudenaikaistavat muumikirjoja ja tekevät ne uudelle kohderyhmälle paremmin soveltuviksi. Adaptaatioiden avulla Tove Jansson on luonut jatkumon muumikirjojensa välille, minkä ansiosta ensimmäiset muumikirjat ja myöhemmin kirjoitetut muumikirjat eivät ole ristiriitaisia, vaan ne ovat yhtenäisiä niin sisällön, henkilöiden, kirjoitustyylin ja kuvituksen suhteen. Vaikuttaa siltä, että adaptaatiot ovat hyvin yleinen kielellinen ilmiö. Lähes jokainen kirjoittaja joutuu jossain vaiheessa muokkaamaan omaa tekstiään. Uusien versioiden julkaiseminen on kuitenkin harvinaisempaa. Ottaen huomioon, kuinka kielteisesti adaptaatioihin yleisesti suhtaudutaan, on mielenkiintoista, että nimenomaan uudelleen kirjoitetut muumikirjat ovat saaneet "aitojen" muumikirjojen aseman. Moni ei todennäköisesti tiedä lukevansa muokattua muumikirjaa. Mielenkiintoista onkin, että suomenkieliset käännökset on käännetty ainoastaan alkuperäisistä muumikirjoista. Pohdittavaksi jääkin, millainen kuva suomenkielisellä lukijalla on esimerkiksi muumikirjojen yhtenäisyydestä. Kun jo lähdeteoksia on muokattu niin paljon kuin tämä työ on osoittanut, olisi ehkä käännöksiäkin jo korkea aika päivittää.

Koko talo soi : Klemetti-Opisto suomalaisen musiikkikulttuurin kehittäjänä 1953-1968

This study aims to examine the operations and significance of the Klemetti Institute (Klemetti-Opisto) as a developer of Finnish music culture from 1953 to 1968 during the term of office of the Institute s founder and first director, Arvo Vainio. The Klemetti Institute was originally established as a choir institute, but soon expanded to offer a wide range of music courses. In addition to providing courses for choir leaders and singers, the Institute began its orchestral activities as early as the mid-1950s. Other courses included ear training seminars as well as courses for young people s music instructors and in playing the kantele (a Finnish string instrument) and solo singing. More than 20 types of courses were offered over the 16-year period. The Klemetti Institute s courses were incorporated into the folk high school courses offered by the Orivesi Institute (Oriveden Opisto) and were organised during the summer months of June and July. In addition to funding based on the Folk High School Act, financial assistance was obtained from various foundations and funds, such as the Wihuri Foundation. This study is linked to the context of historical research. I examine the Klemetti Institute s operations chronologically, classifying instruction into different course types, and analyse concert activities primarily in the section on the Institute s student union. The source material includes the Klemetti Institute archives, which consist of Arvo Vainio s correspondence, student applications, register books and cards, journals and student lists, course albums and nearly all issues of the Klemettiläinen bulletin. In addition, I have used focused interviews and essays to obtain extensive data from students and teachers. I concentrate on primary school teachers, who accounted for the majority of course participants. A total of more than 2,300 people participated in the courses, nearly half of whom took courses during at least two summers. Primary school teachers accounted for 50% to 70% of the participants in most courses and constituted an even larger share of participants in some courses, such as the music instructor course. The Klemetti Institute contributed to the expansion throughout Finland of a new ideal for choral tone. This involved delicate singing which strives for tonal purity and expressiveness. Chamber choirs had been virtually unheard of in Finland, but the Klemetti Institute Chamber Choir popularised them. Chamber choirs are characterised by an extensive singing repertoire ranging from the Middle Ages to the present. As the name suggests, chamber choirs were originally rather small mixed choirs. Delicate singing meant the avoidance of extensive vibrato techniques and strong, heavy forte sounds, which had previously been typical of Finnish choirs. Those opposing and shunning this new manner of singing called it ghost singing . The Klemetti Institute s teachers included Finland s most prominent pedagogues and artists. As the focused essays, or reminiscences as I call them, show, their significance for the students was central. I examine extensively the Klemetti Institute s enthusiastic atmosphere, which during the early years was characterised by what some writers described as a hunger for music . In addition to distributing a new tonal ideal and choir repertoire, the Klemetti Institute also distributed new methods of music education, thus affecting the music teaching of Finnish primary schools, in particular. The Orff approach, which included various instruments, became well known, although some of Orff s ideas, such as improvisation and physical exercise, were initially unfamiliar. More important than the Orff approach was the in-depth teaching at the Klemetti Institute of the Hungarian ear training method known as the Kodály method. Many course participants were among those launching specialist music classes in schools, and the method became the foundation for music teaching in many such schools. The Klemetti Institute was also a pioneer in organising orchestra camps for young people. The Klemetti Institute promoted Finnish music culture and played an important role in the continuing music education of primary school teachers. Keywords: adult education, Grundtvigian philosophy, popular enlightenment, Klemetti Institute, Kodály method, choir singing, choir conducting, music history, music education, music culture, music camp, Orff approach, Orff-Schulwerk, Orivesi Institute, instrument teaching, free popular education, communality, solo singing, voice production

