Catalytic oxidization polymerization of aniline in an H2O2-Fe2+ system

Polyaniline is prepared by chemical polymerization of aniline in an acidic solution using H2O2 as an oxidant and ferrous chloride as a catalyst. A wide variety of synthesis parameters are studied, such as the amount of the catalyst, reaction temperature, reaction time, initial molar ratio of oxidant, monomer and catalyst, and aniline and HCl concentrations. The polymerization of aniline can be initiated by a very small amount of catalyst. The yield and the conductivity of product depend on the initial molar ratio of the oxidant and monomer. The polyaniline with a conductivity of about 10 degrees S/cm and a yield of 60% is prepared under optimum conditions. The process of polymerization was studied by in situ ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and open-circuit potential technology. Compared to the polymerization process in a (NH4)(2)S2O8 system, the features of the H2O2-Fe2+ system are pointed out, and the chain growth mechanism is proposed. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

双镥金属富勒烯的合成、提取与表征

自La@C_(82)被发现以来,能导致新分子、新材料不断涌现的金属富勒烯的研究就一直是富勒烯化学领域中最吸引人的分支,但是它的发展比较缓慢,直到K-H方法被应用于宏观量地合成金属富勒烯,这种情况才有所改善.现在,大多数镧系元素,包括La,Ce,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho和Er,已通过金属/碳棒在低压氦气条件下的电弧放电过程被成功地包裹于富勒烯碳笼当中并被溶剂提取出来,它们提取液的质谱图均给出明显的M@C_(82)信号.与此相反,我们这里报道了一种特殊的镧系元素——镥,在它的金属富勒烯提取液中,只有双镥富勒烯,Lu_2@C_(2n),能被激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱与解吸电子轰击质谱观察到.含富勒烯与双镥富勒烯的碳炱用电弧放电法制备.简单来说,直径6mm的光谱纯碳棒,钻孔,填入99.99%Lu_2O_3与碳粉的混合物,使总原子比为1.0Lu/100C,此金属/碳的混合棒先在真空条件下(10~(-3)×133.332 Pa),2000 K处理3h,然后作为正极在160×133.332 Pa氦气中直流电弧放电,电弧电流80A.生成的碳炱用甲苯索氏提取后,再于高压釜中523 K时,

Diel vertical migration of zooplankton following optimal food intake under predation

A model is developed to investigate the trade-offs between benefits and costs involved in zooplanktonic diel vertical migration (DVM) strategies. The 'venturous revenue' (VR) is used as the criterion for optimal trade-offs. It is a function of environmental factors and the age of zooplankter. During vertical migration, animals are assumed to check instantaneously the variations of environmental parameters and thereby select the optimal behavioral strategy to maximize the value of VR, i.e. taking up as much food as possible with a certain risk of mortality. The model is run on a diel time scale (24 h) in four possible scenarios during the animal's life history. The results show that zooplankton can perform normal DVM balancing optimal food intake against predation risk, with the profile of DVM largely modified by the age of zooplankter.

青藏高原不同海拔矮嵩草蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉含量的变异

生长在青藏高原4 个不同海拔地区的矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis) , 其蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的含量有明显差异。其中海拔最高的大坂山(4, 000m ) 植株中蛋白质含量平均比海拔依次较低的金羊岭(3, 800m ) , 海北站(3, 200m ) 和西宁地区(2, 200m ) 的分别高出9.9% ,17.3% 和39.4%; 脂肪含量平均分别高出7.1% , 77.8% 和106.0%; 淀粉含量也平均分别高出2.4% , 21.6% 和32.7%。同时表明, 海拔高度对上述若干生化成分含量的季节性动态变化均有明显的影响。从而显示, 高海拔地区的植物所以具有较强的抗寒性和适应逆境胁迫的能力, 是与体内蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物(淀粉) 的大量积累增加密切相关。

制造系统的可重构性

可重构制造模式是一种指导管理和控制制造系统重构过程的制造哲理 ,它使制造系统有效地响应不断变化的环境。制造系统具有可重构能力是其生存和发展的基本手段 ,具有较高可重构性的公司在风云突变的环境中将远远超过其竞争对手。本文探讨了可重构制造模式的基本定义和内涵 ,并从组织、过程、产品、加工系统和信息平台等五个方面研究了制造系统的可重构性。

基于面向对象方法的决策支持系统

决策支持系统(DSS-Decision Support Systems)作为信息系统的高级形式得到了广泛重视,但同时也面临着很多问题。本文仔细剖析了这些问题,讨论以面向对象OO(Object Oriented)的方法进行DSS设计,最后提出了一个基于OO方法的DSS结构。

Modification of GaAs Schottky diodes by thin organic interlayers

Modification of GaAs Schottky diodes by thin organic interlayers, A.R. Vearey-Roberts and D.A. Evans, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 072105 (2005)

Linear structures in mammographic images: detection and classification

R. Zwiggelaar, S.M. Astley, C.J. Taylor and C.R.M. Boggis, 'Linear structures in mammographic images: detection and classification', IEEE Transaction on Medical Imaging 23 (9), 1077-1086 (2004)

Indium tin oxide refractometer in the visible and near infrared via lossy mode and surface plasmon resonances with Kretschmann configuration

The following article appeared in Torres, V., Beruete, M., Del Villar, I., & Sánchez, P. (2016). Indium tin oxide refractometer in the visible and near infrared via lossy mode and surface plasmon resonances with Kretschmann configuration. Applied Physics Letters, 108(4), doi:10.1063/1.4941077, and may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4941077.

