Genetic evidence that the higher plant Rab-D1 and Rab-D2 GTPases exhibit distinct but overlapping interactions in the early secretory pathway.

GTPases of the Rab1 subclass are essential for membrane traffic between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex in animals, fungi and plants. Rab1-related proteins in higher plants are unusual because sequence comparisons divide them into two putative subclasses, Rab-D1 and Rab-D2, that are conserved in monocots and dicots. We tested the hypothesis that the Rab-D1 and Rab-D2 proteins of Arabidopsis represent functionally distinct groups. RAB-D1 and RAB-D2a each targeted fluorescent proteins to the same punctate structures associated with the Golgi stacks and trans-Golgi-network. Dominant-inhibitory N121I mutants of each protein inhibited traffic of diverse cargo proteins at the ER but they appeared to act via distinct biochemical pathways as biosynthetic traffic in cells expressing either of the N121I mutants could be restored by coexpressing the wild-type form of the same subclass but not the other subclass. The same interaction was observed in transgenic seedlings expressing RAB-D1 [N121I]. Insertional mutants confirmed that the three Arabidopsis Rab-D2 genes were extensively redundant and collectively performed an essential function that could not be provided by RAB-D1, which was non-essential. However, plants lacking RAB-D1, RAB-D2b and RAB-D2c were short and bushy with low fertility, indicating that the Rab-D1 and Rab-D2 subclasses have overlapping functions.

Profile of total IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 levels in sera of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis: treatment follow-up using Mexo and rPb27 as antigens in an ELISA

The levels of total of IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 were evaluated in 54 patients with chronic paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) before, during and after treatment using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with Mexo and recombinant Pb27 (rPb27) as the antigens. Mexo was effective in distinguishing PCM patients from individuals in the negative control group (NC) based on total IgG and rPb27 performed worse than Mexo when these two groups were compared. IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 could not be used to clearly distinguish PCM patients from those in the NC group using either antigen. There was no clear relationship between antibody levels and the period of treatment. The majority of patients presented with decreased antibody levels during treatment, with no statistically significant differences among the different periods of treatment. Only IgG4 presented a negative correlation between its levels and clinical improvement during treatment. In total, 65% of untreated PCM patients showed reactivity against IgG4 when the Mexo antigen was used and this reactivity decreased over the course of treatment. There was a tendency towards decreasing antibody levels during treatment, but these antibody levels did not necessarily clear after the treatment was stopped. Mexo was useful for PCM diagnosis using total IgG; however, more studies are necessary before this antigen can be used in measuring the levels of total IgG and its subclasses for monitoring patients during treatment.

Tractament lexicogràfic dels adjectius: aspectes a considerar

La informació gramatical més habitual de les entrades en un diccionari es basa quasi exclusivament en consignar la categoria sintàctica dels mots. Aquest plantejament suposa una parcel·lació massa vaga de les unitats lingüístiques, atès que en l'ús i la combinació entre elles hi entren en joc altres característiques, les quals porten a subclassificacions més precises a l'interior de les categories gramaticals. Un plantejament lexicogràfic que presenti un tractament detallat de les categories quant a les seves subclasses possibles és, a més d'útil en l'elaboració de diccionaris per a parlants de llengua estrangera, necessari també en diccionaris per a parlants natius de la llengua si, tal com és de suposar, l'ús que s'espera d'un diccionari va més enllà de la simple consulta del significat dels mots.En aquest article s'analitzen alguns dels punts que cal que els diccionaris tinguin en compte per a la descripció de l'ús real dels adjectius, es revisa quin és el tractament que reben en el diccionari pres com a font de referència (Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana (1994), d'Enciclopèdia Catalana) i s'esbossa una proposta de tractament per poder donar compte d'aquests aspectes. L'interès recau tant en qüestions d'ordre superficial dels constituents (la posició típica de les unitats), com aspectes sintàctics (la capacitat predicativa dels elements, la subcategorització de complements), així com també aspectes de tipus semàntic (la relació entre les denotacions de l'adjectiu i el substantiu, la facultat de graduabilitat dels adjectius).

Cloning of a cDNA encoding a plasma membrane-associated, uronide binding phosphoprotein with physical properties similar to viral movement proteins.

Oligogalacturonides are structural and regulatory homopolymers from the extracellular pectic matrix of plants. In vitro micromolar concentrations of oligogalacturonates and polygalacturonates were shown previously to stimulate the phosphorylation of a small plasma membrane-associated protein in potato. Immunologically cross-reactive proteins were detected in plasma membrane-enriched fractions from all angiosperm subclasses in the Cronquist system. Polygalacturonate-enhanced phosphorylation of the protein was observed in four of the six dicotyledon subclasses but not in any of the five monocotyledon subclasses. A cDNA for the protein was cloned from potato. The deduced protein is extremely hydrophilic and has a proline-rich N terminus. The C-terminal half of the protein was predicted to be a coiled coil, suggesting that the protein interacts with other macromolecules. The recombinant protein was found to bind both simple and complex galacturonides. The behavior of the protein suggests several parallels with viral proteins involved in intercellular communication.

