311 resultados para Alexandrium minutum
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The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii is the only bioluminescent bloom-forming phytoplankton in coastal waters of the Baltic Sea. We analysed partial luciferase gene (lcf) sequences and bioluminescence production in Baltic A. ostenfeldii bloom populations to assess the distribution and consistency of the trait in the Baltic Sea, and to evaluate applications for early detection of toxic blooms. Lcf was consistently present in 61 Baltic Sea A. ostenfeldii strains isolated from six separate bloom sites. All Baltic Sea strains except one produced bioluminescence. In contrast, the presence of lcf and the ability to produce bioluminescence did vary among strains from other parts of Europe. In phylogenetic analyses, lcf sequences of Baltic Sea strains clustered separately from North Sea strains, but variation between Baltic Sea strains was not sufficient to distinguish between bloom populations. Clustering of the lcf marker was similar to internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences with differences being minor and limited to the lowest hierarchical clusters, indicating a similar rate of evolution of the two genes. In relation to monitoring, the consistent presence of lcf and close coupling of lcf with bioluminescence suggests that bioluminescence can be used to reliably monitor toxic bloom-forming A. ostenfeldii in the Baltic Sea.
Resumo:
The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii is the only bioluminescent bloom-forming phytoplankton in coastal waters of the Baltic Sea. We analysed partial luciferase gene (lcf) sequences and bioluminescence production in Baltic A. ostenfeldii bloom populations to assess the distribution and consistency of the trait in the Baltic Sea, and to evaluate applications for early detection of toxic blooms. Lcf was consistently present in 61 Baltic Sea A. ostenfeldii strains isolated from six separate bloom sites. All Baltic Sea strains except one produced bioluminescence. In contrast, the presence of lcf and the ability to produce bioluminescence did vary among strains from other parts of Europe. In phylogenetic analyses, lcf sequences of Baltic Sea strains clustered separately from North Sea strains, but variation between Baltic Sea strains was not sufficient to distinguish between bloom populations. Clustering of the lcf marker was