A causal role for posterior medial prefrontal cortex in choice-induced preference change

After a person chooses between two items, preference for the chosen item will increase and preference for the unchosen item will decrease because of the choice made. In other words, we tend to justify or rationalize our past behavior by changing our attitude. This phenomenon of choice-induced preference change has been traditionally explained by cognitive dissonance theory. Choosing something that is disliked or not choosing something that is liked are both cognitively inconsistent, and in order to reduce this inconsistency, people tend to change their subsequently stated preference in accordance with their past choices. Previously, neuroimaging studies identified posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) as a key brain region involved in cognitive dissonance. However, it still remains unknown whether the pMFC plays a causal role in inducing preference change following cognitive dissonance. Here, we demonstrate that 25-min 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied over the pMFC significantly reduces choice-induced preference change compared to sham stimulation, or control stimulation over a different brain region, demonstrating a causal role for the pMFC.

Long-latency reductions in gamma power predict hemodynamic changes that underlie the negative BOLD signal

Studiesthat use prolonged periods of sensory stimulation report associations between regional reductions in neural activity and negative blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signaling. However, the neural generators of the negative BOLD response remain to be characterized. Here, we use single-impulse electrical stimulation of the whisker pad in the anesthetized rat to identify components of the neural response that are related to “negative” hemodynamic changes in the brain. Laminar multiunit activity and local field potential recordings of neural activity were performed concurrently withtwo-dimensional optical imaging spectroscopy measuring hemodynamic changes. Repeated measurements over multiple stimulation trials revealed significant variations in neural responses across session and animal datasets. Within this variation, we found robust long-latency decreases (300 and 2000 ms after stimulus presentation) in gammaband power (30 – 80 Hz) in the middle-superficial cortical layers in regions surrounding the activated whisker barrel cortex. This reduction in gamma frequency activity was associated with corresponding decreases in the hemodynamic responses that drive the negative BOLD signal. These findings suggest a close relationship between BOLD responses and neural events that operate over time scales that outlast the initiating sensory stimulus, and provide important insights into the neurophysiological basis of negative neuroimaging signals.

Female-specific intergenerational transmission patterns of the human corticolimbic circuitry

Parents have large genetic and environmental influences on offspring’s cognition, behavior, and brain. These intergenerational effects are observed in mood disorders, with particularly robust association in depression between mothers and daughters. No studies have thus far examined the neural bases of these intergenerational effects in humans. Corticolimbic circuitry is known to be highly relevant in a wide range of processes including mood regulation and depression. These findings suggest that corticolimbic circuitry may also show matrilineal transmission patterns. We therefore examined human parent-offspring association in this neurocircuitry, and investigated the degree of association in gray matter volume between parent and offspring. We used voxel-wise correlation analysis in a total of 35 healthy families, consisting of parents and their biological offspring. We found positive associations of regional grey matter volume in the corticolimbic circuit including the amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex between biological mothers and daughters. This association was significantly greater than mother-son, father-daughter, and father-son associations. The current study suggests that the corticolimbic circuitry, which has been implicated in mood regulation, shows a matrilineal specific transmission patterns. Our preliminary findings are consistent with what has been found behaviorally in depression, and may have clinical implications for disorders known to have dysfunction in mood regulation such as depression. Studies such as ours will likely bridge animal work examining gene expression in the brains and clinical symptom-based observations, and provide promising ways to investigate intergenerational transmission patterns in the human brain.

Atributos espaciais e valorização imobiliária em Porto Alegre, RS

A dissertação busca combinar Modelos Configuracionais Urbanos e Modelos Econométricos com o objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento existente sobre o mercado imobiliário residencial em Porto Alegre. Mais especificamente, são estudados os Modelos Configuracionais de Centralidade e de Oportunidade Espacial propostos para simular o crescimento da cidade, e o Modelo de Preços Hedônicos, geralmente usado para inferir sobre a valorização de atributos dos imóveis e de sua localização. Os coeficientes gerados pelo Modelo de Preços Hedônicos são sugeridos como possível especificação requerida pelo Modelo de Oportunidade Espacial para determinar a probabilidade de um espaço urbano ser ocupado por diferentes padrões construtivos, já que essa oportunidade leva em conta a proximidade ou presença de certos elementos de valorização. As características estudadas são relativas ao imóvel em si, tais como padrão de acabamento e área, relativas à qualidade de seu entorno, como a renda média dos vizinhos e a presença de habitações precárias e relativas a sua acessibilidade a itens como o rio, pólos de comércio e serviços e a centros locais. Esse último atributo corresponde ao grau de centralidade agregada dos centros locais determinado em estudo realizado pelo PROPUR para a cidade de Porto Alegre utilizando o Modelo Configuracional de Centralidade, e que indica as áreas com concentração de atividades e animação urbanas.

Dilemas da inclusão da diversidade étnica no federalismo brasileiro: as perspectivas dos povos indígenas

