Thermodynamic behavior and applications of KMnO4 in cerium separation process using cyanex 923

In this work, studies were carried out on the extraction properties of Mn(II) and MnO4- in sulfuric acid medium using Cyanex 923. Effects of different variables on the extraction of Mn(II) and MnO4-, such as the concentrations of acid, the extractant, and the temperature, were investigated. Results indicated that Mn(II) was extracted weakly by Cyanex 923; however, MnO4- could be strongly extracted into the organic phase. The extraction mechanism of MnO4- was proposed, and the influence of MnO4- on the extraction of cerium was identified when KMnO4 as oxidizer added into the bastnasite sulfuric acid leaching liquor. As MnO4- was easier to be extracted into the organic phase than Ce(IV) and then lost its ability for oxidization, a new device was designed to realize sufficient oxidization of cerium from III to IV, and which has been applied to industrialization.

Preparation of nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(L-lactide) biocomposite microspheres

Nano-hydroxyapatite (HA)/poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) composite microspheres with relatively uniform size distribution were prepared by a solid-in-oil-in-water (s/o/w) emusion solvent evaporation method. The encapsulation of the HA nanopaticles in microshperes was significantly improved by grafting PLLA on the surface of the HA nanoparticles (p-HA) during emulsion process. This procedure gave a possibility to obtain p-HA/PLLA composite microspheres with uniform morphology and the encapsulated p-HA nanoparticle loading reached up to 40 wt% (33 wt% of pure HA) in the p-HA/PLLA composite microspheres. The microstructure of composite microspheres from core-shell to single phase changed with the variation of p-HA to PLLA ratios. p-HA/PLLA composite microspheres with the diameter range of 2-3 mu m were obtained. The entrapment efficiency of p-HA in microspheres could high up to 90 wt% and that of HA was only 13 wt%. Surface and bulk characterizations of the composite microspheres were performed by measurements such as wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure and magnetic property of asymmetrical double Schiff base heterotrinuclear complex: Cu(II)-Co(II)-Cu(II)

An asymmetrical double Schiff-base Cu(II) mononuclear complex, HCuLp (H(3)Lp is N-3-carboxylsalicylidene-N'-5-chlorosalicylaldehyde-1,3-diaminopropane) and a heterometal trinuclear complex with double molecular structure (CuLp)(2)Co center dot 5H(2)O have been synthesized and characterized by means of elemental analyses, IR and electronic spectra. The crystal structure of the heterotrinucler complex was determined by X-ray analysis. Each asymmetric unit within the unit cell of the complex contains two heterotrinuclear neutral molecules (a) [CuLpCoCuLp], (b) [(CuLpH(2)O) CoCuLp] and four uncoordinated water molecules. In the two neutral molecules, the central Co2+ ions are located at the site of O-6 with a distorted octahedral geometry, one terminal Cu2+ ion (Cu(3)) at the square-pyramidal environment of N2O3, and the other three at the square planar coordination geometry with N2O2 donor atoms. Magnetic properties of the heterotrinucler complex have been determined in the temperature range 5-300 K, indicating that the interaction between the central Co2+ ion and the outer Co2+ ions is antiferromagnetic.

Synthesis and structure of a novel mononuclear tungsten (VI) citrato complex, (NH4)(3)[Li(H2O)(3)WO3(C6H4O7)]

The first mononuclear tungsten-citrato complex, (NH4)(3)[Li(H2O)(3)WO3(C6H4O7)] (1) has been prepared by the reaction of ammonium tetrathio tungstate and lithium citrate in CH3OH - H2O solution at pH 8.2. There are two crystallographically independent anions in the asymmetric crystallographic unit. The crystal structure of the title compound (triclinic, space group P (1) over bar, a = 6.901(1), b = 15.136(3), c = 16.107(3) Angstrom, alpha = 75.85(3), beta = 89.89(3), gamma = 89.97(3), V = 1631.4(6) Angstrom (3), R = 0.068, R-w = 0.1674 for 3878 reflections with I > 2 sigma (1)), reveals that in the compound a tungsten atom is coordinated to a fully deprotonated citrate as a tridentate ligand and three terminal oxygen atoms to form a distorted coordination octahedron.