similar to internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences with differences being minor and limited to the lowest hierarchical clusters, indicating a similar rate of evolution of the two genes. In relation to monitoring, the consistent presence of lcf and close coupling of lcf with bioluminescence suggests that bioluminescence can be used to reliably monitor toxic bloom-forming A. ostenfeldii in the Baltic Sea.
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Daytime feeding behavior of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Gulf of the Farallones, California, and adjacent waters was observed during autumn of 1988 to 1990. Bodega Canyon, Cordell Bank, and the Farallon Islands were the primary sites of feeding activity. Fecal samples of whales and zooplankton tows contained euphausiids exclusively, dominated by Thysanoessa spinifera (79%), with lesser amounts of Euphausia pacifica (14%), Nyctiphanes simplex (4%), and Nematoscelis difficilis (3%). In 1988 and 1990, whales also were infrequently observed feeding on small schooling fish, presumably Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and juvenile rockfish (Sebastes spp.). Feeding was the most common behavior observed (52%), and less frequently traveling (23%), milling (21 %), and resting (4%). Whales used different methods to consume euphausiid prey at the surface (0-10 m), in shallow water (11-60 m), and deep water (61-140 m). Humpback whales fed at the surface 56% of time in 1988 and 32% of time in 1990, using primarily lateral lunges to capture swarms of euphausiids. In 1989, no surface feeding was observed; however, deep, long-duration dives were followed by extended surface intervals with many respirations. These 1989 observations coincided with increased prey depth as indicated by depth sounder records of diving whales and prey scattering layers. In 1989, increased prey depth and associated feeding behaviors were strongly associated with unusually high surface temperatures, calm seas, and changes in water circulation. Environmental conditions in 1989 triggered the most intense and wide-spread occurrence of red tide in this region since 1980. Red tide samples collected throughout this period contained Alexandrium (=Gonyaulax) catenella and Noctiluca scintillans. Surface feeding was observed only in 1988 and 1990, when surface prey were available and red tides were very limited in extent, duration, and intensity. Annual variations in humpback whale feeding behavior were related to prey availability which is affected by corresponding environmental conditions. (PDF contains 94 pages)