The conversion of the Maoris, by Donald MacDougall

http://www.archive.org/details/conversionmaoris00macduoft

Musculoskeletal symptoms among female garment factory workers in Sri Lanka.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and their association with sociodemographic risk factors among female garment factory workers in Sri Lanka. METHODS: 1058 randomly selected female garment factory workers employed in the free trade zone of Kogalla, Sri Lanka were recruited to complete two interviewer-administered questionnaires assessing musculoskeletal symptoms and health behaviors. DISCUSSION: Musculoskeletal complaints among female garment workers in the FTZ of Kogalla are less common than expected. Sociocultural factors may have resulted in underreporting and similarly contribute to the low rates of healthcare utilization by these women. RESULTS: 164 (15.5%) of workers reported musculoskeletal symptoms occurring more than 3 times or lasting a week or more during the previous 12-month period. Back (57.3%) and knee (31.7%) were the most common sites of pain. Although most symptomatic women reported that their problems interfered with work and leisure activities, very few missed work as a result of their pain. Prevalence correlated positively with increased age and industry tenure of less than 12 months. Job type, body mass index, and education were not significant predictors of musculoskeletal symptoms.

Overexpression of the cardiac beta(2)-adrenergic receptor and expression of a beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 (betaARK1) inhibitor both increase myocardial contractility but have differential effects on susceptibility to ischemic injury.

Cardiac beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR) overexpression is a potential contractile therapy for heart failure. Cardiac contractility was elevated in mice overexpressing beta(2)ARs (TG4s) with no adverse effects under normal conditions. To assess the consequences of beta(2)AR overexpression during ischemia, perfused hearts from TG4 and wild-type mice were subjected to 20-minute ischemia and 40-minute reperfusion. During ischemia, ATP and pH fell lower in TG4 hearts than wild type. Ischemic injury was greater in TG4 hearts, as indicated by lower postischemic recoveries of contractile function, ATP, and phosphocreatine. Because beta(2)ARs, unlike beta(1)ARs, couple to G(i) as well as G(s), we pretreated mice with the G(i) inhibitor pertussis toxin (PTX). PTX treatment increased basal contractility in TG4 hearts and abolished the contractile resistance to isoproterenol. During ischemia, ATP fell lower in TG4+PTX than in TG4 hearts. Recoveries of contractile function and ATP were lower in TG4+PTX than in TG4 hearts. We also studied mice that overexpressed either betaARK1 (TGbetaARK1) or a betaARK1 inhibitor (TGbetaARKct). Recoveries of function, ATP, and phosphocreatine were higher in TGbetaARK1 hearts than in wild-type hearts. Despite basal contractility being elevated in TGbetaARKct hearts to the same level as that of TG4s, ischemic injury was not increased. In summary, beta(2)AR overexpression increased ischemic injury, whereas betaARK1 overexpression was protective. Ischemic injury in the beta(2)AR overexpressors was exacerbated by PTX treatment, implying that it was G(s) not G(i) activity that enhanced injury. Unlike beta(2)AR overexpression, basal contractility was increased by betaARK1 inhibitor expression without increasing ischemic injury, thus implicating a safer potential therapy for heart failure.

On Reynolds number and scaling effects in microchannel flows

This paper presents a numerical study of the Reynolds number and scaling effects in microchannel flows. The configuration includes a rectangular, high-aspect ratio microchannel with heat sinks, similar to an experimental setup. Water at ambient temperature is used as a coolant fluid and the source of heating is introduced via electronic cartridges in the solids. Two channel heights, measuring 0.3 mm and 1 mm are considered at first. The Reynolds number varies in a range of 500-2200, based on the hydraulic diameter. Simulations are focused on the Reynolds number and channel height effects on the Nusselt number. It is found that the Reynolds number has noticeable influences on the local Nusselt number distributions, which are in agreement with other studies. The numerical predictions of the dimensionless temperature of the fluid agree fairly well with experimental measurements; however the dimensionless temperature of the solid does exhibit a significant discrepancy near the channel exit, similar to those reported by other researchers. The present study demonstrates that there is a significant scaling effect at small channel height, typically 0.3 mm, in agreement with experimental observations. This scaling effect has been confirmed by three additional simulations being carried out at channel heights of 0.24 mm, 0.14 mm and 0.1 mm, respectively. A correlation between the channel height and the normalized Nusselt number is thus proposed, which agrees well with results presented.