1000 resultados para vegetais


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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a atividade de diferentes concentrações de óleos essenciais e extratos vegetais sobre o crescimento de Ralstonia solanacearum e a incidência do moko em mudas de bananeira. Foram avaliadas diferentes concentrações de óleos essenciais de citronela, eucalipto citriodora, cravo-da-índia e gengibre: 1,25%; 3,5%; 3,75% e 5% e de extratos de cravo-da-índia, gengibre, canela e melão-de-são-caetano: 5%, 10%, 15% e 20%, medindo-se o halo de inibição da bactéria, após 48 horas. O óleo de eucalipto e os extratos de melão-de-são-caetano, cravo-da-índia e canela não apresentaram efeito sobre a bactéria. O extrato de gengibre, os óleos de citronela, de cravo e de gengibre inibiram o crescimento de R. solanacearumem todas as concentrações testadas, destacando-se o óleo de cravo como o melhor tratamento, seguido por extrato de gengibre. Mudas de bananeira foram pulverizadas com os óleos de citronela, gengibre e cravo (3,75%) e extrato de gengibre (20%), aplicando-se 10 ml da solução por planta. Oito dias após, as mudas foram inoculadas com o patógeno (10(8) cel/mL). O óleo de citronela proporcionou o melhor resultado, com 100% de controle da doença, porém as folhas das plantas, com esse tratamento, apresentaram sintomas de fitotoxidez. O óleo e o extrato de gengibre foram semelhantes na eficiência de controle do moko (50%), e o óleo de cravo apresentou menor eficiência (25%).

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A busca por uma viticultura mais sustentável exige o estudo de fontes alternativas de nutrientes que causem menor impacto ambiental. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de cinzas vegetais e esterco bovino no desenvolvimento de videiras cv. Isabel. As doses utilizadas foram: 0; 750;1.500 e 2.250 g planta-1 de cinzas vegetais e 0; 5 e 10 kg planta-1 de esterco bovino, em esquema fatorial 4x3, com 12 tratamentos, cinco repetições e duas plantas por parcela. Nos dois primeiros ciclos de desenvolvimento vegetativo, foram avaliados o diâmetro dos ramos e o diâmetro do tronco e, no segundo ciclo, foi avaliado o índice de área foliar e realizadas as análises químicas de teores foliares de nutrientes. Houve efeitos positivos dos tratamentos para todas as variáveis estudadas, com mais evidência para as avaliações de índice de área foliar. De modo geral, para a maioria das variáveis, a dose de 5 kg planta-1 de esterco teve os melhores resultados, acrescido de 750 ou 1.500 g planta-1 de cinzas vegetais, ou o uso exclusivo de 10 kg planta-1de esterco bovino. No entanto, este último tratamento aumentou excessivamente o conteúdo de N, o que poderia ser prejudicial às plantas. Concluiu-se que as duas fontes podem ser usadas de maneira a suprir as exigências nutricionais de plantas jovens de videira, necessitando, dependendo das condições de solo, de uma suplementação com potássio e cálcio.

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Diversas alternativas vêm sendo estudadas e utilizadas no controle de doenças de plantas, no intuito de suprir as necessidades dos produtores e consumidores no desejo de reduzir o uso de defensivos agrícolas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade de extratos vegetais de Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Anonna muricata L. e de Lippia alba (Mill) N. E. Brown. no controle de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. in vitro. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Câmpus de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil. Extratos aquosos de folhas de graviola e erva-cidreira, e extratos aquosos de sementes de nim e graviola foram usados visando à inibição do crescimento micelial do patógeno causador da antracnose em frutos de mamão. A atividade antifúngica dos extratos foi mensurada mediante a medição do crescimento micelial das culturas. O delineamento adotado foi o DIC em esquema fatorial (3x3x3), com quatro repetições, nos dois experimentos. Os resultados obtidos indicam maior inibição ao crescimento micelial do patógeno com o uso dos extratos de folhas de erva-cidreira e de sementes de graviola.