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裂叶苔科(Lophoziaceae)是叶苔目植物中的一个大科,其植物体形态变化较大,分类较为困难。中国在裂计佩一苔科下已记录的植物有23属、106种、2变种和2变形。本论文在大量文献考证和对国内外3000余份标本深入研究基础上,对中国裂仆佩一苔科进行了较系统全面的分类修订,记录了中国裂价卜苔科植物共有11属45种3变种1变形,提供了种属形态特征描述和41幅图版。发现中国新记录2种1变型:异瓣裂叶苔(Lophozia diversiloba Hatt),毛口挺叶苔(Anastrophyllum piligerm (Nees.) Steph.)和密叶三瓣苔小叶变形(Tritomaria quinquedentata fo. gracilis (Jens.) Schust.);新组合名1个:小挺叶苔尖变种(Anastrophyllum minutum (Schreb. in Cranz.) Schust var. acuminatum (Horik.) Cao & Sun comb. nov.),还有省区新分布记录16个。采用聚类分析方法分析了裂叶苔科种属间的关系,结果支持广义裂汗卜苔属和挺口一卜苔属的概念。 区系成分的分析研究表明:中国裂计佩一苔科植物的地理成分主要以泛北极分布类型为主,占79.6%.东北地区、秦岭地区、西南地区和台湾省为我国裂p_佩一苔科植物种类最丰富的地区。在国内首次开展了苔类专科的生态学研究,并采用CCA方法对结果进行分析。研究表明:裂叶苔科植物在长白山分布上表现出明显的垂直地带性,可分为三类:(1)分布在2000米以上苔原带的种类,主要有小挺叶苔A. minutum、石生挺叶苔A. saxicola、密叶三瓣苔T. quinquedentata、高山裂叶苔L. sudetica,圆叶裂叶L. wenzelii;(2)分布在1730米到2000米苔岳桦林带的种类,主要有:方叶无褶苔L. bantriensis,细裂瓣苔B. barbata,阔瓣裂叶苔L. excisa;(3)分布在1150-1730米以下暗针叶林的种类,主要有:三瓣苔T. exsecta,多角胞三瓣苔T. exsectiformis、囊苞裂叶苔L. ventricosa,秃瓣裂叶苔L. obtusa和倾立裂叶苔L. ascendens。影响裂叶苔科植物分布的主要坏境因子是海拔高度。 对处于不同纬度三个地区的同种裂叶苔科植物的比较分析说明:随纬度的升高其分布的海拔高度逐步降低。
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HETEROSIGMA-AKASHIWO RAPHIDOPHYCEAE; CENTRAL VENICE LAGOON; ALEXANDRIUM-TAMARENSE; RED-TIDE; COASTAL LAGOONS; PHYTOPLANKTON; GROWTH; BAY; DINOFLAGELLATE; COMPETITION
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Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) is a fragile, fish-killing alga. Efforts to understand and prevent blooms due to this harmful species to mitigate the impact on aquaculture require the development of methods for rapid and precise identification and quantification, so that adequate warning of a harmful algal bloom may be given. Here, we report the development and application of rRNA and rDNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to aid in the detection and enumeration of H. akashiwo. The designed probes were species specific, showing no cross-reactivity with four common HAB causative species: Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg, P. minimum (Pavillard) Schiller, Alexandrium tarmarense (Lebour) Balech, and Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve, or with four other microalgae, including Gymnodinium sp. Stein, Platy-monas