Utilização de sistema de informação geográfica na avaliação do uso da terra em Botucatu (SP)

Foi utilizado o SIG-IDRISI, com o objetivo de verificar a adequação do uso da terra em 1997/98, na parte inicial da Bacia do Rio Pardo, Botucatu/Pardinho (SP), visando à obtenção de subsídios para o planejamento adequado do uso da área. As classes e subclasses de capacidade de uso foram determinadas de acordo com o Sistema de Classificação da Capacidade de Uso das Terras. As terras da área estudada foram discriminadas como: classe VIe, terras susceptíveis à erosão (90,49%); classe Va, terras planas, não-sujeitas à erosão, limitadas por excesso de água (3,48%); classe IVe, terras severamente limitadas por risco de erosão (0,50%); classe IIIa, terras planas com excesso de água (3,34%); classe IIIe, terras com declividade moderada e deflúvio rápido, riscos severos de erosão (1,32%); e classe IIe, terras produtivas, com risco ligeiro a moderado de erosão (0,87%). Pela análise conjunta da capacidade de uso e do uso atual das terras, verificou-se que 89,28% das áreas não apresentaram conflito de utilização; 2,24% estavam cultivadas com culturas anuais e perenes, adequação para tal uso, e 8,48% da área com pastagens deveria ser substituída por reflorestamento e, ou, preservação ambiental.

Prediction of 18-month survival in patients with primary myelodysplastic syndrome. A regression model and scoring system based on the combination of chromosome findings and the Bournemouth score.

The predictive potential of six selected factors was assessed in 72 patients with primary myelodysplastic syndrome using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of survival at 18 months. Factors were age (above median of 69 years), dysplastic features in the three myeloid bone marrow cell lineages, presence of chromosome defects, all metaphases abnormal, double or complex chromosome defects (C23), and a Bournemouth score of 2, 3, or 4 (B234). In the multivariate approach, B234 and C23 proved to be significantly associated with a reduction in the survival probability. The similarity of the regression coefficients associated with these two factors means that they have about the same weight. Consequently, the model was simplified by counting the number of factors (0, 1, or 2) present in each patient, thus generating a scoring system called the Lausanne-Bournemouth score (LB score). The LB score combines the well-recognized and easy-to-use Bournemouth score (B score) with the chromosome defect complexity, C23 constituting an additional indicator of patient outcome. The predicted risk of death within 18 months calculated from the model is as follows: 7.1% (confidence interval: 1.7-24.8) for patients with an LB score of 0, 60.1% (44.7-73.8) for an LB score of 1, and 96.8% (84.5-99.4) for an LB score of 2. The scoring system presented here has several interesting features. The LB score may improve the predictive value of the B score, as it is able to recognize two prognostic groups in the intermediate risk category of patients with B scores of 2 or 3. It has also the ability to identify two distinct prognostic subclasses among RAEB and possibly CMML patients. In addition to its above-described usefulness in the prognostic evaluation, the LB score may bring new insights into the understanding of evolution patterns in MDS. We used the combination of the B score and chromosome complexity to define four classes which may be considered four possible states of myelodysplasia and which describe two distinct evolutional pathways.

Subclass problem-dependent design for error-correcting output codes

A common way to model multiclass classification problems is by means of Error-Correcting Output Codes (ECOCs). Given a multiclass problem, the ECOC technique designs a code word for each class, where each position of the code identifies the membership of the class for a given binary problem. A classification decision is obtained by assigning the label of the class with the closest code. One of the main requirements of the ECOC design is that the base classifier is capable of splitting each subgroup of classes from each binary problem. However, we cannot guarantee that a linear classifier model convex regions. Furthermore, nonlinear classifiers also fail to manage some type of surfaces. In this paper, we present a novel strategy to model multiclass classification problems using subclass information in the ECOC framework. Complex problems are solved by splitting the original set of classes into subclasses and embedding the binary problems in a problem-dependent ECOC design. Experimental results show that the proposed splitting procedure yields a better performance when the class overlap or the distribution of the training objects conceal the decision boundaries for the base classifier. The results are even more significant when one has a sufficiently large training size.

