Metodologia para implantação de um sistema de disposição de rejeitos em minério de ferro na região do semiárido: estudo de caso

Tailings dams are structures that aims to retain the solid waste and water from mining processes. Its analysis and planning begins with searching of location for deployment, step on which to bind all kinds of variables that directly or indirectly influence the work, such as geological, hydrological, tectonic, topographic, geotechnical, environmental, social characteristics, evaluation security risks, among others. Thus, this paper aims to present a study on the most appropriate and secure type of busbar to design a layout structure of iron ore tailings, taking into account all the above mentioned variables. The case study involves the assessment of sites for location of dams of tailings disposal beneficiation of iron mine to be built in Bonito, in the municipality of Jucurutu in Seridó Potiguar. For site selection among alternatives, various aspects of the current state of the art were considered, one that causes the least environmental impact, low cost investment, adding value to the product and especially the safety of the implanted structure mitigates the concern about induced earthquakes as a result of liquefaction wastes somatized by dams in the region, as the tilling of Mina Bonito is located practically in the hydraulic basin dam Armando Ribeiro in environmental protection (APA). The methodology compares induced by dams in the semiarid region with the characteristics of the waste disposal and sterile seismicity, taking into account the enhancement of liquefaction by the action of seismicity in the Mina Bonito region. With the fulcrum in the methodology, we indicated the best busbar type for disposal of tailings from iron ore or combination of them, to be designed and built in semiarid particularly for Mina Bonito. Also presents a number of possible uses for the tailings and in engineering activities, which may cause processing to the common good.

Pesca artesanal entre mudanças socioambientais: estudo de caso na APA Bonfim-Guaraíra/RN-Brasil

Artisanal fishing is one of the important economic activities of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), becoming the main form of survival and income for many families. The southern coast of RN has strong fishing tradition, both in exploitation of fish as in the collection of mollusks on the banks of Guaraíra Lagoon (APA Bonfim-Guaraíra). In recent years, fishing communities have become more vulnerable to outside influences, since the socio-economic and environmental changes are exposed. These changes require adjustments to the fishermen to different environmental conditions, as the social and natural systems are driven by reorganization and upgrading processes. The living conditions in fishing communities are objective and necessary in different ways, according to a selection that is cultural, so adaptable. This study has the general objective to analyze the main environmental changes in fishing communities, based on the understanding of fishermen and mollusk fisherwomen about this problem. The specific objectives searched to: describe the socioeconomic profile, prospects and difficulties of fishermen and mollusk fisherwomen; investigate the major social and environmental changes in the fishing communities of Patané and Camocim (Arez/RN). The methodology was qualitative-quantitative with the techniques of observation in the field and open and semistructured interviews applied to representatives of Cologne fishing, fishermen and mollusk fisherwomen. Between the months of January to July 2014 were applied semistructured interviews with 41 interlocutors in Patané and 23 of Camocim; totaling 64 people. The results indicated that the interlocutors are aged 40 to 60 years; have only completed elementary school level; are married and have children; survive on less than a minimum wage income and they are not receiving employment insurance. The case study also revealed that the socioeconomic and environmental problems reflected in changes in reproduction, organization and social division of labor, which generates adaptive changes of families to external influences, resulting directly from other economic activities and market pressure and indirectly from tourism. Therefore, adaptations to changes scenario presented as favorable to economic aspects and unfavorable to the social and environmental aspects. In short, the fishery develops on technical, bureaucratic and financial obstacles, in the everyday needs of men and women is the determining factor in willingness to continue exercising fishing and shell fishing on Guaraíra Lagoon, space representing relations social, practices and customs transmitted in the course of local history through social memory of the oldest to the youngest.

Descrição de novas espécies de Entomobryoidea, Womersley, 1934 (Collembola, Hexapoda) em remanescentes urbanos de mata atlântica no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte

Springtails are commonly recognized microarthropods edaphic environments. Among the most common (and most visible) forms of these animals are the Entomobryoidea, one of the most diverse groups of springtails. Although more than 8,300 species of Collembola are registered on the globe, in Brazil a little over 310 species are recorded, mostly in the Southeast. In the Northeast, particularly in Rio Grande do Norte, these records are still reduced, even in the Atlantic Forest domain for this admittedly diverse fauna and specifically, for Entomobryoidea. This study aimed to describe new species of Entomobryoidea in urban remnants of Atlantic Forest in Rio Grande do Norte, specifically in Parque das Dunas, Natal in the Environmental Protection Area Genipabu, Extremoz. The collections were made in the months July and August 2012 and January and February 2013, using entomological vacuums and plastic trays. The specimens were identified in the laboratory and described in detail by looking at the literature. In this paper four new species were described Entomobryidae family: Entomobrya sp. nov. 1, Seira sp. nov. 1, Seira sp. nov. 2 and Trogolaphysa sp. nov. 1. Seira sp. nov. 1 has clear similarities to S. paraibensis, however the chaetotaxy of the mesothorax and abdomen IV distinguishes both species. The number of phylogenetic proximity suggests similarities between species. Seira sp. nov. 2 is characterized by its chaetotaxy, mainly in the 'M' head and his mesothorax. There is possibility of a phylogenetic relationship with S. praiana and S. Potiguara due to some similarities. Entomobrya sp. nov. 1 has little resemblance to Brazilian species, from the point of view of color, however there is for the latter detailing the dorsal chaetotaxy, which might obscure evolutionary relationships of proximity. Even so, the main diagnostic feature Entomobrya sp. nov. 1 compared to other species of the genus is the complexity of the chaetotaxy of the fifth abdominal segment. Descriptions of new species of Collembola, potentially endemic to their habitats of occurrence may help to understand the morphological and evolutionary patterns in the sampled taxa, as well as the preservation of the environments in which they were found.

Sustentabilidade de destinos turísticos em unidades de conservação: o caso da Praia de Jenipabu

Environmental Sustainability is a very important factor for the Tourist Development of the localities, which should be protected and preserved so many other generations goers enjoy the experiences in their paradisiacal landscapes. The objective of the present study is to analyze the sustainability of the tourist destination of Jenipabu Beach, situated in a conservation area on the northern coast of Rio Grande do Norte state, in the city of Extremoz, 20 km from the center of the Capital Natal, being of great state tourist importance for having the most famous Dunes park in the region. There are several regulars and their proper groups in a tourist area, and the differences in these perceptions about the relationship of certain factors occurring on site, can determine how sustainable the same or its sustainability index is. This research used an Ecotourism Sustainability Indicator System (SEIS) to Tsaur, et al (2006), to assist in the verification of this index, in use methods of exploratory and descriptive research, where the data were collected through a questionnaire applied close to 151 attendees divided among residents, traders and visitors, directly by the author in Jenipabu in August and September 2015. The tabulation, analysis and interpretation of data were taken from the assistance of the technical factor analysis of statistics and ONEWAY ANOVA, which conducted by IBM SPSS software STATISTICS 20. The main findings were, identifying 14 relevant sustainability factors, of which 6 coincide with the indicator model used and 8 are new, as well as verification that Jenipabu is a destination with strong economic dependence of the Tourism, with various impacts of this community, which does not recognize the benefits that the Environmental Protection Area (APA) can bring to this and to the locality tourism. In conclusion on differences in perceptions of the regulars that the studied region Beach has low Sustainability and requires the development of various projects and actions for improvement.

Florística e ecologia de briófitas em um fragmento de restinga no extremo sul do Brasil

A Área de Proteção Ambiental da Lagoa Verde é composta por um mosaico de unidades ambientais. Entre elas, destaca-se um fragmento de mata de restinga que reúne características físicas e microclimáticas para o estudo de ecologia de briófitas. Este estudo teve por objetivo realizar o levantamento das espécies de briófitas; fornece novas ocorrências de briófitas para o Rio Grande do Sul; avaliar a influência dos gradientes longitudinal e vertical na distribuição de briófitas; quantificar a variação da diversidade de briófitas nos gradientes longitudinal e vertical. Foram identificadas 51 espécies de briófitas como novas ocorrências para o Rio Grande do Sul, sendo 11 musgos e 40 hepáticas. Além do local de estudo foram identificadas espécies que estavam no herbário SP. No estudo dos gradientes longitudinal e vertical foram identificadas 53 espécies de briófitas, sendo 17 musgos e 36 hepáticas. Através da análise dos transectos e da inclusão dos forófitos subdivididos em três zonas de altura, foram coletadas amostras terrícolas e corticícolas. As briófitas respondem aos gradientes, através dos fatores microclimáticos (luminosidade e umidade), em relação ao aumento da riqueza e mudança na composição de espécies. A partição aditiva da diversidade de briófitas quantificou a variação da composição de espécies em cada gradiente. A diversidade entre cada nível dos gradientes longitudinal (umidade) e vertical (luminosidade) variou em torno de 40% e 50%, respectivamente. Em conclusão, o estudo sobre a ecologia de briófitas gerou conhecimento sobre a diversidade e biogeografia das espécies; contribuiu para o entendimento da distribuição das briófitas em função dos gradientes longitudinal e vertical, por influência de fatores microclimáticos e; revelou a variação da composição de espécies em função dos gradientes horizontal (umidade) e vertical (luminosidade).