Physical diffusion and electron-transfer dynamics of electroactive solutes in polymer electrolytes .3. Effect of the polymer solvents

The diffusion coefficients(D-app) and the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants(k(s)) for ferrocene in several polymer solvents were determined by using steady-state voltammetry. The temperature dependence of the two parameters indicates Arrhenius behavior, The polymer solvent effects on diffusion and electron transfer dynamics of ferrocene were discussed.

Conversion from electronic conducting phase to redox conducting phase of polypyrrole

Square-wave voltommetry is used to study the oxidation of polypyrrole doped with dodecylsulfate. The net current curve in this experiment shows why the oxidation current does not display the capacitive-like shape common in cyclic voltammetry. In cyclic voltammetry, the redox behavior of polypyrrole is attributed to the size of dodecylsulfate, irreversible incorporation and the complete consumption of dodecylsulfate. After the polypyrrole film was scanned in aqueous NaCl solution, square wave voltammetric measurements show different results, indicating the change of the polymer nature with regard to the charge transport. This is explained by anion replacement, exclusion and the change of the charge transport mechanism.

The phase inversion and morphology of nylon 1010 polypropylene blends

Noncompatibilized and compatibilized blends of nylon 1010/PP blends having five different viscosity ratios were prepared by melt extrusion. Glycidyl methacrylate-grafted-polypropylene (PP-g-GMA) was used as the compatibilizer to enbance the adhesion between the two polymers and to stabilize the blend morphology. The effect of the viscosity ratio on the morphology of nylon 1010/polypropylene blends was investigated, with primary attention to the phase-inversion behavior and the average particle size of the dispersed phase. The relationship between the mechanical properties and the phase-inversion composition was investigated as well. Investigation of the morphology of the blends by microscopy indicated that the smaller the viscosity ratio (eta(PP)/eta(PA)) the smaller was the polypropylene concentration at which the phase inversion took place and polypropylene became the continuous phase. The compatibilizer induced a sharp reduction of particle size, but did not have a major effect on the phase-inversion point. An improvement :in the mechanical properties was found when nylon 1010 provided the matrix phase. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

稀土高氯酸溶液导数光谱的研究及其在分析中的应用 Ⅶ.四阶导数分光光度法直接测定混合稀土氧化物中镱和镝

本文在近红外光区研究了镱(Ⅲ)和镝(Ⅲ)1mol/L HClO_4溶液的四阶导数吸收光谱,认真选择了仪器操作条件,提高了测定镱和镝的选择性。通过校正系数法,使镱的光度法测定成为可能,克服了在可见光区测定镝需要校正干扰的缺点,达到在混合稀土中直接测定镱和镝的目的。

放牧对高寒小嵩草草甸冷季草场主要植物种群生态位的影响

对高寒小嵩草草甸冷季草场主要21种植物种群在不同放牧率下优势度、生态位宽度及生态位重叠规律的研究结果表明:1)经过两年的放牧,对照、轻度和中度放牧组的主要优势种均为小嵩草和垂穗披碱草,重度放牧组的主要优势种变成了小嵩草和鹅绒委陵菜;2)尽管枯草期小嵩草和高原早熟禾的适口性较好而被优先采食,但由于它们特有的耐牧、耐践踏等生物学特点,生态位宽度依然很大(0.948,0.901);垂穗披碱草尽管由于适口性和耐践踏性相对较差,但由于其株高优势,生态位宽度依然较大(0.815);青海野青茅和紫羊茅在枯草期由于适口性较好而耐践踏性相对较差,对放牧及由放牧引起的环境变化反应最为敏感,其生态位宽度很窄(0.302,0.416),说明放牧抑制了高大禾草层片的发育,为植株矮小的莎草科牧草和阔叶植物的生长创造了条件;3)鹅绒委陵菜和雪白委陵菜、高山紫菀和柔软紫菀之间生态位重叠的降低,是种间对资源利用上分化的结果,且生态位宽度较大的物种与其它种群间也有较大的生态位重叠,分布于放牧演替系列两个极端的种群间生态位重叠较小,说明物种的分布是既间断又连续的.