Uma estrutura de classificação com enfoque na cultura amazônica

Elaboração de uma estrutura de classificação com o objetivo de ajudar a construir um futuro tesauro que terá como universo temático a cultura amazônica paraense. Foram coletados termos culturais da narrativa Chove nos Campos de Cachoeira, de Dalcídio Jurandir. A obra foi lida com o intuito de identificar, analisar, selecionar, registrar em uma ficha terminológica e definir os termos culturais. Após a etapa da definição, foram estabelecidas as relações entre os conceitos, formando-se classes a partir de suas características comuns. Ao todo, 512 termos culturais foram coletados da narrativa, surgindo 912 unidades conceituais (incluindo as classes, as subclasses, os termos equivalentes e os relacionados). Partindo do princípio de que toda informação organizada tem uma expectativa de geração de novo conhecimento, acredita-se que a elaboração desse tesauro será muito útil para a preservação da memória cultural amazônica.

Avaliação de níveis séricos de imunoglobulina, proteína e o desempenho de bezerras da raça Holandesa

Os níveis séricos de imunoglobulina G, proteína total e o desempenho foram avaliados em 59 bezerras da raça Holandesa do nascimento até 60 dias de idade, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Os animais foram separados de acordo com a concentração inicial de imunoglobulinas séricas adquiridas passivamente e alocados nos seguintes grupos: grupo 1: animais com baixo nível de imunidade passiva (até 20 mg/mL de IgG); grupo 2: animais com nível médio de imunidade passiva (entre 20 a 30 mg/mL de IgG), e grupo 3: animais com alto nível de imunidade passiva (acima de 30 mg/mL de IgG). Picos de concentrações de proteína total em todos os grupos experimentais foram encontrados nos primeiros dias de vida, conseqüência da imunoglobulina G sérica de origem exógena. Não foi observado efeito do mecanismo de anabolismo de anticorpos estabelecido precocemente -- verificado em animais com baixos níveis iniciais de imunidade passiva adquirida do colostro (7,70±1,45 mg/mL de IgG) -- nem do período prolongado de catabolismo de anticorpos adquiridos passivamente -- verificado nos animais com níveis iniciais elevados de imunidade passiva adquirida do colostro (39,62±1,68 mg/mL de IgG) -- sobre o desempenho animal até 60 dias de idade.

IgG subclass switch capacity is low in switched and in IgM-only, but high in IgD+IgM+, post-germinal center (CD27+) human B cells.

Recent studies have shown that in humans the germinal center reactions produce three types of V(D)J mutated B cells in similar proportions, i.e. Ig-switched, IgD-IgM+ (IgM-only) and IgD+IgM+ cells, and that together they form the CD27+ compartment of recirculating B cells. We investigated the Ig isotype switch capacity of these cells. Peripheral blood B subsets were sorted and IgG subclass secretion in presence or absence of IL-4 was compared in B cell assays which lead to Ig secretion in all (coculture with EL-4 thymoma cells) or only in CD27+ (CD40L stimulation) B cells. Already switched IgG+ B cells showed no significant sequential switch and IgM-only cells also had a low switch capacity, but IgD+CD27+ switched as much as IgD+CD27- B cells to all IgG subclasses. Thus, in switched B cells some alterations compromising further switch options occur frequently; IgM-only cells may result from aborted switch. However, IgD+CD27+ human B cells, extensively V(D)J mutated and "naive" regarding switch, build up a repertoire of B cells combining (1) novel cross-reactive specificities, (2) increased differentiation capacity (including after T-independent stimulation by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I) and (3) the capacity to produce appropriate isotypes when they respond to novel pathogens.

Identificação e caracterização de genes vip e cry coleóptero‑específicos em isolados de Bacillus thuringiensis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e caracterizar os genes cry3, vip1, vip2 e vip1/vip2 em uma coleção de 1.078 isolados de Bacillus thuringiensis potencialmente tóxicos para larvas de coleópteros. Foram utilizados pares de oligonucleotídeos iniciadores gerais obtidos a partir de regiões conservadas dos genes e do alinhamento de sequências consenso. Posteriormente, os isolados positivos foram caracterizados por meio da técnica de PCR‑RFLP, tendo-se utilizado enzimas de restrição específicas, para identificar novas subclasses de genes nos isolados. Cento e cinquenta e um isolados foram positivos para os genes avaliados, com maior frequência para o gene vip1/vip2 (139 isolados). Pela técnica de PCR‑RFLP, foram observados 14 perfis polimórficos, o que indica a presença de diferentes alelos e, consequentemente, de distintas subclasses desses genes.

Bayesian classification of forest ecological type from satellite data

The main objective of this study was todo a statistical analysis of ecological type from optical satellite data, using Tipping's sparse Bayesian algorithm. This thesis uses "the Relevence Vector Machine" algorithm in ecological classification betweenforestland and wetland. Further this bi-classification technique was used to do classification of many other different species of trees and produces hierarchical classification of entire subclasses given as a target class. Also, we carried out an attempt to use airborne image of same forest area. Combining it with image analysis, using different image processing operation, we tried to extract good features and later used them to perform classification of forestland and wetland.

