The Regulation of Foreign Banks in Switzerland (1956-1972)

The Swiss financial centre witnessed an important shift during the 1960s: the number of foreign banks and their importance in relation to the domestic banking sector significantly increased. Faced with this rapid development, Swiss bank representatives and political and monetary authorities reacted strongly. This paper investigates the evolution of the regulatory response by Swiss banking policy actors to the proliferation of foreign financial in- stitutions. In 1969, those reactions led to the adoption of a discriminatory regime, setting higher entry barriers for foreign banks than for domestic institutions. After examining possible reasons for the attractiveness of Switzerland to foreign banks, this paper will analyse the concerns and fears of the domestic banking sector and its regulators. In this regard, it appears that issues such as mere competition, preservation of the international reputation of the Swiss banks and anti-inflationary monetary policy were central to the chosen regulatory regime. Moreover, this paper shows that foreign banks were used as scapegoats in the evolution of the Swiss system of banking supervision. They were more tightly regulated, yet the general framework remained very lax.

Traducció i adopció a l'Índia: Hindu Adoptions And Maintenance Act, 1956

L’objectiu principal d’aquest treball de fi de grau és fer-se càrrec d’una traducció jurídica amb tot el què això implica: documentar-se a través de fonts fiables, emprar les eines adequades, lliurar-lo dins el termini establert, entre d’altres. En aquest cas, és una traducció de les lleis que regulen les adopcions a l’Índia. A més, en aquest treball també s’explica breument el dret civil a Catalunya i es compara amb el de l’Índia, ja que es basen en idees molt diferents. Aquests tipus de traduccions exigeixen precisió i claredat perquè els conceptes i les estructures sintàctiques acostumen a ser molt complexes. A continuació, hi ha detallat cada pas que s’ha seguit per tal d’assolir l’objectiu principal.

Vuoden 1956 vallankumous on edelleen läsnä

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Strike hard, strike sure - Operation Musketeer : British military planning during the Suez Crisis, 1956

Operation Musketeer, a combined joint Anglo-French operation aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal in 1956, has received much attention from scholars. The most common approach to the crisis has been to examine the political dimension. The political events that led Prime Minister Anthony Eden’s cabinet to decide to use military force against the wishes of their superior American ally and in the face of American economic pressure and a Soviet threat to attack Paris and London with rockets have been analysed thoroughly. This is particularly the case because the ceasefire and eventual withdrawal were an indisputable defeat of British policy in the Middle East. The military operation not only ruined Prime Minister Eden’s career, but it also diminished the prestige of Britain. It was the beginning of the end, some claim. The British Empire would never be the same. As the consequences of using force are generally considered more important than the military operations themselves, very little attention has been paid to the military planning of Operation Musketeer. The difference between the number of publications on Operation Corporate of the Falklands War and Operation Musketeer is striking. Not only has there been little previous research on the military aspects of Musketeer, the conclusions drawn in the existing works have not reached a consensus. Some historians, such as Correlli Barnett, compare Musketeer to the utter failures of the Tudor landings and Gallipoli. Among significant politicians, Winston Churchill, who had retired from the prime ministership only a year before the Suez Crisis, described the operation as “the most ill-conceived and ill-executed imaginable”. Colin McInnes, a well-known author on British defence policy, represents the middle view when he describes the execution as “far from failure”. Finally, some, like Julian Thompson, the Commander of 3 Commando Brigade during the Falklands War, rate the military action itself as being successful. The interpretation of how successful the handling of the Suez Crisis was from the military point of view depends very much on the approach taken and the areas emphasised in the subject. Frequently, military operations are analysed in isolation from other events. The action of a country’s armed forces is separated from the wider context and evaluated without a solid point of comparison. Political consequences are often used as validated criteria, and complicated factors contributing to military performance are ignored. The lack of comprehensive research on the military action has left room for an analysis concentrating on the military side of the crisis.

Suomen sisäistä turvallisuutta koskevat puolustusvoimien suunnitelmat 1950-luvulla : puolustusvoimat ja vuoden 1956 yleislakko

1950- luku oli tapahtumarikas politiikan saralla ja muun muassa vuoden 1956 yleislakon aikana puolustusvoimat joutui kohottamaan valmiuttaan kriisin aiheuttamien levottomuuksien vuoksi. Yleislakko ja sen aiheuttamat toimenpiteet puolustusvoimille sopivat ajallisesti tarkasteltuna tutkimuskohteeksi ja lähdemateriaaliakin oli saatavilla, joten tutkimuksen aiheeksi valittiin ”Puolustusvoimat ja vuoden 1956 yleislakko”. Lakko koski valtaosaa maan työpaikoista. Lakon ulkopuolelle jäivät ainoastaan valtakunnan elintärkeiden toimintojen ylläpitoon osallistuvat työntekijät, kuten valtionhallinnon välttämätön henkilöstö, yleisradion henkilökunta ja terveydenhoito, ulkovaltojen edustustojen henkilöstö ja diplomaattipostin käsittelijät sekä poliisi ja puolustusvoimat. Yleislakon ensimmäisistä päivistä lähtien eriasteisia levottomuuksia ilmeni ympäri maata. Lakon alkupäivien yhteenotot poliisin ja lakkolaisten kesken osoittivat sen, että työtaisteluun osallistuneet eivät karttaneet voimankäyttöä nopeuttaakseen tilanteen selviämistä. Osittain rajutkin yhteenotot huoltoasemilla ja joukkotilaisuuksissa ajoivat poliisin siihen tilanteeseen, että sen oli pyydettävä puolustusvoimilta virka-apua tilanteen rauhoittamiseksi. Lakko päättyi lopulta maaliskuun 20. päivänä 1956 kestettyään lähes kolme viikkoa. Valmisteluista huolimatta puolustusvoimien joukkoja ei käytetty yleisen järjestyksen ja turvallisuuden ylläpidossa lakon aikana.

Commerçants détaillants. Sociétés coopératives d'achats en commun . [Lois des 10 septembre 1947 et 2 août 1949.] Edition mise à jour au 10 avril 1956

[Code]

Convention collective nationale de travail des imprimeries de labeur et industries graphiques. Arrêtés du Ministère du travail des 22 novembre 1956 et 28 mars 1960. Mise à jour au...]. 15 avril 1960

[Convention collective. Imprimerie. France. 1960-]