cordiformis (Karter) Korsch, Skeletonema sp.1 Greville and Skeletonema sp.2. The rRNA-targeted probe hybridized to cytoplasmic rRNA, showing strong green fluorescence throughout the whole cell, while cells labeled by rDNA-targeted probe exhibited exclusively fluorescent nucleus. The detection protocols were optimized and could be completed within an hour. For rRNA and rDNA probes, about a corresponding 80% and 70% of targeted cells could be identified and quantified during the whole growth circle, despite the inapparent variability in the average probe reactivity. The established FISH was proved promising for specific, rapid, precise, and quantitative detection of H. akashiwo. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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在害赤潮作为一种全球性的海洋灾害,给海洋环境、水产养殖业和人类健康造成巨大危害,研究赤潮的发生规律,探索新的、经济有效的赤潮的防治方法具有重要的科学意义和应用前景。本文针对中国沿海常见赤潮生物种,研究了粘土矿物双赤潮生物基本生理指标的影响,进一步探讨了粘土矿物的控制赤潮机制;并针对粘土矿物去除效率不高的特点,制备出具有较高絮凝胶效率的改性粘土;此外,本文还首次将无机高分子絮凝效率的改性粘土;此外,本文还首次将无机高分子絮凝剂MMH(混合金属氢氧化物正电胶体)和PSMS(聚硅酸金属盐)用于赤潮治理研究中,并探索了上述赤潮防治剂的环境生态效应,主要成果与内容有:1、粘土矿物的筛选 采集国内外近30种粘土矿物,分别考察了它们对中国沿海常见赤潮生物种赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)和塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)的去除效果。结果表明,不同粘土矿物对赤潮生物的絮凝能力有显著差别,实验筛选出去除效果较好的几种粘土,分别为来自美国的Chemically treated kaolin、WHOI土、江苏吴县高岭土及苏州特号土等。通过絮凝实验得到上述几种粘土矿物对两种赤潮生物的絮凝曲线,发现不同粘土矿物对赤潮生物的最大去除率及达到最大去除率所需的粘土浓度有较大差别,同一粘土矿物对不同赤潮生物的去除效果也不相同。塔玛亚历山大藻较赤潮异变藻更易被粘土矿物去除。2、粘土矿物对赤潮生物的生理效应 研究了高岭土对赤潮异弯藻和塔玛来历山大藻生长繁殖、叶绿素a含量、光合作用以及呼吸作用的影响。结果表明,高岭土对赤潮生物生长、叶绿素a含量及光合作用均有抑制作用,表现为随粘土浓度的增加及作用时间的延长,抑制作用增强,并认为这可能与粘土的加入导致光照效应降低及藻类生长的营养环境改变有关。实验同时发现高岭土对不同赤潮生物的抑制程度不同,塔玛亚历山大藻上述各项生理指标比赤潮异弯藻更易受粘土影响。3、无机絮凝剂的制备及絮凝作用研究 主要考察了无机高分子絮凝剂MMH及PSMS(聚硅酸金属盐),包括聚硅酸氯化铝(PSAC)和聚硅酸硫酸铝(PSAS)的合成及对赤潮生物的絮凝作用。在MMH的合成过程中,考察了镁铝摩尔比及制备温度对MMH絮凝赤潮异弯藻的影响,认为镁铝摩尔比为2的条件下制备的MMH具有较好的絮凝和沉降性能,其絮凝赤潮异弯藻的最佳用量为1.5mmolAl/L。在PSAS的合成中采用三因子三水平的正交试验设计,得到PSAS的最佳制备条件为:SiO_2浓度 = 2%, Al~(3+)/SiO_2 = 1, pH = 4。絮凝实验结果表明,PSAS对赤潮生物的絮凝效果优于传统絮凝剂AS(硫酸铝),同时PSAS对不同赤潮生物的絮凝效果也不同,认为这主要与不同赤潮生物的形态结构、运动性及胞外分泌物有关。4、粘土矿物表面改性及机理研究 为提高粘土矿物去除赤潮生物的效率,分别用插入法和表面吸附法制备改性粘土。实验得出插入法的最佳制备条件为:制备温度70 ℃,镁离子浓度2mol/L;表面吸附法中粘土和MMH(混合金属氢氧化物胶体)的适宜配比为:粘土/MMH=10。改性后粘土去除赤潮异弯藻的效率较改性前提高2-3倍。相关分析表明,改性粘土去除赤潮生物的效率与改性后表面电位呈正相关,两种情况下R~2均大于0.8,说明表面电位是影响粘土矿物去除赤潮生物的一个重要因素。5、赤潮治理的现场模拟实验及环境生态效应 在1999年夏季胶州湾中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)赤潮的发生现场进行了改性粘土及PSAS对藻类去除率、悬浮物、DO、COD、pH等指标的影响研究。结果表明,改性粘土及PSAS对现场中肋骨条藻有较高的去除率,1g/L的改性高岭土和改性蒙脱土对中肋骨条藻的去除率分别可达77%和93%,1ml/L的PSAS去除率达90%以上。DO的含量轻微下降,不致影响其他生物的生长,COD下降幅度较大,达50-80%。6、赤潮防治剂对中国对虾的毒性研究 进行了粘土、次氯酸钙、氯化铝和氯化铁对中国对虾的毒性试验,结果表明,1g/L的高岭土对虾基本无毒性;次氯酸钙在低浓度下对对虾无毒,在高浓度下对对虾有急性毒性效应,安全使用浓度为0.5ml/L游离氯;氯化铝和氯化铁在对虾体内有一定的积累,其长期的毒性效应有待于进一步的分析。上述几种试剂均可用于粘土矿物的改性处理中,是比较安全的赤潮防治剂。