Polyphenol intake and mortality risk: a re-analysis of the PREDIMED trial

Background: Polyphenols may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other chronic diseases due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as their beneficial effects on blood pressure, lipids and insulin resistance. However, no previous epidemiological studies have evaluated the relationship between the intake of total polyphenols intake and polyphenol subclasses with overall mortality. Our aim was to evaluate whether polyphenol intake is associated with all-cause mortality in subjects at high cardiovascular risk. Methods: We used data from the PREDIMED study, a 7,447-participant, parallel-group, randomized, multicenter, controlled five-year feeding trial aimed at assessing the effects of the Mediterranean Diet in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Polyphenol intake was calculated by matching food consumption data from repeated food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) with the Phenol-Explorer database on the polyphenol content of each reported food. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between polyphenol intake and mortality were estimated using time-dependent Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Over an average of 4.8 years of follow-up, we observed 327 deaths. After multivariate adjustment, we found a 37% relative reduction in all-cause mortality comparing the highest versus the lowest quintiles of total polyphenol intake (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.63; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.97; P for trend = 0.12). Among the polyphenol subclasses, stilbenes and lignans were significantly associated with reduced all-cause mortality (HR =0.48; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.91; P for trend = 0.04 and HR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.97; P for trend = 0.03, respectively), with no significant associations apparent in the rest (flavonoids or phenolic acids). Conclusions: Among high-risk subjects, those who reported a high polyphenol intake, especially of stilbenes and lignans, showed a reduced risk of overall mortality compared to those with lower intakes. These results may be useful to determine optimal polyphenol intake or specific food sources of polyphenols that may reduce the risk of all-cause mortality.

Estudo funcional tardio do auto-implante esplênico após trauma complexo do baço humano

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as repercussões clínicas e laboratoriais em pacientes submetidos a auto-implantes esplênicos. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 29 pacientes com lesões graves do baço, 20 que receberam auto-implantes esplênicos (grupo I), nove a esplenectomia total sem preservação de tecido esplênico (grupo II) e 22 pacientes com baços íntegros constituíram o grupo controle (grupo III). Investigaram-se as complicações pós-operatórias imediatas e tardias. No pós-operatório tardio realizaram-se exames hematológicos (hematimetria, hemoglobina, hematócrito, plaquetas, leucócitos globais e segmentados, linfócitos e corpúsculos de Howell Jolly). Dosaram-se as imunoglobulinas (IgA, IgM e IgG) e linfócitos T totais (LTT), linfócitos T ativos (LTA) e linfócitos B. Realizou-se cintilografia esplênica com enxofre coloidal marcado com o 99mTc. RESULTADOS: Em nenhum dos grupos verificou-se leucocitose ou trombocitose. Os corpúsculos de Howell-Jolly foram observados no grupo II e neste grupo a IgM esteve reduzida. A cintilografia mostrou tecido esplênico captante no grupo I. CONCLUSÃO: O auto-implante é uma boa alternativa quando a esplenectomia total for necessária.

Aspectos morfológicos e funcionais dos autoimplantes esplênicos em ratos tratados com oxigenio hiperbárico

OBJETIVO: Estudar aspectos morfológicos e funcionais dos autoimplantes esplênicos de ratos submetidos ou não à oxigenioterapia hiperbárica (OHB). MÉTODOS: Foram estudados em dois períodos distintos 105 ratos Wistar. No período mediato (n= 56) os animais foram avaliados até o 11º dia de pós-operatório, e no período tardio (n= 49), até o 70º dia. Em cada período os ratos foram distribuídos nos grupos: A- Simulação, B- Autoimplante esplênico, tratados com oxigênio hiperbárico ou não. Nos animais do Grupo A realizou-se apenas manipulação do baço. Nos animais do Grupo B realizou-se esplenectomia total e a seguir quatro fragmentos do baço foram implantados no grande omento. Em todos os animais foram dosados os lípides e imunoglobulinas e contadas as plaquetas e os corpúsculos de Howell-Jolly no pré-operatório e no 11º ou 70º dia de pós-operatório. O baço dos animais do Grupo A e os autoimplantes dos animais do Grupo B foram retirados e enviados para avaliação morfológica. RESULTADOS: No grupo B11nt houve aumento do colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, VLDL-colesterol e triglicérides. No grupo B70nt houve aumento do colesterol total e LDL-colesterol. Nos grupos tratados não houve alterações lipídicas. A IgM caiu nos grupos B e não alterou nos grupos A. Os corpúsculos de Howell - Jolly foram menos freqüentes nos grupos Bt que nos grupos Bnt. As plaquetas aumentaram nos grupos B11t e B11nt e não se alteraram nos demais grupos. A viabilidade microscópica dos grupos Bt foi melhor que a dos grupos Bnt. CONCLUSÃO: Os autoimplantes esplênicos dos animais tratados com OHB apresentaram melhor função e viabilidade do que os autoimplantes dos animais não tratados.