Esta pesquisa procurou compreender como se dão as relações entre os povos indígenas no Brasil e o Estado federativo a partir da perspectiva das lideranças indígenas, tendo dois objetivos específicos: explicitar as demandas ainda existentes em relação às terras indígenas e ampliar a discussão acerca das relações políticas e administrativas entre as populações indígenas e os municípios, estados e o governo federal. A análise focalizou os nove documentos finais das conferências regionais dos povos indígenas realizadas nos anos de 2004 e 2005, como também três entrevistas com lideranças indígenas das etnias Baniwa, Tupi-Guarani e Krenak. A partir de uma discussão teórica sobre o federalismo e sua dimensão étnica, buscamos apontar a constitucionalização dos direitos indígenas e das instituições federativas nas constituições brasileiras desde a formação da federação brasileira em 1891. A seguir, discutimos o processo de descentralização no Brasil e delineamos um panorama, a partir da década de 1990, das principais mudanças ocorridas na estrutura estatal e nas políticas públicas indigenistas, com ênfase para as políticas de demarcação de terras, saúde e educação escolar indígena. Esta pesquisa buscou trazer algumas contribuições da Administração Pública para a ampliação da reflexão acerca da necessidade da inclusão da diversidade étnica nas políticas públicas e nos arranjos federativos brasileiros. Observou-se que, apesar dos avanços nas últimas décadas, em muitas localidades do país as populações indígenas não têm seus direitos assegurados, o que leva às lideranças indígenas a embates para a garantia desses direitos, não somente com o governo federal, mas também com os entes subnacionais. Observou-se que há não somente uma diversidade de situações e posicionamentos acerca das políticas públicas, mas também uma série de proposições para que as populações indígenas sejam incluídas nas estruturas políticas e administrativas brasileiras.

Diálogos Cris

Ilustração componente do jogo “LabTecA (http://www.loa.sead.ufscar.br/labteca.php)” desenvolvido pela equipe do Laboratório de Objetos de Aprendizagem da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (LOA/UFSCar).

Estudo fitossanitário, multiplicação e taxonomia de nematoides encontrados em sementes de gramíneas forrageiras no Brasil

Pathogens in seeds imply quarantine constraints for exportation. This research aimed to quantify nematodes and fungus populations in seed samples of forage grasses from the main Brazilian producing states, and to multiply the nematodes in vitro, as well to study the taxonomy of the nematodes detected. Seed samples of 237 lots of different forage grasses from São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Bahia, and Goias States were collected and shipped for analyses in the Nematology and Plant Pathology Laboratories at FCAV[long dash]UNESP [long dash] Jaboticabal( SP) by Comercio e Industria Matsuda Imp., Exp. Ltd. Nematodes were extracted from 10 g of seeds. To detect the fungus, the Blotter-test was applied. The identifications were done by using a photonic microscope and a stereomicroscope. For the study of in vitro multiplication of the nematodes, the following parthenogenetic species were selected: Aphelenchoides sexlineatus, Aphelenchus sp. and Ditylenchus montanus. Cultures of the fungi Fusarium sp. and Didymella brioniae were used as substrate to multiply the nematodes in Petri dishes. Each plate was inoculated with 10 mature females, then incubated in B.O.D. at 25 [plus or minus]1 [degree]C, in the dark. Thirty days after inoculation, the nematodes were extracted. The populations obtained in the suspensions were estimated in the microscope using Peters counting chamber, and the reproduction factor estimated. For the taxonomic study of the nematodes, morphological characters of specimens were recorded under the light and scanning electron microscopes. The results indicated a large distribution of nematodes and fungus in seeds of forage grasses in Brazil. The nematodes identified in the present study were: Aphelenchoides besseyi, A. bicaudatus, A. fragariae, A. sexlineatus, Ditylenchus myceliophagus, D. dipsaci, D. montanus, and Aphelenchus sp. In addition, species of the fungi Fusarium, Helminthosporium and Phoma were recovered.

Setting the preheating process of electronic ballasts for hot-cathode fluorescent lamps, considering the Rh/Rc ratio

This paper presents a new model for the representation of the electrodes filaments of fluorescent lamps, during their preheating, and an analysis capable to guide the design of the preheating process in electronic ballasts. The main improvement obtained with the lamp model is the accurate theoretical reproduction of the behavior of the Rh/Rc ratio during the preheating process. In addition, using the proposed methodology based on the lamp model, it is possible to set a proper preheating process to the electrodes filaments, without the necessity of exhaustive empirical adjustments in the prototype, reducing time and costs involved in the design of ballasts with preheating capabilities. © 2006 IEEE.

Balance Preliminar de las Economías de América Latina y el Caribe 2008

Incluye Bibliografía

Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean 2008

Includes bibliography

Fortaleciendo la institucionalidad financiera en Latinoamérica

Incluye Bibliografía

La importancia de la tecnología de la información y la comunicación para las industrias de recursos naturales

Incluye Bibliografía

Fecal progestins during pregnancy and postpartum periods of captive red brocket deer (Mazama americana)

This study aimed to validate the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for fecal progestin quantification of the species Mazama americana, define its excretion profile during periods of gestation and postpartum and determine the gestation period and resumption of postpartum ovarian activity in this species in captivity Fecal samples were collected twice a week during gestation and every day in the postpartum period, and analyzed using EIA The mean concentrations (±SEM) of fecal progestins during gestation were 2180.0 ± 299.1 ng/g in early pregnancy (week 1-11), 3271.4 ± 406.9 ng/g in middle pregnancy (week 12-22) and 5592.0 ± 1125.8 ng/g in late pregnancy (week 23-32) The gestation period determined for the species was 220.9 ± 1.2 days The concentration of progestins reached its peak prior to parturition and returned to baseline levels in 4 ± 0.31 days after parturition In the postpartum period, the mean concentrations of fecal progestins were 1564.2 ± 182.6 ng/g in the interval between parturition and resumption of ovarian activity, 469.8 ± 24.5 ng/g in the inter-luteal phase and 2401.7 ± 318.5 ng/g during the luteal phase, such that the postpartum period and the luteal phase differed from the inter-luteal phase Fecal progestin profiling permitted the detection of ovulation 26.9 ± 3.4 days after parturition in all the hinds studied and estimation of the mean duration of the estrous cycle, 21.3 ± 1.1 days Analysis established that concentrations of progestins above 3038.76 ng/g diagnosed pregnancy, a value determined from the week 12 of gestation Moreover, the quantification of fecal progestins by EIA proved to be an important tool for noninvasive endocrine monitoring and to obtain reproductive data on the species M americana in captivity © 2013 Elsevier B.V.