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近年来,东海长江口邻近海域春季常常发生大规模链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)赤潮。通常认为,由长江携带入海的大量营养盐导致的富营养化是该海域大规模赤潮频繁发生的重要原因。为阐明该海域富营养化特征与链状亚历山大藻赤潮的发生及其危害效应之间的关系,本文根据东海氮、磷营养盐的浓度与结构特征,设计实验研究了营养盐对链状亚历山大藻(东海株ACDH)的生长和产毒的影响。 实验结果表明,ACDH 藻株的比增长率在硝酸盐浓度大于 28.0 µM 时接近最高水平,长江口邻近海域海水中硝酸盐的浓度可以使 ACDH 藻株的比增长率接近最高值;藻株的比增长率在磷酸盐浓度大于 2.5 µM 时也接近最高水平,现场海水中磷酸盐的浓度可能对ACDH藻株的生长构成限制。ACDH藻株生长的最适氮磷比在9到11之间 ,表明链状亚历山大藻的生长需要较多的磷。ACDH 藻株对磷酸盐的最大吸收速率 (Vm) 和半饱和常数(Ks) 分别为 0.22 pmol/cell•h 和 0.75 µM,与中肋骨条藻等东海常见赤潮藻种相比并不利于其对低浓度磷酸盐的竞争吸收,但处于磷限制的链状亚历山大藻细胞有明显的碱性磷酸酶表达,这将有助于其吸收利用有机态的磷营养物质,获取所需的磷维持生长。链状亚历山大藻可以利用尿素、硝酸盐和铵盐这三种氮源进行生长,有相近的比增长率和最大细胞密度。综合本实验得到的结果与以往的文献资料可以认为,东海链状亚历山大藻的适应策略利于其在长江口邻近海域形成赤潮,但东海长江口邻近海域的富营养化并非链状亚历山大藻赤潮形成的唯一原因,链状亚历山大藻赤潮的形成还应与其生活史和垂直迁移等行为特征有关。而高浓度的营养盐对于亚历山大藻赤潮规模的增加可能具有直接作用。 在常见的铵盐、硝酸盐和尿素这三种氮源中,铵盐和硝酸盐的加入会导致细胞毒素含量的迅速增加,但是,添加尿素却不能显著提高藻细胞的毒素含量。长期以尿素作为氮源甚至会使藻细胞的毒素含量低于氮限制条件下的细胞毒素含量。磷限制能显著提高其细胞毒素含量,对野外采集的浮游植物样品分析结果显示,其细胞毒素含量在 34.7-88.4 fmol/cell 之间,显著高于室内培养的营养盐充足条件下的链状亚历山大藻的细胞毒素含量,而与磷限制条件下培养的藻细胞毒素含量接近,说明东海海水中磷酸盐的限制有可能提高藻细胞的毒素含量,从而增加其潜在的危害效应。 总之,通过我们的研究可以看出,东海的富营养化特征直接影响链状亚历山大藻赤潮的形成与潜在的危害效应。东海链状亚历山大藻的适应策略利于其在长江口邻近海域形成赤潮,同时,该海域高氮磷比和磷酸盐浓度限制会提高藻细胞的毒素含量,增加其危害效应。以上研究将有助于了解链状亚历山大藻赤潮的爆发机理,并对赤潮危害的预测和防范提供科学依据。
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本文研究了典型有毒赤潮藻——亚历山大藻(Alexandrium)对海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians Lamarck)、文蛤(Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus)和太平洋牡蛎(Ostrea gigas Thunberg)受精卵孵化的影响和致毒机制以及对蒙古裸腹溞(Moina mongolica Daday)生命活动的影响。此外,还针对我国赤潮发生特点,模拟研究了我国东海大规模赤潮对菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams et Reeve))受精卵孵化和蒙古裸腹溞种群数量的影响。 结果发现:8株产PSP毒素的亚历山大藻:塔玛亚历山大藻( ATHK, AT5-1, AT5-3, ATCI02, ATCI03),链状亚历山大藻, A. lusitanicum、微小亚历山大藻和2株不产PSP毒素的相关亚历山藻(AC-1, AS-1)对海湾扇贝受精卵的孵化均有显著抑制作用,说明在亚历山大藻属中,这种抑制作用具有一定的普遍性,并与PSP毒素的产生无直接关系,表明存在非PSP毒素的其它毒性物质。一种PSP标准毒素STX也没有这种抑制作用,进一步证明该抑制作用与PSP毒素不直接相关。 相关亚历山大藻AC-1对海湾扇贝、文蛤和太平洋牡蛎受精卵孵化的有显著的毒害作用,其藻液、重悬液、去藻液和内容物均显著影响受精卵的孵化。相关亚历山大藻AC-1对海湾扇贝、文蛤和太平洋牡蛎担轮幼虫细胞的超微结构有显著破坏作用,破坏膜结构和胞内结构,影响细胞内的功能器官如溶酶体的稳定性,使卵黄颗粒萎缩变形;对文蛤和太平洋牡蛎的受精卵显示出极强的毒害作用: 3000cells•ml-1时,使二者胚胎完全溶掉消失;在2000cells•ml-1的藻液中培养2h后,担轮幼虫的外膜发生溶解,整个幼体呈葡萄串样。相关亚历山大藻AC-1产生的这种毒性物质可能对贝类胚胎细胞的结构和功能有影响。 