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A mariposa-oriental Grapholita molesta é uma das principais pragas da macieira e do pessegueiro. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a mortalidade causada por inseticidas quando aplicados sobre diferentes fases de desenvolvimento de G. molesta e sobre ponteiros e frutos de macieira e pessegueiro. Os inseticidas acetamiprido (8 g 100L-1), fosmete (100 g 100L-1), espinetoram (3,75 g 100L-1) e novalurom (4,0 g i.a 100L-1) reduziram a eclosão em níveis superiores a 80%, independentemente de a aplicação ser realizada em pré ou pós-oviposição. O etofenproxi (15 g 100L-1) foi mais eficaz quando aplicado em pós-oviposição. Em ponteiros de macieira e pessegueiro, os inseticidas acetamiprido, clorantraniliprole (4,9 g 100L-1), etofenproxi, fosmete, novalurom e espinetoram causaram mortalidade de lagartas acima de 90%. Em frutos de macieira, os inseticidas acetamiprido, clorantraniliprole, etofenproxi, fosmete e espinetoram causaram mortalidade de lagartas de 100; 79; 76; 97 e 100%, respectivamente, enquanto em frutos de pessegueiro apresentaram controle superior a 85%. O inseticida novalurom aplicado em frutos causou menor mortalidade das lagartas quando comparado à aplicação em ponteiros. Em adultos, apenas os inseticidas etofenproxi e fosmete foram tóxicos tanto a fêmeas (59 e 39%) quanto a machos (79 e 80%), enquanto o espinetoram mostrou efeito apenas em machos (78%). Conclui-se que os inseticidas etofenproxi, fosmete e espinetoram foram eficientes no controle de G. molesta em todas as fases de desenvolvimento.

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This article describes the current status of several analytical methodologies using vegetal tissue and crude extracts as enzymatic source. In this divulgation paper the obtention of vegetal crude extract and/or tissue and selected enzymatic procedures are presented emphasizing its characteristics and peculiarities. Examples of many biosensors and/or flow injection procedures using vegetal tissues or crude extracts for the determination of many analytes, such as amines, ascorbic acid, ethanol, glutamate, hydrogen peroxide, oxalic acid, pectins, phenolic compounds and urea of biologic, environmental, food, pharmaceutical and industrial interests are also given and discussed.

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The use of natural dyes to demonstrate principles of paper chromatography is proposed. Extraction of the coloring compounds were performed in order to obtain the aglycone form of the anthocyanins present in the crude extracts. Separations were carried out on chromatographic paper with BAW (butanol/acetic acid/water) as mobile phase and the results compared with literature data. The crude extracts were obtained from Tibouchina granulosa, Rododhendron simsii, Impatiens walleriana flowers which are wildely found in Brazil and Phaseolus vulgaris L. grains skin which is the principal ingredient of the world famous "feijoada". Such species were chosen in order to attract the students attention since they are present in their quotidian, in agreement with the new proposals for Brazilian education.

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A simple and didactic experiment was developed for image monitoring of the browning of fruit tissues caused by the enzyme polyphenol oxidase. The procedure, easy and inexpensive, is a valuable tool to teach and demonstrate the redox reaction between the enzyme and the natural polyphenols. To obtain the browning percentage for apple, pear and banana, digital photographs were employed, and the images were analyzed by means of Monte Carlo methods and digital analysis programs. The effects of several experimental conditions were studied, such as pH, light, temperature and the presence of oxygen or anti-oxidants. It was observed that each fruit presented a different condition that better minimized the oxidation process. The absence of oxygen and the application of a bissulphite solution were sufficient to keep the quality of all fruits tested.

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Biocatalysts have innumerous advantages with respect to classical chemical processes, such as high specificity. Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) are biocatalysts with large application in synthesis and hydrolysis reactions of triacylglycerols. The search for new sources of lipases has been intensified in the last years due to the high cost of microbial and animal lipases, wich restricts their use on an industrial scale. Lipases obtained from the latex of Carica papaya, Carica pentagona, Euphorbia characias, E. wulfenii, known for their proteolytic properties, are a good alternative source. In this review, we describe the well-known sources of vegetal lipases extracted from the latex and present some of their industrial applications.