Projeto raia de fogo: aspectos populacionais da raia de fogo (Dasyatis marianae Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000) e pesca de elasmobrânquios no complexo recifal do Parracho de Maracajaú

The species Dasyatis marianae inhabits coastal areas associated with coral reefs, considered endemic to the northeast of Brazil, occurring from the State of Maranhão to the south of Bahia. Specimens of this species are commonly sighted by divers and fishermen in the area of Maracajaú reefs, a complex reef that is part of the Environmental Protection Area of Coral Reefs (EPACR), which was developed in this study about the ecology and biology of the D. marianae, in order to characterize aspects of population structure in the area of the reef complex of Parracho de Maracajaú. We analyzed 120 specimens caught by artisanal fishing site of the size, weight, sex, stage of maturity and stomach contents. Most subjects were adult males (1.7:1) and was more abundant for rays with lengths between 25 and 29cm of LD, where females reach larger sizes, a feature common to other rays. The largest specimens were captured in the area of seagrass, which is preferred for the species. The distribution of species in the area showed an ontogenetic and sexual segregation, where the youthful occur near the beach, which is a likely area for nursery and growth of the adult females prevail in the seagrass, which apparently has a high prey availability, and Adult males are more distant, a higher proportion occurring in outlying areas, suggesting a habit more exploratory than the females. The evaluation of the reproductive system indicated 3 reproductive cycles per year, one young per pregnancy, and showed that the mature males were smaller than females. The cubs of D. marianae size at birth 12 to 15cm LD. As for diet, the species was characterized as carnivorous crustacean specialist. The performance of visual censuses in different localities allowed to evaluate the density of D. marianae in different environments of the complex. The species occurs in greater numbers in seagrass, environment very important for the conservation of the species. 100 individuals of D. marianae marked in reef complex area enrolled in a recapture rate of 3%. Some behavioral aspects were evaluated, as diurnal pattern of activity, interaction with cleaning and fish Pomacanthus paru followers as Lutjanus analis and Carangoides bartholomaei. Overall, much of the information obtained should be used for management of the species

Projeto raia de fogo: aspectos populacionais da raia de fogo (Dasyatis marianae Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000) e pesca de elasmobrânquios no complexo recifal do Parracho de Maracajaú

The species Dasyatis marianae inhabits coastal areas associated with coral reefs, considered endemic to the northeast of Brazil, occurring from the State of Maranhão to the south of Bahia. Specimens of this species are commonly sighted by divers and fishermen in the area of Maracajaú reefs, a complex reef that is part of the Environmental Protection Area of Coral Reefs (EPACR), which was developed in this study about the ecology and biology of the D. marianae, in order to characterize aspects of population structure in the area of the reef complex of Parracho de Maracajaú. We analyzed 120 specimens caught by artisanal fishing site of the size, weight, sex, stage of maturity and stomach contents. Most subjects were adult males (1.7:1) and was more abundant for rays with lengths between 25 and 29cm of LD, where females reach larger sizes, a feature common to other rays. The largest specimens were captured in the area of seagrass, which is preferred for the species. The distribution of species in the area showed an ontogenetic and sexual segregation, where the youthful occur near the beach, which is a likely area for nursery and growth of the adult females prevail in the seagrass, which apparently has a high prey availability, and Adult males are more distant, a higher proportion occurring in outlying areas, suggesting a habit more exploratory than the females. The evaluation of the reproductive system indicated 3 reproductive cycles per year, one young per pregnancy, and showed that the mature males were smaller than females. The cubs of D. marianae size at birth 12 to 15cm LD. As for diet, the species was characterized as carnivorous crustacean specialist. The performance of visual censuses in different localities allowed to evaluate the density of D. marianae in different environments of the complex. The species occurs in greater numbers in seagrass, environment very important for the conservation of the species. 100 individuals of D. marianae marked in reef complex area enrolled in a recapture rate of 3%. Some behavioral aspects were evaluated, as diurnal pattern of activity, interaction with cleaning and fish Pomacanthus paru followers as Lutjanus analis and Carangoides bartholomaei. Overall, much of the information obtained should be used for management of the species