窝雏数处理对两种雀形目幼鸟生长的影响

基于1997～1999年野外实验，对高寒草甸小云雀和黄嘴朱顶雀两种雀形目鸟的窝雏数进行增减处理。结果表明，对照组的幼鸟生长率和离巢体重都大于增加组，说明窝雏数增加后，幼鸟质量下降。随着窝雏数增加，这两种幼鸟生长率显著下降（小云雀：r = -0.965, P = 0.035 < 0.05；朱顶雀：r = -0.828, P = 0.022 < 0.05）。窝雏数改变对小云雀幼鸟出飞重影响不显著（r = -0.418, P = 0.528 > 0.05），而对黄嘴朱顶雀有显著的影响（r = -0.901，P = 0.014 < 0.05）。

钾细菌对土娄土养分活化作用的研究

采用固态及液态培养法研究了 7株钾细菌在不同条件下对土娄土中 6种元素的活化作用和对 p H的影响。结果表明 :1钾细菌在固态培养条件下对 P、K、Si元素的活化作用小于液态培养 ;在固态培养中 ,钾细菌对土娄土中 Fe、Mn元素有活化作用 ,但却导致 Zn元素发生固定 ;2固态培养中 ,钾细菌引起的土壤 p H下降幅度小于液态培养 ;3灭菌处理使土娄土生物释钾量提高 ,但对生物释硅量无明显影响 ;4钾细菌不同菌株对土壤养分的活化能力差异很大。

铊地球化学和铊超常富集

铊的地球化学性质受其电子构型和地质地球化学作用制约。铊原子处于基态时的电子构型为6S^26P^1。铊有两个地球化学价态，正一价和正三价，自然界多数呈正一价。铊的电子构型和地球化学性质，使其具有低温成矿、亲硫；高温分散、亲石的双重地球化学性质。在低温高硫还原环境，铊表现出强烈的亲硫性，不仅与汞、锑、砷、铜、铅、锌、铁、金、银等一道参与有色金属和贵金属矿床的成矿作用，而且形成铊的硫化物矿物、铊矿体和铊矿床；在高温低硫环境中，铊表现出明显的亲石性。由于铊的地球化学和结晶化学性质与钾、铷、铯很相近，因此使铊以类质同象形式进入长石、云母、闪石、白云石、迪开石、高岭石等矿物中，导致铊分散。作者尝试性提出，铊超常富集是指其含量普遍达到大于铊成矿的工业品位(n×10-4)或大于铊地壳丰度(0．75×10^-6)100倍以上。铊矿区矿物、岩石、土壤、水体、生物和人体中铊含量明显高，且普遍是判别铊超常富集的标志。

ARLO: Another Representation Language Offer

This paper describes ARLO, a representation language loosely modelled after Greiner and Lenant's RLL-1. ARLO is a structure-based representation language for describing structure-based representation languages, including itself. A given representation language is specified in ARLO by a collection of structures describing how its descriptions are interpreted, defaulted, and verified. This high level description is compiles into lisp code and ARLO structures whose interpretation fulfills the specified semantics of the representation. In addition, ARLO itself- as a representation language for expressing and compiling partial and complete language specifications- is described and interpreted in the same manner as the language it describes and implements. This self-description can be extended of modified to expand or alter the expressive power of ARLO's initial configuration. Languages which describe themselves like ARLO- provide powerful mediums for systems which perform automatic self-modification, optimization, debugging, or documentation. AI systems implemented in such a self-descriptive language can reflect on their own capabilities and limitations, applying general learning and problem solving strategies to enlarge or alleviate them.

Belief and recollection of autobiographical memories.

In three experiments, undergraduates rated autobiographical memories on scales derived from existing theories of memory. In multiple regression analyses, ratings of the degree to which subjects recollected (i.e., relived) their memories were predicted by visual imagery, auditory imagery, and emotions, whereas ratings of belief in the accuracy of their memories were predicted by knowledge of the setting. Recollection was predicted equally well in between- and within-subjects analyses, but belief consistently had smaller correlations and multiple regression predictions between subjects; individual differences in the cognitive scales that we measured could not account well for individual differences in belief. In contrast, measures of mood (Beck Depression Index) and dissociation (Dissociative Experience Scale) added predictive value for belief, but not for recollection. We also found that highly relived memories almost always had strong visual images and that remember/know judgments made on autobiographical memories were more closely related to belief than to recollection.

Tony Mann writes

Within the "Notices" section of BSHM Bulletin 6, short item entitled "Tony Mann writes:" giving details of a sixth-formers' "maths taster day".