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We studied the transesterification of two vegetable oils: soybean and waste frying oil. The main problem of transesterification is related to the measurement of the ethyl ester content. In this work we used a quick analytical method for assessing the ethyl ester fraction of the purified fuel-grade transesterification products by applying a simple correlation with density. If the ester content is higher than 85% by weight the correlation allows the determination by a single density measurement. This method is suitable for control and determines the ethyl ester quickly and simply.

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In this work, the effectiveness of four screening techniques (three techniques of the diffusion method and one microdilution broth method) were compared. Evaluated were the ethanolic and dichloromethanic extracts of Miconia rubiginosa (Melastomataceae) against six standard bacteria (ATCC). The results showed statistical disagreement among the three diffusion techniques. Among the diffusion techniques, the well technique displayed the best result. However the microdilution broth method demonstrated to be the most adequate method to evaluate the antibacterial activity of plant crude extracts and pure compounds when compared to the other methodologies.

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Recently lipases have been increasing in prominence due to its wide industrial application. The lipase production can be influenced by different variables such as the producing microorganism, carbon sources, aeration and agitation conditions, inductor type and the geometry of the reactor. Biosurfactants are composites of surface active produced by microbial cells which reduce superficial and interfacial tensions. The objective of this study was to verify the influence of different process variables in the lipase production during a fermentative process. The results showed that the concomitant production of lipases and biosurfactant was possible in different cultivation conditions.

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Growing knowledge on the health-promoting impact of antioxidants in everyday foods, combined with the assumption that a number of common synthetic preservatives may have hazardous side effects has led to increased investigations in the field of natural antioxidants, principally those found in plants. Food industries normally discard plant residues that could benefit the human health and diminish undesirable environmental impact. Once estimated the content of antioxidants in these residues, advantageous economical and social alternatives to the discard are possible, for example, their use for preparation of nutraceuticals to be offered to low-income populations. We present here a broad, although not complete, account of the continuously growing knowledge on the antioxidant capacity of whole fruits, seeds and peels, cereals, vegetal oils and aromatic plants, at several physical forms, as well as a description of the usual methods for evaluating their antioxidant capacity and examples of agroindustrial processes that could be harnessed for the production of antioxidant supplement food, along with research perspectives in the area.

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The use of antioxidants either to prevent or retard food's lipids oxidation was approved after inquires that verified their security within a daily intake limit. In this study, the methodology was developed and validated for the analysis of synthetic antioxidants: propylgallate (PG), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), octylgallate (OG) and butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) in vegetables oils, margarine and hydrogenated fats by high performance liquid chromatographic. The methodology revealed itself efficient, with recovery rates above 90% for all antioxidant substances, besides good linearity in concentration range of 40-240 mg kg-1 (r = 0,999), repeatability with CV < 3,7% and limit of quantification 16.55, 10.32, 1.40, 3.76 and 9.30 mg/kg for BHT, BHA, PG, OG and TBHQ, respectively.

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The distribution and content of vitamin E isomers was investigated in vegetable oils and raw and cooked egg yolk in commercial restaurants. The analysis of the eight vitamin E isomers was carried out by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The tocopherol and tocotrienol composition of foods varied considerably. Tocopherols were detected in greater quantity and frequency. The α-tocopherol predominated in egg yolks and olive oil while γ-tocopherol was found in high quantities in soybean and canola oils. Cooking did not cause major losses for most of the vitamin E isomers in egg yolks.

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The sulphur take an essential role in plants and it is one of the main nutrients in several metabolic processes. The dry ash oxidation, using alkaline oxidizers agent, is the simplest and most economical form for the oxidation of Organic S to sulfate in plants. The objective of this work is to propose a method for sulfur determination in plants samples using dry ash oxidation and agent oxidizers alkaline. The quantification of S-SO4(2-) in samples was accomplished by turbidimetric method. The results demonstrated that the proposed method for oxidation alkaline was appropriate.