A INFORMAÇÃO E O MAPEAMENTO TURÍSTICOS COM BASE EM INVENTÁRIO GEORREFERENCIADO: O CASO DO MUNICÍPIO DE COLINAS DO SUL

Por meio de coleta de dados primários e secundários foi feito um inventário dos atrativos turísticos e o mapeamento georreferenciado do território do município de Colinas do Sul, localizado na região nordeste do estado de Goiás, Brasil. O mapeamento consistiu na identificação dos principais atrativos turísticos naturais, rotas, roteiros e circuitos turísticos por meio de GPS/GIS, oferecendo informações, e uma base cartográfica pioneira para a criação de um banco de dados norteadores da ocupação e transformação dos espaços para o planejamento e desenvolvimento de um turismo respaldado por preocupações sociais e ecológicas. Colinas do Sul é um dos municípios brasileiros com mais de 80% de seu território situado em uma Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA), uma Unidade de Conservação (UC) brasileira de uso sustentável, e que possui no seu entorno duas áreas de extrema relevância ambiental: o Parque da Chapada dos Veadeiros e a o Lago da Serra da Mesa. A metodologia consistiu na coleta de dados para se disponibilizar um sistema de informação turística georreferenciada de base cartográfica interpretada e documental de interesse coletivo.

CONFLITOS SÓCIO-AMBIENTAIS E CONSERVAÇÃO DA BIODIVERSIDADE:

As relações entre populações humanas e Unidades de Conservação no bioma Mata Atlântica são, muitas vezes, marcadas por conflitos que envolvem as diferentes percepções que as mesmas possuem sobre essas áreas. Entender como se manifestam tais relações constitui-se num desafio para a preservação da biodiversidade in situ nos seus ecossistemas remanescentes. No âmbito do Sistema de Unidades de Conservação brasileiro a realização desse trabalho em uma Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) justifica-se por esta categoria ser menos restritiva quanto ao uso da terra, o que possibilita uma maior ação do uso social sobre fragmentos florestais. A APA escolhida para o estudo de caso deve-se ao seu papel ecológico de conexão espacial no contexto da figura do Mosaico de UCs do Central Fluminense - RJ. Este trabalho objetiva entender como as práticas sociais mediadas pelas percepções ambientais dessas populações, estabelecidas em diferentes paisagens geográficas (rural, urbana e rururbana), matrizes de fragmentos florestais remanescentes, podem interferir no processo de sucessão ecológica dos mesmos. A partir de entrevistas de populações em quatro matrizes diferentes. Apreendem-se padrões de percepções de diferentes atores e suas possíveis resultantes para cenários de conflitos sociais nessa mediação de preservação da sucessão ecológica dos fragmentos florestais. 

Proposta de zoneamento ambiental visando a proteção dos recursos hídricos de uma bacia hidrográfica

One of the most important natural resources for sustaining human life, water, has been losing the basic requirements of quality and quantity sufficient enough to attend the population due to water contamination'problems, often caused by human beings themselves. Because of this, the sources of this resource are often located in remote places of the natural environment to ensure the quality of the water. However, when urban expansion began to occupy these areas, which were once regarded as distant, environmental pollution problems began to occur due to occupation of the land without planning. Based on this occurrence, this study aims to propose environmental zoning for the Maxaranguape river watershed in order to protect its water resources. This is important because this river can serve as a source of supply for the metropolitan area of Natal, the capital of Rio Grande do Norte. In accordance to this proposition, the model of natural soil loss vulnerability (CREPANI et al., 2001), the model of aquifer pollution vulnerability (FOSTER et al., 2006), and the legal incompatibility map (CREPANI et al., 2001) were used to delimit the zones. All this was done with Geographic Information System (GIS) and also created a geographic database update of the basin. The results of the first model mentioned indicated that 63.67% of the basin was classified as moderately stable / vulnerable, 35.66% as moderately vulnerable, and 0.67% as vulnerable. The areas with high vulnerability degree correspond with sand dunes and river channels areas. The second model indicated that 2.84% of the basin has low vulnerability, 70.27%) has median vulnerability, and 26.76% and 0.13% has high vulnerability and extreme vulnerability, respectively. The areas with the highest vulnerability values also refer to part of the sand dunes and river channels besides other areas such as Pureza urban area. The legal incompatibility map indicated that the basin has 85.02 km2 of Permanent Protection Area (PPA) and 14.62% of this area has some incongruity of use. Based on these results it was possible to draw three main zones: Protection and Sustainable Use Zone (PSUZ), Protection and Environmental Restoration Zone (PERZ) and Environmental Control Zone, which are divided into A, B and C. The PSUZ refer to the coastal areas of the basin, where the sand dunes are located. These sites should be areas of environmental protection and of sustainable urban expansion. The ZPRA refer to river channels, which are in high need of rehabilitation. The third zone corresponds to the rest of the basin which should have, in general, the mapping of possible sources of contamination for further control on the use and occupation of the river