Grand Street Boys' Association (New York, N.Y.) Records, undated, 1907-1968, bulk 1940-2000.

The Grand Street Boys' Association began in 1916 as a reunion of men who had grown up on or near Grand Street in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan and quickly grew into an active club, open to all men (and eventually women) regardless of religion, ethnicity, or social class. The Association promoted welfare projects, acts of fellowship and tolerance, scholarships, youth employment, war efforts, and the elimination of discrimination in sports, among other projects. The collection documents the activities of the Association, as well as the Grand Street Boys' Foundation, its financial arm established in 1945, and its Hobbycraft Program, a charitable program tasked with collecting and redistributing donated items to charitable and nonprofit organizations. Materials include administrative records, financial records, correspondence, minutes, membership records, newsletters, yearbooks, artifacts, speeches, and photographs relating to both the New York Grand Street Boys' Association and the Association's Grand Street House in England. Series I, comprising the majority of the collection, contains the records of the Grand Street Boys' Association. In it are extensive membership records, meeting minutes, annual yearbooks, financial records, administrative material, newsletters, and artifacts. Series II documents the Grand Street Boys' Foundation and contains administrative records and financial records. Some overlap of material will be found in Series I and II such as material pertaining to the relationship between the Association and Foundation. Series III consists of photographs documenting both the Association and Foundation. The photographs show members and highlight the activities of the Grand Street Boys.

Baron de Hirsch Fund records undated, 1870-1991.

Contains Deed of Trust, By-Laws, Annual Reports, Corporation Minutes (1909, 1913-1919, 1923-1924, 1926-1933), Minutes of the Board of Trustees (1893, 1899, 1907, 1910, 1915-1916, 1918, 1923, 1926-1927, 1930-1933), and the minutes, correspondence, and reports of the various national and local committees. Financial materials include income and expenditure records (1891-1933), audits (1919-1923, 1926-1928), the records of agricultural loans and mortgages, bond and real estate holdings, and bequests. Includes also correspondence and other materials regarding the establishment of the Fund, correspondence of and other papers concerning the Baron and Baroness de Hirsch, and several histories of the Fund. Included in the wide range of activities are material on the work of the Agriculture Bureau and the Jewish Agriculture Society, Housing, English Classes, Immigration (including monthly reports for several ports of entry 1885-1916) and Immigrant Aid, German Refugee Aid in the early years of the Holocaust, Kings Park, N.Y. Test Farm, the Laundry Project, Peekskill Farm, Public Baths, Student Loans, the Baron de Hirsch Trade School, and the Woodbine Colony and Baron De Hirsch Agricultural & Industrial School. Contains also materials on the Colonization attempts made in Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Galveston, Texas, The Southwest, Washington, Canada, and Mexico.

NORDEK : A Plan for Increased Nordic Economic Co-operation and Integration 1968-1970

For the first time the attempt of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden to increase Nordic economic co-operation and integration (NORDEK 1968-1970) is analysed by using records from the four governments archives and interviews with central actors participating. A dominating argument has until now been that dynamics in Nordic economic integration is different from dynamics in European integration. This archive based study disproves the myth however of ideological Nordism and of short term political developments outside Norden as most important for the NORDEK initiative. The NORDEK initiative was actually more a consequence of a long term socioeconomic and socio-political path dependant process. The study also disproves the myth that the NORDEK plan was a political and ideological symbol without socioeconomic substance. The purpose with NORDEK was to create a better basis for generating economic growth and social welfare. The proposed NORDEK institutions were therefore developed to promote economic progress. The study finally shows that the NORDEK failure in 1970 was not a result of lacking economic rationale or incompatible economic interests. The failure was a result of a power struggle in Finnish domestic policy and lacking political will in the other Nordic countries to continue without Finland.