亚历山大藻对蒙古裸腹溞的毒性效应与不同藻种/藻株密切有关:塔玛亚历山大藻(AT-6, ATCI02)、链状亚历山大藻、A. lusitanicum和微小亚历山大藻不影响蒙古裸腹溞的存活,而塔玛亚历山大藻(ATHK、ATCI03和AT5-1)和相关亚历山大藻(AC-1, AS-1)有显著影响。蒙古裸腹溞能摄食塔玛亚历山大藻(AT-6, ATHK, ATCI02, ATCI03, AT5-1),链状亚历山大藻, A. lusitanicum和微小亚历山大藻,很少或基本不摄食相关亚历山大藻。亚历山大藻影响蒙古裸腹溞的RNA/DNA比值和蛋白质含量以及Na+,K+-ATP酶活性。相关亚历山大藻AC-1对蒙古裸腹溞的存活有极强的毒性作用,藻液、重悬液、内容物和碎片均有显著影响;即使与3×106cells•ml-1小球藻混合,10和50cells•ml-1的相关亚历山大藻AC-1仍能使蒙古裸腹溞的产幼数和存活时间显著下降。亚历山大藻对蒙古裸腹溞生命活动的影响不仅与PSP毒素有关,还与非PSP毒素有关;蒙古裸腹溞可能也是研究有害藻急性和慢性毒性的一种理想生物。 应用菲律宾蛤仔胚胎和蒙古裸腹溞评价我国东海特大规模赤潮对海洋生物资源的潜在危害时发现:单种链状亚历山大藻对菲律宾蛤仔受精卵的孵化和蒙古裸腹溞的种群增长均有显著不利影响;单种东海原甲藻(1~10×104cells•ml-1)对菲律宾蛤仔受精卵的孵化没有影响;较低密度的东海原甲藻能维持蒙古裸腹溞(2~5×104cells•ml-1)的种群增长;较高密度的东海原甲藻对蒙古裸腹溞(10×104cells•ml-1)种群有显著的抑制作用。两种藻以赤潮密度混合后,适当密度的东海原甲藻能在一定程度上减轻链状亚历山大藻对菲律宾蛤仔受精卵和蒙古裸腹溞的毒性。可见,东海连年爆发的大规模赤潮不仅对浮游生态系统有不利影响,若同时爆发亚历山大藻赤潮,则对海洋浮游生态系统和贝类资源的恢复产生更加不利的影响。
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本文以一株不产PSP毒素的相关亚历山大藻(AC-1)为对象,研究了该藻株对褶皱臂尾轮虫、卤虫、黑褐新糠虾急性毒性效应和对糠虾的慢性毒性影响,同时对AFT毒素成分进行了研究,研究结果如下: 通过相关亚历山大藻(AC-1)对褶皱臂尾轮虫、卤虫、黑褐新糠虾的急性毒性影响研究,发现随着相关亚历山大藻(AC-1)密度的升高,轮虫、卤虫、糠虾的存活率逐渐降低,其96hLC50分别为:1500cells/ml,90cells/ml,5000cells/ml。比较研究三种生物对相关亚历山大藻(AC-1)敏感性可以看出,三种生物对该藻的敏感性顺序为:卤虫>轮虫>糠虾。 相关亚历山大藻(AC-1)对黑褐新糠虾的生长及种群繁殖有显著影响,我们发现在密度为50cells/ml藻液中,糠虾的繁殖就受到了不利影响。实验进行到63d结束时,糠虾日最高产虾数、总产幼虾数、总产虾天数都明显减少,初次产虾时间推迟,繁殖中断增加。且该藻对黑褐新糠虾亲虾的存活、生长也有一定的影响,糠虾亲虾的存活率为对照的71%,而体长和体重分别为对照组的87.3%和97.8%,但差异尚不显著(P>0.05)。 研究相关亚历山大藻(AC-1)各组分的毒性(藻液、藻细胞重悬液、藻细胞培养过滤液、内容物),发现藻液和藻细胞重悬液对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群数量及轮虫、卤虫、糠虾的存活率均有显著影响,表明相关亚历山大藻活体藻细胞的毒性最强。过滤液和内容物也显著降低了轮虫和卤虫的存活率,其对糠虾也有影响,但不显著,表明AFT毒素可能来源于细胞内,能分泌到细胞培养液中。 研究相关亚历山大藻(AC-1)AFT毒素的热稳定性、酸碱稳定性、去蛋白组分毒性、分子量范围、极性、多糖组分鉴定,表明AFT毒素为极性较强的多糖类物质,对热和酸碱是稳定的,其分子量范围在5K~50K之间。 以上结果表明相关亚历山大藻(AC-1)虽然不产生PSP毒素,但能产生极性多糖类毒素,对甲壳类等浮游动物的种群数量和资源补充产生不利影响。本研究为以后进一步研究AFT毒素的作用机制和毒素的化学结构奠定了基础,为全面评价亚历山大藻赤潮的危害提供了科学依据。
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麻痹性贝毒(Paralytic Shellfish Poisons, PSP)毒素主要是由海洋甲藻产生的一类活性物质,在赤潮毒素监测、神经与分子生物学基础研究以及新型药物开发方面都有潜在的应用价值。然而,纯化毒素的缺乏在很大程度上限制了相关工作的开展。本文通过大量培养塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)来提取PSP毒素,完善了毒素的分离纯化过程,并对纯化毒素的活性进行了研究和探讨。在实验室进行了塔玛亚历山大藻的规模培养,对其生长和培养条件进行了优化,探讨了有毒藻大量培养的采收方式,并获取了一批用于纯化毒素的有毒藻细胞。将藻细胞破碎后离心分离,提取出含PSP的粗毒素,再用大孔径凝胶过滤去除粗毒素中的大部分杂质,然后用小孔径凝胶和离子交换树脂将不同毒素逐级分离、纯化。结果表明,大孔径凝胶能有效地去除粗毒素中的杂质,小孔径凝胶过滤能将膝沟藻毒素(GTX)和C毒素分开,应用离子交换树脂能将GTX2,3和GTX1,4分开,最终得到GTX2,3和GTX1,4的纯化产品。分离纯化过程始终以小鼠法和荧光法进行毒素在线监测。以提取的毒素对小鼠进行毒性测试,小鼠呈现典型的PSP毒素中毒死亡症状;电生理分析的结果表明PSP毒素能够有效地阻断小鼠运动神经末梢钠电流,并可逆地阻断NG108-15全细胞的钠电流,与PSP毒素的作用机理一致;高效液相色谱分析结果表明,纯化毒素与标准毒素的保留时间完全一致;经质谱分析,纯化毒素与标准毒素具有相同的分子离子峰和碎片离子峰。应用运动模型研究了纯化毒素的药理活性。分别采用家兔椎管麻醉法、小白鼠热板法、小白鼠攀网法研究了GTX2,3对家兔的局麻作用、对小鼠的镇痛和肌松作用。结果表明,GTX2,3按剂量0.4μg STX equivalent/kg给予家兔椎管注射时,具有显著的局麻作用。GTX2,3按剂量5.99μg STX equivalent/kg给予小鼠肌肉注射时,具有显著的镇痛作用。GTX2,3按剂量6.49μg STX equivalent/kg给予小鼠皮下注射时,具有显著的肌松作用。