Presença humana em unidades de conservação de proteção integral em área rural e urbana: uma análise principiológica

O Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC), instituído pela Lei 9985/00, prevê a criação de cinco categorias de unidades de conservação de proteção integral (UCPI) e de sete de uso sustentável. Dentre as categorias do grupo de proteção integral encontra-se a categoria Parque, podendo ser Nacional, Estadual ou Natural Municipal, conforme o ente instituidor. Esta categoria pode ser criada tanto em área rural como em área urbana, indistintamente. É muito comum se deparar com a presença humana nos limites dos Parques, seja por populações tradicionais, em áreas rurais, ou ocupações desordenadas, em áreas urbanas. A lei não faz a distinção rural/urbana, mas prevê o realocamento das populações tradicionais, cuja presença não se revela prejudicial à área protegida. De forma oposta, as concentrações humanas residentes em Parques localizados em áreas urbanas tornam-se prejudiciais à proteção da área especialmente protegida, visto que apresentam elevado grau de impactação ambiental, não se preocupando com a preservação ou conservação como as populações tradicionais, estas extremamente dependentes dos recursos naturais para sua subsistência. A partir da hipótese de que a mesma categoria de UCPI, em especial os Parques, pode abrigar grupamentos humanos diferenciados (populações tradicionais, em área rural, e pessoas invasoras, em área urbana), buscou-se analisar os princípios colidentes que permeiam a situação, no sentido de ponderá-los, aplicando o que tiver maior peso. Diante da dimensão axiológica no tratamento das populações tradicionais, conclui-se que seja razoável sua permanência em UCPI localizadas em áreas rurais, porém, inadmissível a presença humana nas situadas em regiões urbanas.

Diagnóstico ambiental da área de influência do complexo sucroalcooleiro Usina Vale do São Simão Ltda

One of the most widespread renewable energy sources in Brazil is ethanol, from sugarcane, therefore, the sugar and alcohol sector is expanding, with positive impacts for the economy of the country. Sugar cane was introduced in Brazil as a crop during its colonization, for the production of sugar, and put the country in the global scenario. The expansion of this crop occurred in the seventies, to reduce the reliance in fossil energy sources and to stimulate the development of the agricultural activity. Thus, the federal government has promoted the sugar cane crop and the production of ethanol as a fuel. However, it is important to minimize possible impacts that the crop may cause to the environment. Sugar cane has expanded in the frontiers of the mesoregion of Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba-MG, and, in this perspective, the agroindustrial complex known as Companhia Energética Vale do São Simão Ltda., with the Mill located in the county of Santa Vitória, Minas Gerais, was adopted to evaluate the environmental impacts caused by the sugarcane in the area of influence of the mill. The mill has a polygonal area corresponding to 53,525.20 hectares, and for its establishment a Study and Report of Environmental Impacts (EIA/RIMA) was presented, as required as an environment protection instrument by the Environment National Policy (Law nº 6.938/81), and detailed by the Resolution CONAMA nº 01/1986. These studies pointed that native vegetation fragments in the Area of Influence of the Mill, before its implantation, corresponded to approximately 20.7% of the area. Therefore, this study evaluated the impacts of the installation of Usina Vale do São Simão, between 2007 and 2012, determining its reflex on the environmental regularization of the farms, and the vegetation fragments existing in the area, in the recovery and recomposition of areas defined as Legal Reserve and Permanent Preservation. Previous studies of the area were analyzed, soil use and occupation was mapped for the years 2007 and 2012, and the areas of permanent preservation and native vegetation fragments were marked. In general, there was a decline in native vegetation coverage in the period, although it cannot be stated that such reduction was a direct effect of the milling activity. Therefore, the legal requirement of preserving such areas was not capable of bringing the positive effects of protection and recovery as demanded by the Law, highlighting that the current legislation was not enough to protect such areas.

O Estatuto da cidade e a questão ambiental

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XI - Geografia Desenvolvimento Regional, Ecologia e Direito Ambiental, Urbanismo, Habitação, Saneamento.

Uso de instrumentos econômicos para a gestão ambiental : países da OCDE e América Latina

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XI - Meio Ambiente e Direito Ambiental, Organização Territorial e Desenvolvimento Urbano e Regional.

Aspectos controversos da legislação ambiental para o setor elétrico

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XI - Meio Ambiente e Direito Ambiental, Organização Territorial, Desenvolvimento Urbano e Regional.