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本文通过胶州湾围隔实验、微藻培养实验研究了海洋微藻产生溶解有机物的三维荧光特性,并初步利用经验正交函数对三维荧光光谱图进行了主成分分析,通过东海取样研究了东海荧光溶解有机物的时空分布特征,并对荧光溶解有机物的来源进行了分析。得到了一些初步结论: 胶州湾围隔实验中不同营养盐培养结果表明浮游植物可产生类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光,类蛋白荧光峰由类酪氨酸(tyrosine-like)荧光峰和类色氨酸(tryptophan-like)荧光峰组成,主要位置为Exmax/Emmax=270nm/290~310nm,Exmax/Emmax= 270~290/320~350的荧光峰强度比较弱;在Exmax/Emmax=250~260/380~480nm(A峰)、Exmax/Emmax=310~320/380~420nm(C峰)和Exmax/Emmax=330~350/420~480nm(M峰)位置均出现零散的类腐殖质荧光峰,其中以A峰为主。类酪氨酸荧光强度明显高于类腐殖质荧光强度。浮游植物量降低时,类酪氨酸荧光强度与叶绿素a浓度呈明显的负相关。硅藻和甲藻产生的类酪氨酸和类色氨酸荧光强度之间具有较好的相关性,两者来源相似, 并且甲藻与硅藻相比能够产生更多的类蛋白荧光物质。不同环境下类腐殖质混合物的组分比例不同,甲藻生长环境下相对于硅藻具有较低的A:C比值。 在实验室培养中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)、微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium mimutum)、锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)及海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)的实验结果表明,微藻在生长过程中产生出荧光溶解有机物,中肋骨条藻为代表的硅藻主要产生类腐殖质荧光物质,而甲藻在指数增长期主要产生类蛋白荧光物质。进入消亡期后类蛋白荧光和类腐殖质荧光强度迅速增大,原因可能是衰老、死亡藻细胞的破碎释放出大量的荧光有机物质所致,此外还有细菌对非荧光有机物进一步降解。塔玛亚历山大藻、微小亚历山大藻、东海原甲藻及海洋原甲藻的类蛋白荧光强度在消亡后期由于细菌降解或光降解等因素而降低。同属微藻产生的荧光物质相似,例如塔玛亚历山大藻与微小亚历山藻、东海原甲藻与海洋原甲藻,但具体荧光峰位置有所不同。利用经验正交函数能够对三维荧光光谱谱图进行主成份分析。 在利用三维荧光光谱法研究长江口海域台风前后不同站位荧光溶解有机物荧光特性及分布特征的结果表明,长江口海区主要的荧光溶解有机物荧光峰为T峰、S峰和A峰。风前和风后的类色氨酸分别来源于相似物质。风前,在表层浮游植物能够产生类蛋白荧光物质,而底层类蛋白荧光物质不受浮游植物的影响,长江冲淡水能够带来部分类蛋白荧光物质;表层的类腐殖质不受浮游植物的影响,而底层的浮游植物在降解过程中能够产生一部分类腐殖质,并且长江冲淡水对表层和底层的类腐殖质来源均有很大贡献。风后,表层的类色氨酸与叶绿素a浓度不呈相关性,而底层却呈正相关,另外表层和底层的类色氨酸均受到长江冲淡水的影响;表层和底层的类腐殖质与叶绿素a均没有相关性,但受陆源影响显著,长江冲淡水能带来类腐殖质。
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The toxicity of seven major HAB (harmful algal bloom) species/strains, Prorocentrum donghaiense, Phaeocystis globosa, Prorocentrum micans, Alexandrium tamarense (AT-6, non-PSP producer), Alexandrium lusitanicum, Alexandrum tamarense (ATHK) and Heterosigma akashiwo were studied against rotifer Brachionus plicatilis under laboratory conditions. The results show that P. donghaiense, P. globosa, P. micans, A. tamarense (AT-6), or A. lusitanicum could maintain the individual survival and reproduction, as well as the population increase of the rotifer, but the individual reproduction would decrease when exposed to these five algae at higher densities for nine days; H. akashiwo could decrease the individual survival and reproduction, as well as population increase of the rotifer, which is similar to that of the starvation group, indicating that starvation might be its one lethal factor except for the algal toxins; A. tamarense (ATHK) has strong lethal effect on the rotifer with 48h LC50 at 800 cells/mL. The experiment on ingestion ability indicated by gut pigment change shows that P. donghaiense, P. globosa, P. micans, A. tamarense (AT-6) and A. lusitanicum can be taken by the rotifers as food, but A. tamarense (ATHK) or H. akashiwo can be ingested by the rotifers. The results indicate that all the indexes of individual survival and reproduction, population increase, gut pigment change of the rotifers are good and convenient to be used to reflect the toxicities of HAB species. Therefore, rotifer is suggested as one of the toxicity testing organisms in detecting the toxicity of harmful algae.
Resumo:
The relationship between Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech, one of red-tide alga, and two strains of marine bacteria, Bacillius megaterium(S-7) and B. halmapulus(S-10) isolated from Xiamen Western Sea, was investigated by evaluating the growth state of A. tamarense and the variation of P-glucosidase activity in co-culture system. The results showed the growth and multiplication of the alga were related with the concentration, genus speciality of the bacteria, and growth stage of the alga itself. The growth of A. tamarense was obviously inhibited by S7 and S, at high concentration. Either inhibition or promotion contributed much more clearly in earlier than in later stage of the growth of the alga. Furthermore, there was a roughly similar variation trend of the activity of extra-cellular enzyme, beta-glucosidase, in the water of the separately co-cultured bacteria S-7 and S-10 with the alga. The beta-glucosidase activity (beta-GlcA) rapidly increased during the later algal growth accompanying the increase of the lysis of the alga cells. The obvious inhibition of A. tamarense by marine bacteria at high concentration and evident increase of beta-GlcA in co-colture system would help us in better understanding the relationship between red-tide alga and bacteria, and also enlightened us the possible use of bacteria in the bio-control of red-tide.